ArchDet1.5 Cladding - Ventilated 2022-23

21-Nov-22
UAUIM Faculty of Architecture / Architectural Detailing(1) / 3rd year of study / 2022-2023 / author: PhD.arch.Zina MACRI
cladding - ventilated
Publishing in any way this material without the author’s consent is not permitted.
 CLADDING: facing of a certain material applied to a

different one or to a type of construction not ordinarily
associated with it / to provide a layer intended to control the
environmental stress, or for aesthetic purposes
- application of one material over another:
 facing components are attached to the primary

structure of a building to form non-structural,
external surfaces
 fixed with mortar or upon a framing/substructure,

in complex assemblies
CLADDING
 Fixed with mortar: mortar cladding, w/o reinforcement
 Natural or artificial stone
 Fixed mechanically on a frame which is attached to the

building structure behind
 Different materials
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cladding
Stone claddings with apparent/visible mechanical

fixing – in “dry” assemblies / no mortar installing
 Individual anchorage does not permit the materials
to easily expand/contract
- Attn. to the mortar filling paste

- Levelling the support
- Apparent/decorative fixing
with caps and shims/spacers
- protection to humidity of the wooden

frame (PE)
- Apparent/Decorative fixing with shims 3
cladding



frame (PE)
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cladding



frame (PE)
UAUIM’s portico
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cladding



frame (PE)
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cladding

Natural STONE cladding – thinner, lighter, cheaper:
brick load bearing walls +

marble veneer outer cladding +
aluminum-covered iron pins 7
Otto Wagner, Post Office Savings Bank, Viena, 1906
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cladding
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Otto Wagner, Post Office Savings Bank, Viena, 1906
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cladding
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Residential building, Palermo
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cladding
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Residential building, Palermo
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frame (PE)
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12
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Claddings with mechanical fixing – apparent, individual

 Part of the stereotomy and overall design
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Sterling Spa Pharmaceutical Trespa® Meteon® Façade corner detail. EQUITONE
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Thick (stone…) claddings, hidden fixing, adjustable
 panels joined together and to the structure with mechanical

fixing - “dry” assemblies / no mortar installing
Slits - cemented after installation 15
15
Ventilated façade components:
1. Facing/façade cladding – planar

façade components, different
materials: panels, plates, boxes,
boards etc.
2. Anchorage – rails+brackets or
individual anchors, metallic, rarely
wood (recommended for indoors), to
connect the facing from the wall
substrate or structure behind.
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1. Facing/façade cladding – planar

façade components, different
materials: panels, plates, boxes,
boards etc.
2. Anchorage – rails+brackets or
individual anchors, metallic/wood, to
connect the facing to the wall
substrate or structure behind
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1. Facing/façade cladding
2. Anchorage / framing system
3. Air barrier - permeable to water vapours
impermeable to water/air from the
ventilated cavity, especially if the thermal
insulation is fibrous, porous, prone to
water deterioration.
Fibrous/porous thermal insulation should

have water-repellent properties.
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3. Air barrier
4. Thermal insulation – needed in
most cases in Ro climate
Mineral/stone wool = basaltic rock

fibres with binders; blankets or
compressed into slabs.
Fireproof, holds up to 1000 C, water
vapour permeable.
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3. Air barrier
most cases in Ro climate.
Mineral/stone wool = basaltic rock

fibres with binders; blankets or
compressed into slabs. Fireproof, holds
up to 1000 C, water vapour permeable.
Excellent thermal insulator and sound
absorber due to the air trapped
between fibres.
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3. Air barrier
most cases in Ro climate
Mineral/stone wool
Excellent thermal insulator and sound
absorber due to the air trapped
between fibres.
Also used for floors, partition walls etc.
when it comes as rigid panels.
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Ventilated façade
components:
2. Anchorage / framing
system
3. Air barrier
4. Thermal insulation
5. (substrate, supporting
structure)
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22
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Ventilated façade
components:
2. Anchorage / framing
system
3. Air barrier
4. Thermal insulation
5. (substrate, supporting
structure)
6. … 7.: Air cavity,
ventilated to take out
the humidity
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Ventilated façade – highly prefabricated

system:
- From the interior towards the ventilated

cavity, the water vapour permeability should
be higher
- The air cavity, 4-5 cm thick, in contact with

the exterior at least at the bottom and upper
part of the wall facing (unless completely
perforated or with open joints)
- The frame/structure made from steel, Al,

wood
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system:

be higher


wood
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system:

be higher


wood
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 special metal anchoring systems (stainless steel...)

