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    beta gamma function

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    35 views33 pages

    Beta Gamma Function

    Uploaded by

    atulya singh
    beta gamma function

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 33
    Beta Functions Y (UPTU 2007) 1 ‘The definite integral Ie “lq aay ds, for m> 0, n > 0 is called the Beta function and is denoted by B(m, n) [read as "Beta m, n 1 Bonn | "Vata "] ie., we have where m, mare positive numbers, integral or fractional, Thi ioni Eulerian integral of the first kind. is functionis also called Simple properties of Beta function () Symmetry of Beta function B (m, n)=B(n,m) 1 Wehave B(m, nym [rasp tas 1 = [ a-9"-'0-(-2y" es, o [ roe [reve 0 L 1 =f a-gr tat tae [etd ap lee 0 = B (n,m), by the def. of Beta function >) B(m, n) = B(n, m). (i) Tfm or n is a positive integer, B (m, n) can be evaluated in an expli + When nis a positive integer and n= 1, the result follows at once a5: cit form. Bin t= [2-10 nae [Sa Now we assume n> 1. 1 Bom )= | x10 ot haes (deat hatte | =(a— rt at), =f na 99x CD | c if. [integrating by parts) 1 BO | Canaan [eo n> 1 gh [ser 1(—xyet-! de =") g(m+1,n-1). ‘Then making repeated application of this process, we obtain ¢ n-1 n-2 n-3 1 (= mad ED EMT MEM LeD) woh | at -2P de p Soluti ry peraana Gamma Ful 487 gt Fs POA) 2G) 20.9 Fe.a+) 2g, “4 ptq , Roman O\wehaye 7 tbe 0) Spa) =2prto) B(p.9) “Ptq ; B(m+1,n) 3 : Prove that Oe = oo) : ‘Solution + ir! Daten 4) ior er nemeeie ay 1 =f ae [ett xP ran P a -[a-2 Fr], [naan te ! oF [xd -a-artae 1 1 |) ; =a{| 1d ayn-" dx [encore] = 2 [B(r, m) Bor, m+1)] _ _n pnction = B(m, n)-™ Bn + 1,7) = (142) 2 (n+1,m=2 20,9 B(m+1,n) _ 2 B (m,n) ~ Ea cei Form of Beta Function | / set ib k , a | ayant 2" 2 PeeWee te) = [HOt om Engmeering 1 = _ eS oe dy, we get pete - Lae aH 4 now patting TY n-1 1 oo +1 [i-rty| ( Tr) Bim, nla ‘| os aca ace TC vot FA wo ay= loner on lero Sejoow Tl 4 We have 1 at OD Siniterty, T"- ta a ~) ‘thus, ifmis 4 But Beta function is symmetrical inm and 1, so we get agit Pe Blom, 2) = Bln, m™) = loo dx by (1) ut i > 2 nck and T(0) = = Bm, n) = ont ha Tay — dx, m>0,n>0 pat) wy amma Function (UPTUZm| i 4.2.5 Some | ‘The definite integral { e7*x"~! dx, for n> Ois called the Gamma Functions! fs We know th .e., we have is denoted by I(n) [read as "Gamma T(n)= j oF x" Ndr, for n> 0. Boe rwtting x= 0 This function is also called Eulerian integral of second kind. aoe Fundamental property of Gamma function To prove that (@ T(n+1)=nT(n), where n> 0 (ii) T(n)=(n-1)!, where nis positive integer. > } Put x= log | 2 ae 7 © . ¥ @ hc #x0* 01g) ens dr ome eh 0 . sles x9 +P Anereeg ee 2 Hence = TH+1)=04, J enF yn & » T+ 1)= nr) ‘We have T@) =n D+y=@ Similaly, Ton 1)= (1-2) Yay a Thus, ifm is +ve integer, then Proceeding as i MO)=O-1)(0-3)..20ry But TU)= J e*e-lde= fens