KEMENTERIAN AGAMA

UIN RADEN INTAN LAMPUNG

Fakultas Tarbiyah dan Keguruan Final Test Introduction To Linguistics

Hari/Tanggal : Rabu, 12 Desember 2023

Mata Kuliah : Introduction To Linguistics
Kelas/ Semester : C/ 3
Jam : 14.35 – 16.05
Dosen : Sugeng Riyadi, M.Pd.

1. What is the meaning of phonetics, and could you provide an example to illustrate its application?

2. What is the meaning of the phonological aspect, and can you provide an example to elucidate its application?

3. What does "phonetic types" refer to, and could you provide an example to clarify the concept?

4.What is the meaning of a consonant, and could you provide an example to illustrate its usage in language?

5. What is the meaning of Articulation Areas, and could you provide an example to help understand its
significance in phonetics?

6. What is the meaning of vocals, and can you provide an example to illustrate the role of vocals in speech or
music?

7.What is the meaning of morpheme, and could you provide examples of different types of morphemes to
demonstrate their usage in linguistics?

8.What is the meaning of morpheme and allomorph, and could you provide examples to elucidate the distinction
between these linguistic concepts?

9.What is the meaning of "grammatical," and could you provide an example to demonstrate how grammatical
rules contribute to the correctness and structure of language?

10. What is the meaning of "syntactical," and could you provide an example to illustrate its role in the structure
of language?

11.What is the meaning of "lexical," and could you provide an example to demonstrate its application in the
context of language or linguistics?

12.What is the meaning of connotative and denotative, and could you provide examples to highlight the
distinctions between these two aspects of meaning?

13.What is the meaning of "idiomatical," and could you provide an example to illustrate how idiomatic
expressions are used in language?

14.What is the meaning of "phonological," and could you provide an example to clarify how phonological
elements contribute to language structure?

15.What is the meaning of "morphological-based," and could you provide an example to demonstrate how
morphology influences language structures or forms?

16.What is the meaning of "syntactical-based," and could you provide an example to illustrate how syntax plays
a foundational role in language structures or systems?
 FINAL TEST INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS

Name : Dinda Maharani

NPM : 2211040031
Class : 3C
Lecturer : Mr. Sugeng Riyadi, M.Pd.

Answer the Question :

1. Phonetics is a science that studies the sounds of language without looking at the function of sounds as
differentiatitors of meaning in a language.

Example of Phonetics

2. Phonology is the science of a system in a language. This science is one of the branches of linguistics which
deals with how to pronounce a language. Phonology is a branch of science that studies language, sounds
and the processes by which sounds are formed and changed.

Example of Phonology

3. Types of Phonetics

- Articulatory Phonetics, which addresses the way sounds are made with the articulators.
for example, in English the sound [f] in fish, philosophy, and suffice is represented by three different
orthographic characters: by /, ph, and gh respectively.

- Acoustic Phonetics, which addresses the acoustic results of different articulations

 Example of Acoustic Phonetics :

1. Human voices
2. Whale sounds
3. Wind
4. Violin
5. Door slamming
6. Whistle
7. Trumpet
8. Strains
9. Xylophone

- Auditory Phonetics, which addresses the way listeners perceive and understand linguistic signals.
Exampe of Auditory Phonetics :

1. Communication between humans.

2. Sirine
3. Listening based test
4. Horn
5. RIC, RITE, BTE, CIC, etc. (hearing aid)

4. Consonants are phonemes that are not vowels and in other words are realized by obstruction. So the flow of
air through the mouth is inhibited at the places of articulation.

5. In articulatory phonetics, the place of articulation (also point of articulation) of a consonant is a location
along the vocal tract where its production occurs.It is a point where a constriction is made between an active
and a passive articulator. Active articulators are organs capable of voluntary movement which create the
constriction, while passive articulators are so called because they are normally fixed and are the parts with
which an active articulator makes contact. Along with the manner of articulation and phonation, the place
of articulation gives the consonant its distinctive sound.
 - bilabial
The articulators are the two lips. (We could say that the lower lip is the active articulator and the upper lip the
passive articulator, though the upper lip usually moves too, at least a little.) English bilabial sounds include
[p], [b], and [m].

