CHM 420

EXPERIMENT 4 :

STOICHIOMETRY AND
THEORITICAL YIELD

STUDENT’S NAME NUR SYAHIRAH BINTI FAZIAL

ID 2021898248
LECTURER’S NAME PUAN NORJANAH BT YURY
SUBMISSION DATE 1 DECEMBER 2021
Objective
To identify the limiting reactant, excess reactant and to determine the percent yield.

Introduction

A branch of chemistry that includes determining required quantitative data by involving

relationships between reactants and/or products in a chemical process that undergo a physical
or chemical change is called stoichiometry . It is necessary to understand the relations that
exist between reactants and products, as well as why they exist, which necessitates knowing
how to balance processes in order to utilise stoichiometry to calculate chemical reactions.

The amount of a product get from a chemical reaction is referred to as the actual yield.
The calculated or theoretical yield, on the other hand, is the quantity of product that might be
obtained from a reaction if 100% of the reactant was converted to product. The limiting
reactant will determine the theoretical yield. The reactant that is consumed first in a chemical
reaction that cause limit the amount of product formed is called as limiting reactant. To
calculate percent yield:

Percent yield = theoretical yield ×100%

actual yield
Chemicals and Apparatus

 0.5 M CaCl2
 1.5 M Na2CO3
 Buret
 Erlenmeyer/ conical flask
 Watch glass
 Oven
 Analytical balance

Gravity filter set:

 filter paper
 funnel

Or

Suction Filtration Set:

 Unfolded filter paper

 Buchner funnel
 Adapter
 Vacuum filter flask
 Rubber tube
Procedure
Result
Reactions
1 2
Mass of the product, g 0.888 0.542

Questions

1. For each of the fiya reactions:

a) Write balanced chemical equation.
CaCl2 + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 + 2NaCl

b) Determine the limiting reactant.

c} Determine the theoretical yield.
d) Determine the percent yield of the product.

2. Was the yield you obtained satisfactory? Justify your answer.

Both yields obtained from Reaction 1 and Reaction 2 are satisfactory because the percentage
are 88.73% and 72.21% which are above 70%. It is normal to obtain less than 100% because
it will always have some errors in the experiments.
Discussion

In the experiments, the reactants used were 0.5M Calcium Chloride, CaCl 2 and 1.5M
Sodium Carbonate Na2CO3 but the difference between Reaction 1 is the amount of Na2CO3
used was 10 mL and, 5 mL in Reaction 2. The chemical reaction for both reactions are the
same which was CaCl2 + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 + 2NaCl. White solid on the bottom flask was
formed at the end that called CaCO3 as the product. For each reaction, the yield or the
product were different in amount.

The moles number for both Reactions 1 and 2 for CaCl 2 were 0.01 mol. The mol number
of Na2CO3 for Reaction 1 is 0.0015 mol while Reaction 2 is 7.5x10-3. Using the mol number,
according to stoichiometry, the limiting reactant determined. CaCl2 in the Reaction 1 and
Na2CO3 in the Reaction 2 are the limiting reactant. Next, the moles number of CaCO 3 of
Reaction 1 and 2 were find out and from there, theoretical yield can be calculated which
were 1.0008g (actual yield 0.888g) and 0.7506g (actual yield 0.542g). The percent yield for
Reaction 1 calculated was 88.73% while 72.21% for Reaction 2. The loss of products can
happen resulting percent yield low than 100%.

There are some reasons why theoretical yield is higher than actual yield. One of them
was, it is possible to leave some residue on filter paper on filtration process or pass through a
sieve and be washed away and resulting less amount of product dissolve in the solvent. So, to
prevent this happen, the product or yield must be all scrapped on the filter paper onto the
watch glass carefully. Other than that, if the measured material is slightly higher or lower
than it should be, the concentration of the solution may be affected. Therefore, more accurate
device should be used to avoid this in the future.

Conclusion
In the experiment from Reaction 1, the limiting reactant is CaCl 2, the excess reactant is
Na2CO3, and the percent yield formed 88.73%. For Reaction 2, the limiting reactant is
Na2CO3, the excess reactant is CaCl2, and the percent yield formed is 72.21%.
References
1. Manual book of CHM420

2. Stoichiometry and Balancing Reactions. (2013, October 2). Retrieved November 25,

2021, from Chemistry LibreTexts website:

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules

_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Stoichiometry_and_Bala

ncing_Reactions
3. h‌ ttps://www.facebook.com/thoughtcodotcom. (2019). What Is Actual Yield? Review
Your Chemistry Concepts. Retrieved November 25, 2021, from ThoughtCo website:
https://www.thoughtco.com/actual-yield-definition-606350