tage 0 0 2 T(n)= (n= 1)n~2)..,, 2.11=(n~1)) And T'(0) = and P(- n) = 00, where n isa+ve integer, Tn) = (m1) Tn 1), where n> 1 and MU) =1 2.5 Some Transformations of Gamma function : ® We know that Ta)= | xt hetde ) Putting x= ay = d= a dy, when x= 0,y=0and when x0, y->0 ° n= Tene fe %a"y"""dy. 0 a PO) Ff p-ayrlay 0 a" Putx=log (1/y) ory = e7*in (1), sothat dy=-e* dx, ‘at ; o cuer(oss| 8 > rey=-f(imet) It 3) 1 * etepptalis. iy! 19), putting x" = y= mx"! d= ay, We 8 490 = =a 9. iin ro=4] eo 0 dy feo dy= arin) =Te+ 1) 3 : Kae Relation between Beta and Gamma Functioy, j rom P() () To prove that B(m, 1) = DEED, where m > 0,1 > 0 CPTV a5 Bul rr Th Proof: We know that “=| oP uth From () of 425 oO 2 ° z's Ten)azm [en texttae= [omer de 0 ‘Then multiplying both sides by e~72”~', we have B 2 Tm) e22"-!= J eo itazzmtnolymal gy, snl 3 x Now integrating both sides of (1) with respect to z from 0 to oo, we obtain 2 oo Tom) { en? 2"~ "dz = J fi enz ta) mtm-l mle de 0 00 @ T(m) Tn) -] j en-z(1+x) gm+n—1 aren dx x Sana? Where 0 0 = 1 -n>0=n<1] i @ynnl Fr T)=1and [5 ax= Te) Tl =n) =o, where 0 d= 5 ay, we eet jt ase onl ee” san -1 2 yml xm a( aye! Dem) Jays aye 7° aT (m+n) Again putting y= tan? => dy=2 tan Osec? 0 d0, we get => *P sintm-19 cos?n-19 d0__F'(m) '(n) | (asin +B cos Oy" * = Dar HT (m+ my 1 (ii) We have | "1a"! de= BG, n) Putting x= sin? 9, @&=2 sin Ocos 4 d6, we get fe =a lae=2 foie ‘0003! gap, me FJ sin?®-19 ¢95 2»- 1 ga9- a aan) _TimT(n) ; "2+ n) Lymol + x And éx= PGayere & penile | = gp Oa tee (UPTO 9, Proof ; To prov Bim Puttin; But Putting seta and Gamma Functions EA ; r(@ ay = Tso? 00038 04 Dafa or/@r * (28383) Pa a 1 (by im Puttin, iy) Bienere | Myrna Bm — 1 @ » = Hem, n, Pandan. UP i ib v Then putting y=2=) ag Renna: We got 1 i m= a Hees ie p (ly ‘of are vere) (SS ae a-b = 1 * @-brmar| 81a 1 = Ee etre byety ig vy ; Jo-9 esta = opens Da) “429.6upitoaton Formula ; To prove@iat I(m) (n a 3) = a T(2m), where m> 0. (UPTU 2001) | Proof : B(m, n) = EO here> 0,n>0 | : ag n=m, we get siti ., | (n,m) = TOO . ba But Bom, me [eta | NURSE Cre ae oan whence 0° 2 aia Dpcotlt 8.x 288 O08 ie ale =, m)= J sin 0 Sy ee: TY = "sate! acos 1949 me am 1d0 f (asin 008 Sst | i a cal . wht ‘foin20" 46 = or! eo dy [Putting 20=y ea oe sin2 1 a . Now et dy (By definite integral Prey ° , zl Se art eee iM E r(fem- rea) (510+ as 0+2)) = =snT ar (biew 1+ rmr(2) eos Selva toe a ean Gil T(m+4) i (TU) =4g The edn (1)and 2), we immedi ues of B(m, m) obtain Then equating the two val , ae , my? __ 1 Pv Bee Har (n4) 4.2.41 & Ss Tint (med) Qinat P (2m) ( 2) (3 n-1)\ 42.197 fo find the value of r (4) (2) (3) oT (2=*),wher Solutio nis a positive integer mesa er Hey | Then Writing the above in the reverse order, we get 4er(t-J)rf 3) F)0-3) mma Functions and Gal 497 Multiplying these, we have nol n-1 *)} a EZ al pe) [¥ T@).Pd - 2) = reosec nt To calculate this