1) Salt is a compound formed when the hydrogen ion, H + from an acid is replaced by a metal ion or ammonium ion, NH 4 .

Ex : i) NaOH + HCl

ii) MgO + HNO3

iii) Zn + H2 SO4

iv) MgCO3 + HCl

A) SOLUBILITY OF SALT
I ) All nitrate salts are _________________. Ex:

II) All salt of NH 4 Na+, K+, are ________________ Ex:

III) All sulphate salts are soluble except _____________, ____________, ____________

IV) All chloride salts are soluble except _________, ___________

V) All carbonates salts are INSOLUBLE except ___________, ____________, ___________

1) Which of the following is a soluble salt? [SPM 2014]

A. Iron (II) chloride B. Silver chloride C. Calcium sulphate D. Lead(II) sulphate
2) The following equation represent a reaction between zinc metal and sulphuric acid.[SPM 2014]
Zn + H2 SO4 salt + hydrogen
What is the name of salt and its solubility is correct?
Name of salt Solubility in water
A Zinc sulphate Soluble
B Zinc oxide Insoluble
C Zinc oxide Soluble
D Zinc sulphate Insoluble
 B) PREPARATION OF SALT
- NH 4 , Na+, K+ (ANaK) -Other than Na+, K+, NH 4
- ________________ reaction between acid & alkali SOLUBLE SALT
Ex: i) ZnCl2 ii) CuSO4
- Ex:
i) NaCl ii) K2SO4

Heat solution till saturated

a) metal + acid
b) metal oxide + acid
c) metal carbonate + acid

Cool until crystals formed

`
i) Pour 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4 into
beaker.
1) Pour 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 of NaOH
ii) Add copper (II) oxide, CuO into sulphuric acid until excess.
into conical flask Crystal
iii) Stir and filter the excess copper (II) oxide.
2) Add few drops of phenolphthalein into
conical flask.
3) Pour hydrochloric acid into burette and
record initial burette reading. Filter the crystal
4) Add HCl into conical flask until pink turns
colourless
5) Record the final burette reading Crystal
6) Repeat titration without
phenolphthalein Dry the crystal

[CRYSTALLISATION]

(Sodium chloride solution)

(CuSO4)
 C) Preparation of Insoluble salt

- __________________________ method.

- Ex: PbCl2, AgCl, PbI2

PbI2 , AgCl,
a) PbSO 4 1) Pour 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 lead (II) nitrate, Pb (NO3)2 solution into beaker.
2) Pour 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 potassium sulphate K2SO4 into lead (II) nitrate solution
2) Stir the mixture
3) Filter the precipitate
Pb2+ SO42 4) Rinsed with distilled water

Chem equ:
i) K2SO4 ii)

Ionic equ :
Pb(NO3 )2

b) AgCl
iii)

Chem equ:

Ionic equ:
Constructing ionic equation using Continuous Variation Method

a) Pb (NO 3 )2 + KI

Ionic equ:

Continuous variation method.

1) Diagram below shows steps involved in an experiment to construct ionic equation for the formation of lead (II)
sulphate. Lead (II) iodide is an insoluble salt.

1cm3 2 cm3 3 cm3 4 cm3 5 cm3 6 cm3 7 cm3

5 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 Pb (NO 3 )2 solution

5 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 of Pb (NO 3 )2 is added in each test tube. 1.0 mol dm-3 of potassium iodide, KI is added to each
test tube according to the volume shown in Diagram. The height of precipitate formed is measured and recorded in
the table below.

Test tube 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Volume of Pb 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
(NO 3 )2 /cm3
Volume of KI/cm3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Height of precipitate 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4

(a) Name the precipitate formed and state the colour of the precipitate.
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) Draw the graph of the height of precipitate against volume of KI added.
(c) Based of the graph, what is the volume of potassium iodide, KI needed to completely react with lead (II) nitrate,
Pb (NO 3 )2 ?

___________________________________________________________________________

(e) Calculate

(i) the number of moles of lead (II) nitrate in the reaction.

(ii) Calculate the number of moles of potassium iodide, KI that has completely react with lead (II) nitrate solution.

(f) Write the ionic equation for the formation of the precipitate.

___________________________________________________________________________
 Exercise :

9. a) The equation shows the reaction between zinc and acid X. Acid X is a monoprotic acid.
Zn + Acid X Salt Y + H2

Based on the equation,

(i) Suggest acid X and identify salt Y. [2 marks]

(ii) From your answer in 9(a)(i), write the chemical equation for the reaction. [ 2 marks ]

(b) Diagram 9 shows a flow chart of zinc salts.

ZnSO4
+ Solution R
ZnCl2 ZnCO3 + Salt
Reaction I
Zn(NO3)2
Reaction II + Acid W

Zinc salt

Diagram 9

All the three salts, ZnSO 4 , ZnCl2 and Zn(NO 3 )2 , in Diagram 9 can be converted to ZnCO 3 by reaction I, then
ZnCO 3 reacts with acid W to form a zinc salt through reaction II.

i. By choosing one of the three salts in Diagram 9, suggest solution R to prepare zinc carbonate, ZnCO 3 .
Write the chemical equation involved and describe a laboratory experiment to prepare zinc carbonate,
ZnCO [ 8 marks ]

Chem equ:

Procedure :
i) Pour ______ of _________ ZnCl2 solution into beaker
ii) Pour 50 cm 3 of 1.0 mol dm -3 Na2 CO3 solution into beaker
iii) ____________ and ___________ the precipitate
iv) Rinse with distilled water

ii. Suggest acid W to prepare any one of the three zinc salt in Diagram 9.
Write a chemical equation involved and describe a laboratory experiment to prepare the salt. [8 marks]

Acid W:
Chem equ:
1) Pour ___________of ____________ hydrochloric acid in to beaker.
2) Add _____________ into hydrochloric acid until _______________
3) Stir and filter the excess ZnCO3
4) Heat until ___________
5) Cool and filter
3) Diagram below show the set-up of the apparatus of an experiment.

Diagram 11

What is the process shown in Diagram 11?

A. Preparation of insoluble salt B Preparation of soluble salt
C. Purification of insoluble salt D Purification of soluble salt

4) The formula for a sulphate ion is SO42 and for a nitrate is NO3 .[SPM 2005]
If the formula of the sulphate salt of M is MSO 4 , what is the formula of the nitrate salt of M?
A. MNO3 B. M2 NO3
C.M (NO 3 )2 D.M(NO 3 )3

5) