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Ba w Scanned with CamScanner6.5 IMPORTANT CONCLUSIONS FROM KRONIG - PENNEY MODEL The following interesting conclusions can be drawn: Since cos ka can have values between —1 and +1, only those values of aa are allowed for which the left hand side of equation (14) falls in this range. Thus, the boundries of allowed ranges of aa are given by a cos ka= +1 or cos ka = cosnz nn Hence, het wu(15) where n=0, 1,2. 3,4. These values actually defines the boundaries of Brillouin zones of one dimensional lattice. The allowed values of aa shows that energy spectrum of electron ina periodic potential has alternative regions of allowed and forbidden energy. These regions are usually known as-allowed and forbidden energy bands. This is Scanned with CamScanner4 @ EN G_ PHY because only certain values ofa" and hence, of energy E are allowed wi other values of E are not allowed. In this way, K.P, Model explains the origin of energy band. The width of allowed energy bands go on increasing as the value of aa increases, Also, itis clear from equation (1) in which E and a are proportional to each other, hence abscissa of Fig. 6.4 is a measure of energy. Width of a particular allowed energy band decreases as value of 'P' increases, Clearly, allowed energy bands becomes narrower and forbidden bands become Wider as the value of P increases. Because when P is large, the function on left hand side of equation (14) crosses +1 and -1 horizontal lines at steeper angles. Effect of P values: As we know that P is a measure of the potential barrier strength. If P is low, the barrier strength will be small and if P is large, the potential barriers will be strong. ‘Small P: When the value of P approaches to zero, it means when there is almost no potential barrier, then from equation (14), we get cos aa = cos ka or a=k [using equation (1) ] or (16) Now k= 2%, where 2 is associated wavelength. Therefore, equation (16) becomes di) [ using deBroglie concept, ae Hence, E=—mv 2 where p = mv is linear momentum of the electron. . 1 Hence, equation E=— my? concludes that it is equivalent to case of free electron as total energy is equal to kinetic energy of the electron. Here, all values of energy are allowed and there exist no forbidden energy regions. This case is shown in Fig. 6.5. It is expected case and so, we have continuous energy levels for free electrons as in free electron gas model. When P approaches infinity, the allowed energy bands are compressed and energy spectrum of electron appeares as a line spectrum as shown in Fig. 6.6- Here, potential barrier strength approaches to infinity. Therefore, when P>2* the equation (14) can be written as: singe “a Scanned with CamScanner549 BAND THEORY OF SOLIDS Psinaa +cosaa=cosaa Fig. 6.5 When P =0, No Barrier strength Hence, for this case ( P + co) the equation (14) will have a solution only if sin aa =0 or sin ga =sinnz = aa=ne nm or = "Z| where » being an integer. 2g? Hence, o? =". 2mE [Using equation (1) ] eR re oe E=7 7 where mis an integer. wl) 8ma’ Clearly, when P -» 00, E is independent of wave vector & and hence allowed energy bands are compressed such that we get discrete line energy spectrum as shown in Fig. 6.6. It is equivalent to a case for an electron tightly bound in constant potential well. This is also an expected result because for large P, tunneling through infinitely large potential energy barrier becomes almost impossible. 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