value, we know by trigonometry that *) wo. Sin (0 + Beall *| ny n pedals (28) nian} Ww -)i2 (2x) Acre rid =2b—ayrrars Gerirh 224+14p} 1 : rn 22P+1+294145) ee te, , : ea endig > — ich j ie,p and g Dinca, =~ a) ras Moen r(g41y Toe+artey =(b~ al ( ore (Te+ty=n “Bm + 1,0) +B, n + a — FP) T(n) m : Since Oe aay a — Pm +1r(n) E =r a plé 8 : Show that Ba, n) ifn is a positive integer 1) for m>0,n>0, Tm) T(n+1) Bin n+ = ees) ss, 1 - Tm +1) TP (n) +P (m)P(n +1) Laan). mY (m)P(n) + T(m).nT (0) a (m+n)T(m+n) Dem) Po) _ Fem = ee T(m+n) [(m+n) (m, 1+ 1) = mtx)! BOmn) I ee |= Ga+xy™tn dx = Tra aye’ Solution : B(m, n) = [on 1a —yy"=! dy d ; _ a(l+a) Putting y= 249)* = =r aling 3) os 49> Gat tt When y = 1, x= 1 and when y= 0, x=0 x(t) a(1-x) Further pay ac(aes) (ats), ba+a)m—txm-! gt! x)""! a(l+a) = eel eax) Ta Catal“ araur xml yr! at vaynatl (a+ E. Peitemma (lk) | B(m,n) ee T@)r() ee (a x)" a”(l+a)™ a"(1+a)™ (m+n) #2 sin?™-19 cos?®-19.49 I(m) P(n) Cone iia tcc Od8! THE) 7 f (asin? +b cos?6)™*"— 2a™b™T (m+n) Mon Vet y | P sin 2-19 cos2*-19 d —!? tan 2m-16 50020 dO (asin?0 + beos?@)"*" 0 (b+atan29)"*" [dividing num, and denom. by (cos? 6)""*" i.e., by (cos 6)" 7? tan 2-26 tan sec? 40 _*!? (tan29)m-! tand sec20 pnd _"p (tan?.9)™=1 tand sec? 0 (b+ atan29)m+n a (b+atan26)"*" Putting fe 0= by = 2a tan 0 sec? 0d0=b dy, eo b+ byymay aye cc ry ‘ = 1 Zam pr B (m,n) = = _prample 17: Prove that [eeteee 004+ B cosxym cee a ie or ‘solution : Let i Sale a (@+ Becsayr 2 : =I (2sin dog ae 2%) +8 (co? Ly rt yh bah] ae 0 = dx 1 a1 @ ee Nian>x) — sec2d x = = [ +0)+ (0-0) in? hs] [dividing Nr. and Dr. by {cos*(1/2)x}" ie., {cos (1/2)x}2"] n-2 - (tan 3) fan psc? he = Qn-1 [S$ _* 4 ___~____—_dx #[(a+o)+(o-dw0* 53] Putting (a — b) tan2x/2 = (a + b)yie., “4 (a-b). (2m Lyset 4x) 4 = dx= (a+b) dy Alo when x=0, y= Oand when x= 8.9 pCa 2)2 (a+ 5) gy b)yl(a- 4) Hence =27"- [ery Ce TF a- r) Yard Gamma Functions y 8 by the steaight lines pounded DY and xy, * bent be expressed by OS xe g md the ji 2 ofinep for this, MS oF inteprat fortis for thi 1 a ren dx= fl o a {peat Bee hs, mi a MN ae= La yy (~xma 1TeOr = Te PO.mP (my m TU¥mesiy = ) al met © Te +1)=nrp) = POrm™) Td+m+h This is Dirichlet's theorem for two variables ay Further, consider the double integral as given below : Uh= JJ xy" day where the integral is extended to all positive values of the variables xand ysubject tothe condition x+y Z+7 2 (8) result) of Fata S1 it z But for the m+ 1 variables, the the condition ig sig: SRE assumes Biven by, +, ‘ssumed 5 =%, and ce sghen f fof tol At ear Sas se yh E gins Si de ig dy Where x +354. 