- labio-dental
The lower lip is the active articulator and the upper teeth are the passive articulator. English labio-dental
sounds include [f] and [v].

- dental
Dental sounds involve the upper teeth as the passive articulator. The active articulator may be either the
tongue tip or (usually) the tongue blade -- diacritic symbols can be used if it matters which. Extreme lamino-
dental sounds are often called interdental.

- alveolar
Alveolar sounds involve the alveolar ridge as the passive articulator. The active articulator may be either the
tongue blade or (usually) the tongue tip -- diacritic symbols can be used if it matters which. English alveolar
sounds include [t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [l].

- postalveolar
Postalveolar sounds involve the area just behind the alveolar ridge as the passive articulator. The active
articulator may be either the tongue tip or (usually) the tongue blade -- diacritic symbols can be used if it
matters which.

- retroflex
In retroflex sounds, the tongue tip is curled up and back. Retroflexes can be classed as apico-postalveolar,
though not all apico-postalveolars need to be curled backward enough to count as retroflex.

- palatal
The active articulator is the tongue body and the passive articulator is the hard palate. The English glide [j] is
a palatal.

- velar
The active articulator is the tongue body and the passive articulator is the soft palate. English velars include
[k], [g], and [ŋ].

- glottal
This isn't strictly a place of articulation, but they had to put it in the chart somewhere. Glottal sounds are
made in the larynx. For the glottal stop, the vocal cords close momentarily and cut off all airflow through the
vocal tract.

6. Vowels are sounds in spoken language that are characterized by open vocal cords so that no air pressure
builds up above the glottis.
Elements that must be considered in vocal training include:
1. articulation
2. intonation
3. volume
 4. tempo
5. pace
6. pause
7. accentuation
8. phrasing
9. inflection

7. Morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit that has meaning. Morphemes cannot be divided into smaller
forms of language, either those that can stand alone or those that cannot stand alone.

Types and Examples of Morphemes

A. Free Morpheme

Free morphemes are morphemes that can stand alone as words without having to be tied to other morphemes.
This free morpheme is further grouped into two, namely lexical morpheme (open-class) and functional
morpheme (closed-class).

1. Lexical Morpheme

Lexical morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone and can receive affixes, either suffixes (prefixes) or
prefixes (suffixes). This morpheme consists of:

Noun : excitement
Adjective : irregular
Verb : enforce
Adverb : downword

2. Functional Morpheme

A functional morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone, but cannot receive affixes, either suffixes
(prefixes) or prefixes (suffixes). These morphemes include:

preposition: at, on, in, off, beside

pronoun: I, you, they, we, he
conjunction: and, or, but
interjection: wow!, huff!, ah!
article: a, an, the
demostrative: that, this, these, those

B. Bound Morpheme

Bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot stand alone, because it must be bound to another morpheme to
become a word. This bound morpheme is further grouped into two, namely derivational morpheme and
inflectional morpheme.

1. Derivational Morpheme

A derivational morpheme is a morpheme that changes the class of a word or the meaning of a word. This
morpheme takes the form of an affix (suffix), either a prefix (prefix) or a suffix (suffix). Example :

happy (adj) + –ness (suffix) happiness (noun): the word class changes
un- (prefix) + kind (adj) unkind (adj): meaning changes

2. Inflectional Morpheme

Inflectional morpheme (inflectional/inflectional morpheme) is a morpheme that does not cause changes in
word class and word meaning. This morpheme only affects the number (plurality) and form of time (tenses).
Example :

dog (noun) + –s (plural) dogs (noun)

wait (verb) + –ed (tense) waited (verb)

8. 1. Allomorph
In linguistics, an allomorph is a variant phonetic form of a morpheme, or, a unit of meaning that varies in
sound and spelling without changing the meaning. The term allomorph describes the realization of
phonological variations for a specific morpheme.
For example, the plural morpheme '-s' in English has three allomorphs: /s/, /z/, and /ɪz/, as in 'cats', 'dogs',
 and 'buses'. Allomorphs can be used for grammatical tense and aspects.

2. Morpheme
A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in a language. This means that a morpheme cannot be reduced
beyond its current state without losing its basic meaning. This makes it different from a syllable, which is a
word unit - morphemes can have any number of syllables.
Morphemes come in two varieties: free morphemes and bound morphemes.

