ArchDet1.12 - Exposed Masonry 2022-23

13-Jan-23
UAUIM Faculty of Architecture / Architectural Detailing(1) / 3rd year of study / 2022-2023 / author: PhD.arch.Zina MACRI
Publishing in any way this material without the author’s consent is not permitted.
facing masonry / fair faced concrete

The arrangement/set out of the units is made visible in the “face”
of the wall.
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13-Jan-23

of the wall.
Compound walls with brick

facing / brick veneer = a skin of
non-structural brickwork attached
to a structural base such as
masonry or concrete etc.
Brick/brickwork bond represents the overlapping and interlocking

of bricks laid in mortar in successive courses to
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provide strength, resulting in decorative effects as well.
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of the wall.
Compound walls with brick

facing / brick veneer = a skin of
non-structural brickwork
attached to a structural base
Brick/brickwork bond represents the overlapping and such as masonry or concrete etc.
interlocking of bricks laid in mortar in successive courses
to provide strength, resulting in decorative effects as well. 4
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- Contemporary architecture using
brickwork bond masonry is always
project based in terms of “facing
design”, with joints treated carefully.
- If the wall is not meant to be covered

with another finishing material, the
lay out of the units/the pattern bond
creates texture with aesthetic value. 5

Facing masonry
Contemporary architecture using bond brick masonry is always project

based in terms of “facing design”, with joints treated carefully.
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Facing masonry
Contemporary architecture using bond brick masonry is always project

based in terms of “facing design”, with joints treated carefully.
Face/facing bricks:
- when pressed  controlled

overall form and dimensions:
smooth faces, sharp edges,
square corners
- sides more accurately finished
and smoothed
- more color and texture options
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Face/facing bricks:
- Colors can vary from white or cream to yellow to red or

brown or even almost black.
- Better colour control - both within individual bricks and
within brick lots in a shipment
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Face/facing bricks:
- Colors can vary from white or cream to yellow to red or

brown or even almost black.
- Better colour control - both within individual bricks and
within brick lots in a shipment
Face/facing bricks:
- Less absorbant than ordinary clay bricks (binding mortar

included!) / vitrified*
* high temperature firing process  conversion of

mineral compounds into glass by fusion in high
temperatures  superior strength and durability,
low humidity absorption (less porosity), less
thermally-insulating  vitrification
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Face/facing bricks:
- special surface treatment: rough or "struck" face to be

placed on the outside or "facing" surface
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Face/facing bricks
- “weathered” – reminiscent of naturally weathered sandstone
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Face/facing bricks
- “wirecut”- straight edges, slightly rougher texture on the face
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Face/facing bricks:
©Pacific Clay “FACE BRICK MERLOT” - vitrified 14
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Face/facing bricks:
©Pacific Clay “FACE BRICK Napa” - vitrified 15
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Face/facing bricks
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Face/facing bricks
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Face/facing bricks
- Glaze coating on the surface meant to be left visible
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Face/facing bricks
- Enamel glazes
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©Pyrolave - glazed lava stone
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Face/facing bricks vs. Thin bricks!
- Thin brick veneer:
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- Enamel glazes
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- Enamel glazes
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“a secco” (stone) masonry - Construction/structural logic is
followed/reflected by external design.
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Segovia, roman aqueduct (approx. Ist century AD)
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Construction/structural logic is followed
by external design.
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Firenze, La Signoria
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Kariye/ Chora Church, Istanbul
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Construction/structural logic is
followed by external design.
 Natural STONE masonry
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Topkapi Palace, Istanbul
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Residential building, Berlin
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Load bearing wall openings – contemporary solutions
LINTELS in bonded wall
RCC lintels in ceramic

envelope
Reinforced masonry
(horizontal rods in mortar) as
facing + RCC lintels in
ceramic envelope
Reinforced masonry
connected to RCC bond beam
Meinhard Von Gerkan, Hillmann 28
Garage, Bremen,1983–1984
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Facing masonry:
- Compound/veneer walls – the face design/stereotomy is
freed from the construction logic limitations
Stacked bond
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Facing masonry:
- Compound/veneer walls – the face design/stereotomy is
freed from the construction logic limitations
Stacked bond
Structural bond 30
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concrete block facing –
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Finishing operations in facing masonry –

joint treatment
- the mortar in the joints can accentuate

colour and form
(for the same brick colour, note how the
different mortar colour can change the
overall appearance)
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Joint requirements for facing walls:

- insulation – avoid cold/thermal/heat brigdes
- protection against water penetration/freezing in unplastered walls (!)
- elasticity
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- elasticity
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- elasticity
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- elasticity
Types of joints in facing masonry, tooled to give different appearances while

the mortar is still wet; sometimes filled with better grout 36
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Joint treatment
- re-pointing mortar = replacing a few
centimetres of ordinary grout with a
better suited one
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Building materials for Masonry construction
Water penetration =
the greatest degrader
of mortar, which
needs to be renewed
at times 
"repointing".
Different mortar
joints allow for
varying degrees of
water-resistance.
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Types of joints in facing masonry
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- Concrete masonry blocks: various aggregates, pigments,
special cement/binder used, textured/sleek moulds made out
from different materials, with different shapes
Split face
Smooth face
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Facing CMU concrete masonry units:
- interlocking masonry – staggered at half length
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- Concrete masonry blocks: various aggregates, pigments,
special cement/binder used, textured/sleek moulds made out
from different materials, with different shapes
©Westbrook 42
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Facing masonry - stone:
- compound walls/masonry with backing
(bricks-stone-building blocks...), may be
used as decoration
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Facing masonry - stone:
- compound walls/masonry with backing
(bricks-stone-building blocks...), may be
used as decoration
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Traditional/historical STONE masonry
rubble/field stone, undressed, irregular size, shape, texture 45
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- polygonal wall, cyclopean masonry
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Pinara, Lykia/Turkey – roman stone wall
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ragwork, slate walling
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Ashlar masonry - finely dressed/cut/worked high quality

stone units, cuboid or less frequently trapezoidal.
Precisely cut on all faces adjacent to those of other stones,
with narrow joints between blocks.
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Ashlar masonry - finely dressed/cut/worked high quality

stone units, cuboid or less frequently trapezoidal.
Precisely cut on all faces adjacent to those of other stones,
with narrow joints between blocks.
uncoursed ashlar wall coursed ashlar wall coursed squared rubble wall 50
50
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Regular ashlar wall
Ashlar masonry - The visible face of the

stone may be as quarry-faced or feature
a variety of treatments: tooled,
smoothly polished or rendered with
another material for decorative effect.
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Ashlar masonry - finely dressed/cut/worked stone units, cuboid
or less frequently trapezoidal.
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Herodian stones in the Western Wall, Jerusalem
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Finish of stonework
- Stereotomy - The science of making patterns

- Margins - building stones are often faced a few centimetres from
their edges – chiseled (soft stone) or hammered (hard stone).
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plaster on Atheneum fencing wall, Bucharest
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Design strategies
 Choosing carefully the
facing materials:
dimensions/proportions,
differences in quality,
colour/texture
nonuniformity
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Design strategies
 Choosing carefully the facing materials according to their
placement within the building elements and to the multiple
stresses that act upon them
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Design strategies
 Differences in quality and face treatment for different uses
 Assuring a homogenous/coherent final look
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Final coatings
 Water penetration resistance (attn! choose breathable coatings
whenever possible), stain/graffiti resistance, easy cleaning,
appearance change (gloss, colour shade, aggregates...) etc.
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ArchDet1.12 - Exposed Masonry 2022-23

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13-Jan-23

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

Compound walls with brick

Brick/brickwork bond represents the overlapping and interlocking

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

Compound walls with brick

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

- If the wall is not meant to be covered

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

Contemporary architecture using bond brick masonry is always project

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

Contemporary architecture using bond brick masonry is always project

- when pressed  controlled

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

- Colors can vary from white or cream to yellow to red or

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

- Colors can vary from white or cream to yellow to red or

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

- Less absorbant than ordinary clay bricks (binding mortar

* high temperature firing process  conversion of

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

- special surface treatment: rough or "struck" face to be

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

©Pacific Clay “FACE BRICK MERLOT” - vitrified 14

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

©Pacific Clay “FACE BRICK Napa” - vitrified 15

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

- Glaze coating on the surface meant to be left visible

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

Face/facing bricks vs. Thin bricks!

- Thin brick veneer:

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

RCC lintels in ceramic

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

Finishing operations in facing masonry –

- the mortar in the joints can accentuate

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

Joint requirements for facing walls:

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

Joint requirements for facing walls:

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

Joint requirements for facing walls:

facing masonry / fair faced concrete

Joint requirements for facing walls:

Types of joints in facing masonry, tooled to give different appearances while