(stone tile cladding)
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 claddings, hidden fixing, adjustable anchorage/oval holes
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 claddings, hidden fixing, adjustable anchorage/oval holes
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Cladding / siding on substructures – ventilated façade
 With (adjustable) frames – simple

or double (single/double layered)
 Complex = thermally insulated;

protection of the thermal insulation
to humidity; air-barrier
 ventilated assemblies (4-5 cm air

layer)
30
Thermal insulation solutions: © Rockwool, Saint-Gobain/ISOVER, Knauf Insulation etc.
30
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rain-screen cladding
- designed to accommodate
some moisture penetration
- the performance of the

cladding units - related to
exposure rather than weather
tightness
Further reading on rainscreen - Allen, Swoboda - How 31

Buildings work (12. Keeping water out, pp 109-127)
31
Ventilated façade cladding / tiling / paneling vs. mortar fixing

(UV, frost resistant...)
- Reduced risk of cracking and separation from the building

- Ease of installation
- Ease of maintenance - impact damage is common at pedestrian
levels
- The ability to gain access under each individual tile / slab
/panel
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32
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Claddings/sidings on substructures. Ventilated facades

 Adjustable vertical/horizontal fixings, brackets, closed joints
(overlapping details)
Brackets of support
Profiles
Clips
Tile fasteners etc. 33
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34
34
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Ceramic cladding on metallic substructure

 “sigma” rails, closed horizontal joints
- mechanical fixing elements

that only require the panel to
slide into place, held in
position by a simple hooking
system
35
35
Ceramic cladding
 Metal rails, closed horizontal joints
36
36
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 Ceramic cladding
37
37
Ceramic ventilated cladding

 Double framing, the air layer permits ventilation
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closed horizontal joints closed vertical joints
38
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Ceramic cladding
 Vertical/horizontal rails, closed joints
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Ventilated ceramic/terracota panel façades – closed joints
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© frontek © faveton
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Ventilated ceramic/terracota panel façades
© Terreal - selection of the shapes

developed for special projects.
© faveton – custom cladding
terracotta CURVED 41
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non-sequential installation  panels can be removed or replaced

without having to remove any of the surrounding panels.
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Sierragres - SierraVent Ventilated

Façade, entirely from ceramic
(Cevisama 2011 top prize Alfa de Oro).
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Metal cladding/plates
=thermal break*
Apparent/visible mechanical fixing,

exposed fasteners, open joints
*thermal break separating elements – PVC, closed cell

PE foam tape, high density rock wool strips faced on
both sides with fiberglass, nanoporous aerogels… 44
44
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Veneers, claddings, cladding
sidings - ventilated
 Metal cladding/plates
 Plates/panels glued to the profiles
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© SIKA – structural adhesives (glues)
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Veneers, claddings, cladding
sidings - ventilated
 Metal cladding
 Boxes made from metal/composite

(metal bonded with plastic
materials)
 Rubber protection at metal-on-metal

fixings (to avoid unwanted noise)
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 Metal cladding
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 Cladding – thin plates: stone with light alu-honeycomb backing,

ceramic, glass, reinforced cement, HPL (High Pressure Laminates)
etc.
 © ETEX group – building lightweight solutions 48

CEDRAL, ETERNIT, EQUITONE, SINIAT…
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 claddings, hidden fixing, punctual anchorage adjustable/oval holes

 thin plates, with backing reinforcement
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Kunsthaus Bregenz, Peter Zumthor. Austria 1997
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 Cladding – thin plates: ceramic, glass, cement reinforced etc.
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© porcelanosa
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Ceramic ventilated façade
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© porcelanosa
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 claddings – may be exposed to thermal expansions and contractions,

so the mechanical fixing systems work better if some room for these
movements can be provided (to avoid the creation of tension points
on the materials)
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3 mm thick formats, 300 x 100, back-

reinforced with a fiberglass mesh that
enhances the slab’s flexural strength
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© porcelanosa XLight
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© porcelanosa XLight
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Cladding sheets/panels – plastic materials

- HPL - high-pressure laminate plate = woodbased/cellulose fibres mixed
with resins
- Tension/compression resistant, high elasticity
- Integrated decorative layer
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© Trespa Meteon
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- woodbased fibres or Kraft paper with phenolic resin applied –