9. Grammatical meaning is not just about understanding the structure of a sentence but also about
understanding the implications of the words used. It is how words express ideas, feelings, and emotions.
For example, when someone says, “I am so happy,” the use of the word “happy” conveys the speaker's joy.

9 Basic English Grammar functions

1) Noun.
2) Verb.
3) Adverb.
4) Adjective.
5) Pronoun.
6) Preposition.
7) Conjunction.
8) Exclamation.

12 Grammatical rules that correspond to the structure of the language :

1. Subject-verb agreement
2. Adjectives and adverbs
3. Punctuation
4. Sentence structure
5. Verb conjugations and tenses
6. Quantifiers
7. Active voice
8. Correct article usage
9. Proper use of modal verbs
10. Correct preposition usage
11. Homophonic words
12. Double negative

10. Syntactical is in a way that relates to the grammatical arrangement of words in a sentence: a syntactically
complicated language.
Properties of Syntactic Knowledge
Human beings can produce and understand an infinite number of sentences using only a few structures. A
sentence with clear syntax can be non-sense: Examples: Colorless blue ideas eat furiously. Most of the
languages follow some basic syntactic word orders.

11. Lexical is comprised of editor instances that each attach to a single content editable element.

Example sentence of Lexical

a dictionary provides lexical information—it tells you what the word “cat” means, not all there is to know
about cats.

12. Conotative
Connotative is the meaning of a word that is not actually, a word that has experienced an addition to its
basic meaning, namely one that gives a positive or negative sense of value. Generally, the connotative
meaning of the word refers to a figurative meaning, and contains imagination, or things that are intended to
arouse feelings.

Denotative
Denotative meaning is meaning that corresponds to what is. Often also denotative meaning is called
conceptual meaning.

The terms connotation and denotation are used in many things, especially in linguistics. Connotation is a
word that contains a figurative meaning or is not an actual word. Meanwhile, denotation is a word that has a
true and real meaning as we use it every day.

Examples of connotative and denotative words

-The house has an area of 250 square meters (denotative). - The house is very spacious (connotative). -
 There were a thousand people attending the meeting (denotative). - Lots of people attended the meeting
(connotative).

13. Idiomatical
Idiomatic meaning is the meaning of a language unit (word, phrase, or sentence) that deviates from the
lexical meaning or grammatical meaning of its constituent elements. Idioms have a figurative meaning or
idiomatic meaning.

The following are examples of idiomatic phrases:

1. Lips = become a topic of conversation.
2. Scapegoat = a person who is blamed even though he did not do anything.
3. Green table = court.
4. Big soul = patience.
5. Intervene = help.
6. End of life = death.
7. Big-headed = arrogant.
8. The ringleader = the cause of the problem.

14. Phonological
the study of the distribution and patterning of speech sounds in languages generally:The course covers
phonological processes such as vowel harmony, voicing, syllabication, and the placement of
stress.honological.
relating to the sounds in a particular language or in languages, or to the study of this: Small-group activities
focus on phonological awareness and language skills. The responses that students make will tell the teacher
something about their phonological and grammatical weaknesses.

Examples include being able to identify words that rhyme, counting the number of syllables in a name,
recognizing alliterationThe repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words in connected text. ,
segmenting. a sentence into words, and identifying the syllables in a word.

15. Morphological-Based
A Base is a word form that other morphemes can attach to. Bases include both roots and stems. A Root is
the core of a word. A root can be free or bound. A Stem is a root with some modifications to it.
The Concept of the Morphological Analysis is a way of automatically combining the parameters of a
challenge into new ideas( parameter here means characteristics, attributes, factors variable or aspect).

Morphological typology is a method used by linguists to classify languages according to their

morphological structure. While a variety of classification types have been identified, we will look at a
common method of classification: analytic, agglutinative and fusional.

16. Syntactical-based
Syntax-based translation is based on the idea of translating syntactic units, rather than single words or
strings of words (as in phrase-based MT), i.e. (partial) parse trees of sentences/utterances.

Syntactical rules are those rules that define or clarify the order in which words or elements are arranged to
form larger elements, such as phrases, clauses, or statements. Syntax rules also impose restrictions on
individual words or elements.