STOICHIOMETRY

(Mass Relationship in Chemical Reactions)

Remotigue, Sugar Rey Rumart G.

Revilla, John Mark

Tabamo, Allia Dawn

Sumbongan, Danica Dawn

Visitacion, April Kent Roger

CHY 40.1

Principles of General Chemistry, Laboratory

ASCHEM1, TTh, 1:00 PM – 4:00 PM

A Formal Laboratory Report

Presented to:

PROF. ANALYN G. GULTIANO

Associate Professor

October 30, 2018 – November 15, 2018

I. INTRODUCTION

The concern about reactant and products which is the two relative quantities take place in
a certain chemical reaction generally found in the field of chemistry. This two quantities matters
accordingly and could be determined as the one that undergo reaction which is the reactant and the
one being created or produced in a certain reaction is the product. The bonds break and reform
during chemical reaction. The reactants and products contain the same atom, but they are distorted
during the reaction, so the reactants and products are different substance. During a typical reaction,
one substance the limiting reactant is used up, so it limits the amount of product that can form; the
other reactants are in excess.The theoretical yield, the amount based on the balanced equation, is
never obtained in the lab because of competing side reactions and physical losses. In a balanced
equation, formulas preceded by integer balancing coefficients are used to show the same numbers
of each kind of atom on the left which is the reactants and as on the right products but in different
combinations; we can therefore use the amount of one substance to calculate the amount of any
other. “The mole (mol) is the standard unit for amount of substance and consists of Avogadro's
number (6.022 x 1 023) of atoms, molecules, or ions and it can be figure the amount of a substance
is expressed in moles, the number of entities given in mass” (Silberberg M. 2007).

One of this is the idea of the candle when it burns which is a chemical change in matter,
we're in chemical change occur because of chemical reaction. The reactant of the candle burned
are the fuel (the Candlewick and wax) finding how much of the product being formed namely the
carbon dioxide (CO2(g)) and water vapor. In this concept the stoichiometry here will be recognized,
in such balancing chemical reaction. Stoichiometry by definition is the "study of quantitative
relationship or ratios between two or more substances undergoing a physical or chemical change
in a certain chemical reaction. It is also deals with the application of the laws of definite proportion
and of the law of conservation of mass and energy to a chemical activity (Richer J. 1792)". This
will mostly in relation in calculating and finding a certain problem such as: balancing chemical
equation, converting grams to moles, calculating molar mass, calculating mole ratios.

Stoichiometry has the concept of finding the amount of product after the reaction with the
same given values of reactants through calculations. Stoichiometry speaks about calculations of
numbers which is the quantitative measurements of mass relationships.
 In relation to the above-mentioned concept, an experimentation was conducted. The
experiment being performed was made done with used of this following objectives: (1) to conduct
chemical reaction and obtained its actual yield through measurements and (2) to defined the
percentage yield from to conducted chemical reaction.
II. METHODOLOGY

A. Chemicals and Apparatus

The chemicals used in the experiment are as follows: baking soda NaHCO3 (sodium
bicarbonate) and 6 N of hydrochloric acid and distilled water. The apparatus include: alcohol lamp, Commented [JA1]: Distilled water was used in rinsing
right? You should include it.
evaporating dish, watch glass, iron stand, iron ring, wire gauze, stirring rod, tongs, top loading
balance and dropper.
B. Procedure

The evaporating dish and the watch glass was heated first using the alcohol lamp to make
it sure that it is dry and clean. Then the watch glass was paired to evaporating dish served as the
cover. The paired evaporating dish and watch glass was weighed with the used of tap loading
balance with a precision of nearest 0.01g. Then next, a 2.00 grams of baking soda (sodium
bicarbonate) was added into the evaporating dish by tipping process. Latter on, the evaporating
dish with baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) covered by watch glass was gain weighed in the top
loading balance and has been recorded. Next is, the alcohol lamp, iron ring and wire gauze has
been set up, while the evaporating dish obtaining 2.00 grams of baking soda was placed on top of
the wire gauze. The evaporating dish was covered by placing curved side down watch glass and it
was slightly off center so that the lip of the dish is uncovered. Then 6 N of hydrochloric acid has
been added in a dropwise down manner to the lip of the dish obtaining baking soda using a dropper.
The adding of acid was continued until such time that there were no more reaction took place
during the adding of acid. The content of the the dish was gently swirled so that all of the solid
gets contact through the liquid. Then, the bottom of the watch glass was rinsed carefully with
distilled water by the used of dropper, it takes few drops at a time and all the washings was
collected in the evaporating dish. Latter on, lit and prepare the alcohol lamp and the evaporating
dish, the content and cover while heating gently with the low flame. The lamp was moved back
and forth to avoid spattering. When the content of the dish started to spattered, make used of the
flame to be reduced. After the dish was heated, it was cooled down at its room temperature. Then
the dish, contents and the cover was weighed again using the top loading balance. For the last
thing, repetition for about 7 to 8 steps for obtaining the constant weighed. The two consecutive
mass reading was within 0.05 g. Then the theoretical yield of sodium chloride (NaCl) was
calculated based on what have been obtained from the reaction and the percentage yield had been
determined through calculations.

