Section 9.

1
Using Chemical Equations
Steven S. Zumdahl

Susan A. Zumdahl

Donald J. DeCoste

LIMITING REACTANT &

PERCENT YIELD

Gretchen M. Adams • University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Section 9.3
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield

STOICHIOMETRY
Stoichiometry is a section of chemistry that involves using
relationships between reactants and/or products in a
chemical reaction to determine desired quantitative data.
•Stoichiometric mixture
 N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)
Section 9.3
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield

A. The Concept of Limiting Reactants

• Limiting reactant mixture
 N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)
Section 9.3
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield

A. The Concept of Limiting Reactants

• Limiting reactant mixture
 N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)
 Limiting reactant is the reactant that runs out first.
• H2
Section 9.3
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield

A. LIMITING REAGENT
-also known as Limiting Reactant
- is reagent that is completely used up or reached.

B. EXCESS REAGENT
-also known as Excess Reactant
- is reagent that is not used up when the reaction is
finished.
Section 9.3
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield
Section 9.3
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield

B. Calculations Involving a Limiting Reactant

Section 9.3
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield
Methods in Finding the Limiting Reactant

1. Calculate the actual molar ratio of the reactants and then compare the

actual ratio to the stoichiometric ratio from the balanced reaction. IF the

actual ration is greater than the stoichiometric ratio, then the element in

the consequent is the limiting reagent and the antecedent is the excess

reagent.

2. Use the coefficients of the substances and eqaure them with one another.

Use this relationship to set up ratios to convert the moles of each reactant to

moles of reaction. The reactant with fewer moles of reaction is the limiting
Section 9.3
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield

Example

1. Find the limiting reagent in the

given chemical equation. Given
that we have 2.80 g of Al and 4.25
g of Cl.
Al + Cl2 → AlCl3
1. Balance the equation

2. Convert amounts from grams to

moles
Section 9.3
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield

Concept Check

1. Find the limiting reagent in the

given chemical equation. Given
that we have 2.80 g of Al and 4.25
g of Cl.
Al + Cl2 → AlCl3

1. Balance the equation

2. Convert amounts from grams to

Section 9.3
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield

C. Percent Yield
• Theoretical Yield
 The maximum amount of a given product that can be
formed when the limiting reactant is completely
consumed.
• The actual yield (amount produced) of a reaction is usually
less than the maximum expected (theoretical yield).
• Percent Yield
 The actual amount of a given product as the percentage
of the theoretical yield.
Section 9.3
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield

Concept Check

1. Given that we have 2.80 g of Al

and 4.25 g of Cl. It undergoes
chemical reaction to obtain 4.95g
of AlCl3. Find the theoretical,
actual, and percent yields.
Al + Cl2 → AlCl3
Section 9.3
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield

Group Activity

ZnF2 : In an experiment, 80
1. Determine the limiting reactant and percent yield of

g of Zn are allowed to react with 105g of HF which produced 125 g of ZnF2  as

shown in the following chemical reaction.

Zn + HF → ZnF2 + H2
S
2. Consider the reaction between molten sulfur ( 8) and chlorine gas ( Cl2) to form
disulfur dichloride according to this equation:

S8 + Cl2 → S2Cl2
If 200g of sulfur results with 100g chlorine and produced 172.25g, what is the limiting
reactant and the percent yield after the chemical reaction?
Section 9.3
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield

Group Presentation

GOAL: TO CREATE AND PRESENT A PRESENTATION ABOUT THE ASSIGNED

TOPIC IN FRONT OF THE CLASS

Different energy sources

1. Fossil fuels
2. Biogas
3. Geothermal
4. Hydroelectric
5. Batteries
6. Solar cells
7. Biomass
8. Wind
Section 9.3
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield

Group Presentation

GOAL: TO CREATE AND PRESENT A PRESENTATION ABOUT THE ASSIGNED TOPIC

IN FRONT OF THE CLASS

What to include in your presentation?

1.Definition
2.Parts and functions Written Works-25%
3.Mechanism
4.Pictures Performance Task-50%
5.Examples
6.Q and A
Section 9.3
Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield

Group Presentation

GOAL: TO CREATE AND PRESENT A PRESENTATION ABOUT THE ASSIGNED TOPIC

IN FRONT OF THE CLASS
Content
Instructional Materials
Comprehension
Evaluates Peers
Preparedness
Volume
Vocabulary
Posture and Eye Contact