4, Pee chat tx, + x ma Xe <1 FS) ee 1 = ft fe ala Mal dy u..deyq dn, 1 x1=0 G+ +l tT, +Tyay) *(t-a)hs* hath ag iy {using @)] Ta) EUs) --Thaet " eA) Tat ice aT Eo : Ba) Ts) vos) T(y)PQ 4] tet tant) Tdth fda tl xpe health 2 Tn et) PON th too dn teat) EB: Py) Pa) PCa) “Tah th peemctitas)) (n+ 1) vari theorem also holds for also true for two variables, Hence all values of - gx dy for all positive values of* andy such ables ifit holds for ‘by mathematical This result shows that the nn variables. But the theorem is induction the theorem is true for 8 ; Evaluate Neos y thatxt ty Se Engineering Mathomagg, 1 Tin (3) + (2) <1 ed cy- 2 0 : ve eas Ss = zou"? du, ye 2! Putting (a/c)?= 4 ber * i a itt and (vo y so that dy= ev" 4 so ee Then the required integral is transformed to be raf cutee (euitya Jew? pov I? v du dy yond ad givam ff tet du dv, where ut v <1 Now 4 Bite pares, .2. LOT) oot tes . =7e Tse aes : = Example 19 : Find the value of §. Jove] des bey dey extended to all positive vaya, af the variables, subject tothe condition x2 +22 ome +2 < RE Vol re 2 2 MMe, 42 satel jon : qrigrtc te Put (q/R)?=1 fe, x, = Ruy!? so that dey = 3.Ruy"!? du, f Th Ru, \ diy, and so on. (o[R) = w he., x, = Ruy", so that dy, = "Then the required integral is transformed to #2 1)" pig <2 ata =1/2 Bialitiar PP Re Magia aia, eve the volu solid ly (Rm G = (BY nf ttf, 01 ay ty ty where u; + t+... +1, <1 [by Dirichlet's theore : Find the vol - ume of the solid Surround, (x/ay?8 + (by? ie (ley a led by the Surface. The equation (x/a)"? + (by : 3 yo + (1b)? + (z/c)"3 = 1 does Rose Not alter by putti putting ~ x for solatior and —z forz, h z ec: of the solid an, eats is symmetrical in al) even the positi led by this surface =8 x th all the eight octan solid | g in the positive octant. e volume ofthe port ts. Then ; ion of this ume ofa small element situated at any point (x, y, 2) > Y, Z) = dx dy dz. put the yol = the pou of the solid in the positive octant | | d where the integral is extended to all positive values of th ze p E {o the condition (x/ay® + (y/by-3 + (icp <1. tres Putting (lay? =U, (by B= y (2/cy? =w Bi x=au?, y= by? z= ew?” 516 sothat ieee poy (0n)- "du dv dw, De we SLY + w. region int “t ab’ ee Evaluat aie all pos entero E 357° 35 f AI Sees iyn-1 ‘Example 23° sw sat iplsnyny are al POSTS 2! dx dy ay eer tion * albme? rain T only Lol) ee 4 to all p AEE ray onl 1 sip ron *e sphere the triple integral is take throughout the part of the ellis G eee (e/a) + (lb) + ie)=1, which lies in the positive octant, ‘Solution = +: Required integral = TS lctenyon 1 zt! dx dy dz. . where the integral is extended to all positive values of the variable x, y, z subjeq and Np teceadtion iat ye + zie <1. aoa Letus putcla’=u ie, > = au! so that d= au? du, ii vii tei.) = bv) sotbat ay=4bv 1? ah, and = A=W ie, z=cw'? so that at IR aw, = — Required integral oi le eae aa x t abew V2 yp Wy IP dudv dv Example 2: _ be cn cece aaa 1 y0?)-1 dy dv dw, Solution ellipsoid ( where utvtws! ma Functions and Gam os Day p, a id tx (m2) r (ny © Metays gett i The by Dis pomple ceded Coa eee eine; Vi ieee tp nese PCtant Below the Surface (xJayr 4 Orso = ” ‘ep aber TUDE (mia) F py Par TTP) + Clay * Gin Or Evaluate the integral J ffxi ™ “1 peeled, where x, y, all positive but limited b °y the condition are MG ga (UPTU 2005) Solution : The required integral {ff x!