C. Mathematical Equation

Equation 1. Calculation on the Theoretical Yield of Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 NaHC𝑂3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙

g NaHCO3 × × × = 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
𝑔 NaHC𝑂3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 NaHC𝑂3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙

Equation 2. Calculation on the Percentage Yield of Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (𝑔)

%𝑌 = × 100
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (𝑔)
III. DATA/RESULTS/CALCULATION
The results of the experiment are summarized in figure and tables which are reflected on
the following tables:

Table 1. Gathered result in the experiment

Data Table

Mass of evaporating dish and watch glass 63.37 g

Mass of evaporating dish, watch glass, and 65.38 g

NaHCO3

Mass of NaHCO3 2.01 g

Mass of evaporating dish, watch glass, and 64.75 g

NaCl

Mass of NaCl obtained 1.38 g

Equation 1. Theoretical yield of sodium chloride (NaCl)

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 58.44 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙

2.01 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 × × ×
84.00𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙

= 1.40𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
Equation 1.2. Percentage yield of sodium chloride (NaCl)

1.38 𝑔
%𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = × 100
1.40 𝑔

%𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 98.7%

Table 2. The product result of reaction

Balance Chemical Formula Reactants Products

NaHCO3 NaCl

NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + &

H2O + CO2 H2O
HCl
CO2
IV. DISCUSSION/INTERPRETATION OF RESULT

The experiment entails significantly through the idea of chemical reaction, mass
relationship in connection to stoichiometry. This defines a certain relations in combining elements
and the occurrence of chemical reaction by the meant of calculations.

In this experiment the chemical reaction shown is the neutralization reaction where in one
of the acids and base react in stoichiometric amount to produce water and salt. This is best
described as "acid base yields water plus salt". Speaking as hydrochloric acid (HCl) which is a
strong acid added into the dish of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) or shall we say baking soda.
Using molarity as a conversion factor, we apply the principles of stoichiometry to all aspects of
reactions in solution. The addition this will enable to create effervescence/bubbles which is due to
the double displacement creating CO2 which tries to escape from the solution as bubbles. When
the hydrochloric acid was added in to the sodium bicarbonate, it produces carbonic acid which will
decomposed forming CO2 and H2O then the CO2 forming bubbles. This is cause from the
breakdown of carbonic acid (H2CO3) from sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and hydrochloric acid
(HCl). Resulting the carbonic acid to be decomposed into water and carbon dioxide. The
implication that the reaction has been completed is the absence of bubbles when the hydrochloric
is being added to the solution. This is means to say that the sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) has
been fully dissolved which causes liquefaction from solid state and become a weak base combining
strong acid during the time lapses of adding hydrochloric acid and the production of carbon dioxide
CO2 separated from the solution as a state of gas which makes only the NaCl and H2O are left.
Forming the balance chemical formula of: NaHCO3 + HCL→ NaCl + H2O + CO2. The following
factors that affect the experimentation or as the source of error are considered as a human error,
the spattering of the canvas or during the reaction period of adding of HCl to NaHCO3, and the
incomplete drying of the canvas or product. The process of heating, it vapours the water and
leaving behind the white substance "salt" which was considered with high melting point.
Stoichiometric calculations define the theoretical yield in obtaining the average mass of NaCl
affected by some factors and the possible source of error which could affect both theoretical and
percentage yield.

In getting the theoretical yield of the ionic compound NaCl in Equation 1.1. The substances
in the balance equation are related to each by stoichiometric equivalent molar ratios which is from
the NaHCO3 + HCL → NaCl + H2O + CO2 ratio of 1:1:1:1, and used to convert the factors in
order to find one substance given the moles of another. In minimizing the reactant problems, the
practice of side reaction, incomplete reaction, and physical reaction is the result of actual yield of
the product which is less than the theoretical yield and the amount of solely on the molar ratios.
For getting the percentage yield in Equation 1.2, it was just the actual yield expressed in percentage
in relation to theoretical yield.
V. CONCLUSION Commented [JA2]: What Should conclusion possess?
 Overall idea
In conclusion, the overall experiment conducted positively conveyed accretion which is  Reiteration of the Objectives. Were the objectives met?
If not, what made the objectives not met?
effectively facilitated the knowledge chronologically. In which the concepts in the experiment  Create an atmosphere of wrapping up
 State the generalizations you arrived to from what the
connects, namely: stoichiometry, mass relationship, chemical reaction and etc. which was clearly data reflected.
 Include recommendation if there are.
emphasized.

The data of the experiments shows connection in achieving the concept of the following
ideas behind the data recorded in which coincide with given set of intentions in conducting the
experiment. The idea of defining and finding the essential relationship between mass and various
chemical reaction was justified and makes satisfied. The principal affiliation in stoichiometry was
already given and could be seen in the data recorded in which it was already derived and
simplified.

The whole experiment was already commendable for it is clearly understandable and well
stated procedures. This could be a good help for the next to provide more concepts in the field of
stoichiometric studies and related affiliations
VI. DOCUMENTATION

(a) (b)
Figure 1. Chemical used in the experiment
(a) Hydrochloric acid and
(b) Sodium bicarbonate

(a) (b)

Figure 2. Weighing of
(a) Evaporating watch glass and evaporating dish
(b) Evaporating watch glass, evaporating dish and NaHCO3
 (a) (b)

Figure 3. Adding of
(a) HCl to the NaHC
(b) Distilled water to the mixture of HCl and NaHCO3

Figure 4. Heating of the mixture Figure 5. Cooling down the product (NaCl)

Figure 6. Weighing of the product (NaCl)

IV. REFERENCES

Brown, T. I., LeMay Jr. H. E., Bursten, B., Murphy, C. J., Woodward, P. M., & Stoltzfus, M. W.
(2015). Chemistry the central science (13th Edition). USA: Pearson Education, Inc.

Whitten, K.W, Davis R.E., Peck, M.L, Stanley G.G. (2010). Chemistry (9th ed, pp. 134).Belmont,
CA: Mary Finch

Helmenstine

Last, F. M. (Date Published). Book title. City, State: Publisher.

Limer, E. (2013, October 1). Heck yes! The first free wireless plan is finally here. Retrieved
from http://gizmodo.com/heck-yes-the-first-free-wireless-plan-is-finally-here-
1429566597