HPL - high-pressure laminate plate
- Tension/compression resistant
- High elasticity
- Integrated decorative layer
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© Trespa Meteon
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Shiplap/lap sidings (horizontal lap, Dutch lap, clapboard...)
© FUNDERMAX HPL
Façade panel system –
duromer high-
pressure laminates
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NeaCera Non Sequential Panel Replacement
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- composite materials –
thermosetting plastic with
different other constituents
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60
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Cladding sheets – mineral
Cement based sheets, fibrous

(cellulose) reinforcement may be
added
- strong, very good for outdoors use
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© Equitone
61

Cement based sheets, fibrous reinforcement may be added
- strong, very good for outdoors use
- “secret fix” systems, mechanical or chemical bonding
- “face fix” systems
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© Equitone
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Calcium-silicate based sheets

- Good fireproofing and moisture-resistant properties
- Small amount of cellulose fibre as reinforcement
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Wood boards and panels

(usually Douglas Fir,
oak, cedar...) for sidings,
installed with the same
techniques as the
traditional siding
materials
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Wood boards and panels

(usually Douglas Fir,
oak, cedar...) for sidings,
installed with the same
techniques as the
traditional siding
materials
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Charred wood / burnt wood siding – “Shou Sugi Ban” Japanese

technique
- The timber is scorched

and blackened, then
cooled, cleaned and treated
on the surface – becomes
weather and bug resistant.
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technique
The surface of the charred wood can be brushed to different grades to 67

obtain various “shades of burn”
67

technique
68
Burned and heavy brush Light char, no brush
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Oregon fire station, Hennebery Eddy architects 69

Light char, no brush
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Vertical tile hanging
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70
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Vertical tile / slates hanging
“breather paper” resistant to the

penetration of water in liquid form but
allows water vapour to pass through it
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Vertical tile hanging
WeWilder Village campus, MuMA

HUT, Armeniș, Romania.
https://www.wewilder.com/wilders/
mumahut
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ArchDet1.5 Cladding - Ventilated 2022-23

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21-Nov-22

 CLADDING: facing of a certain material applied to a

- application of one material over another:

 facing components are attached to the primary

 fixed with mortar or upon a framing/substructure,

 Fixed mechanically on a frame which is attached to the

Stone claddings with apparent/visible mechanical

- Attn. to the mortar filling paste

- protection to humidity of the wooden

Stone claddings with apparent/visible mechanical

- Attn. to the mortar filling paste

- protection to humidity of the wooden

Stone claddings with apparent/visible mechanical

- Attn. to the mortar filling paste

- protection to humidity of the wooden

Stone claddings with apparent/visible mechanical

- Attn. to the mortar filling paste

- protection to humidity of the wooden

Stone claddings with apparent/visible mechanical

Natural STONE cladding – thinner, lighter, cheaper:

brick load bearing walls +

Stone claddings with apparent/visible mechanical

- Attn. to the mortar filling paste

- protection to humidity of the wooden

Claddings with mechanical fixing – apparent, individual

Thick (stone…) claddings, hidden fixing, adjustable

 panels joined together and to the structure with mechanical

Slits - cemented after installation 15

Ventilated façade components:

1. Facing/façade cladding – planar

Ventilated façade components:

1. Facing/façade cladding – planar

Ventilated façade components:

Fibrous/porous thermal insulation should

Ventilated façade components:

Mineral/stone wool = basaltic rock

Ventilated façade components:

Mineral/stone wool = basaltic rock

Ventilated façade components:

Ventilated façade – highly prefabricated

- From the interior towards the ventilated

- The air cavity, 4-5 cm thick, in contact with

- The frame/structure made from steel, Al,

Ventilated façade – highly prefabricated

- From the interior towards the ventilated

- The air cavity, 4-5 cm thick, in contact with

- The frame/structure made from steel, Al,

Ventilated façade – highly prefabricated

- From the interior towards the ventilated

- The air cavity, 4-5 cm thick, in contact with

- The frame/structure made from steel, Al,

 special metal anchoring systems (stainless steel...)

 claddings, hidden fixing, adjustable anchorage/oval holes

 claddings, hidden fixing, adjustable anchorage/oval holes

Cladding / siding on substructures – ventilated façade

 With (adjustable) frames – simple

 Complex = thermally insulated;

 ventilated assemblies (4-5 cm air

- the performance of the

Further reading on rainscreen - Allen, Swoboda - How 31

Ventilated façade cladding / tiling / paneling vs. mortar fixing

- Reduced risk of cracking and separation from the building

Claddings/sidings on substructures. Ventilated facades