University of Bahrain

College of Science

CHEMY101

Experiment XX
EXPERIMENT TITLE

Student Name: Baneen Aqeel Abdulla Mohammed

Student ID: 202307139

Section 70

Instructor Name: Mr. Husain Abdulla Alaradi

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Aim:
-To determine the limiting reagent and percentage yield of a chemical reaction.

-Discovery of a new material

-Identify the unknown substance

Introduction:
Limiting reactant is a term used to describe the phenomenon where the actual output of a
process is less than the expected output based on optimal conditions. This term encompasses
a wide range of scientific and technical fields where this phenomenon can occur, such as
chemistry, physics, and engineering.
There are several reasons that contribute to a limiting reactant occurrence. There may be an
influence of external factors such as temperature, concentration, and pressure that affect the
speed and efficiency of the reaction. Unwanted side reactions or dispersion reactions of
participating substances may also be a reason for less effectiveness.

Glassware and Chemicals:

Glass funnel, watch glass, Na₂CO₃ (sodium carbonate), Ca(NO3)2.4H2O(Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate)
100 ml beaker, 25 ml graduated cylinder, dropper, filter paper, stirring rod.

Procedure:
1. Label a dry filter paper (12.5 cm size) with your initials and weigh.

2. Prepare two solutions: one of Calcium nitrate and one of Sodium carbonate

a. Weigh accurately 0.50 g Na2CO3 in a clean, dry 100ml beaker. Add exactly

10.00ml of distilled water using a graduated cylinder and stir the mixture till the

solid dissolves.

b. Weigh accurately 1.5g Ca(NO3)2.4H2O in a clean ,dry 100ml beaker. Add

exactly 10.00ml of distilled water using a graduated cylinder and stir the mixture

till the solid dissolves.

3. Pour the solution from one beaker in to the other along a stirring rod and stir the

mixture. Record all the observations.

4. After complete mixing, set up a filter /funnel. Fold the filter paper, as instructed.

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Place the filter paper in the funnel and wet the sides with distilled water. Filter the

mixture through the funnel.

5. Continue passing solution through the funnel until the liquid in the solution

becomes clear. This may require you to rinse the reaction beaker with distilled

water several times. Filtration may require more than 10 minutes to complete.

6. Place the filter paper on a watch glass and keep in the oven to dry.

7. Weigh the solid and filter paper then re-dry in the oven and reweigh until you get

a constant weight.

Calculations and Results:

0.577

5.44x10^-3
1.545

6.08x10^-3

6.08x10^-3

5.445x10^-3
Na₂CO₃

0.5445
1.270

1.570

0.300

55.09

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Discussion:
Suggest reasons why the actual yield of a reaction is almost always less than the theoretical
yield?
The actual outcome of the interaction may always be less than the enjoyment of the experience for
various reasons, just some of which are:

1. Incomplete reaction: Only partial reaction can occur between the starting materials involved in the
reaction, and thus some substances remain without reaction.

2. Many byproducts: Byproduct reactions may occur with many unwanted products, resulting in the
final product.

3. Explosion of materials: Explosion of materials may occur during the reaction due to wear, dragging
of materials on surfaces, or interaction with other materials in the environment.

5. Factors that inhibit the reaction: The reaction may be affected by external factors such as
temperature, concentration, or pressure, and these factors may be inappropriate to achieve the
reaction with high efficiency.

6. Reaction conditions are not optimal: The reaction may require specific conditions to achieve the
expected theoretical yield, such as the presence of certain catalysts or specific reaction conditions,
and if these conditions are not available, the actual yield may be reduced.

These are some common reasons why the actual yield of a reaction may be lower than the expected
theoretical yield.

Sources of Error:
1- The oven temperature was not appropriate

2-The tools used were not clean enough

3-It is possible that the measurements were not correct enough

4- The solution was not completely pure

Conclusion:
As is clear in the laboratory, the specific reactant is determined theoretically and practically, as the
percentage of accuracy of its calculation in our dimension was (55.09). In this type of element, the
specific reactant is determined by the interaction of two specific quantities of chemicals, and the
chemical that ends up consuming the apparent element is the specific reactant. After the interaction
due to the error from which it does not return, the percentage of the actual percentage yield that is
calculated after the end of the permanent action is greater than the theoretical yield that is based on
neglecting the error.

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References:
- https://atlas-know.com/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9-
%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85-
%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1/

- CHEMY101 Lab Manual, Experiment 2.

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