-1 ym—1 yn-1 dx dy de, where the integral is extended to all positive values of the Variables x, y and z Subject to the condition gr + (p/h)? + (e/e)r< 1. Letus put (x/a)?=u ie, x=au'? sothat dr= (lp) ay, = (lg) — 1 G/b)7=v i.e, y=bv' sothat dy=(b/q) vay, ce ( =~ ke, z=cw"!” sothat de=(clr)will- lay, an =| = ie, Required integral = { { (a!=!ull- Doygn-1 yor—Niny (et hy (= Dy equire =1,£ wy (ti=1 xf ull}, Solo 1S wOl)—\ay dy dw P Tpmon Bipiaia ec n=! ay ad Sa vf) ~ by ‘ery ‘richlet's integral] a’ b™e" L(I/p)T (ml/g) T(nlr) 7 [by Dirichlet in ~ par Tip) + (nla) + (alr) + Gamma Functions in . Se hh se Vay a2b2e20Mrayray 7 % ‘ TUTTI) {by Dirichlet’ integral} , SBE pee ; = a? b2¢2 Braye et ator? oe 2 eee aE , Example 267 Find the mass of an octant of the llipsotd X= 42>, 2 o density at any point being p= hay, BOVE AN the : We have mass = / EA 20) solution : JNJ pa where density p= ye Hence mass = Jf kaye de dy de Proceeding as above example, we have ka2b2c? 7 Gabe cr Tia, pee 4 + Find the volume of the ellipsoid (xa) + (16%) + (2c) =1. hlets iy The ellipsoids symmetrical inall the eight octans, so the volume ofthe given : x the volume of the ellipsoid lying in the positive octant. Hence the volume of the given ellipsoid =8 [f dx dy dz, ___ where the integral is extended to all positive values of the variables x, y, z subject to the condition (x?/a”) + (7/6) + (@/c’)<1 Hence the required volume oe 4 abe. “ind the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the plane (w/a) + (lb) + (le) = 1 and the coordinates planes. + Volume of the given tetrahedron = {J ax dy dz, where the integral is throughout the volume enclosed by the coordinate planes and the plane Y= [ff de dy de, where the integral is extended to all positive values of the Vatiables x,y,z subject to the condition (w/a) + (10) + (le) <1. ae s put (x/a) =u, (15) = (oe) = w so that d= a dy, y= ba, dec , ‘i + <1 ithe required volume= [ [J abe du dvdw, where ++" = abc | yichytct wi! du dv de edt ot} ynctions Engineering tay oe ee we a es : (FOV? by Ditichlet's i i rin" 3a we nditio a F to the Co 5 Jies bet 4 oyvillo’s Extension of Dirichlet’s Theorer, nen) ae quanti 4.219 Liou 4 aaneoeae wee? J io variables 7004 positive such that hy $+ +2 Shy then the, es abe integsst J . up! integral oF poxises bY" a1 ym=1 gh! de dy de a ikea ae it oy POC) EO) Tmt na1 =T(4 m+n) {fon Be jnole int oi wherexty +25 [ff xttyn tat! de dy de, integrated over some region yer? Proof : Letus consider = then by Dirichlet's theorem, we have subject to the condition x+y +25 % po ytents FOL@ILO MET LED ene () In case the condition is x+y +2

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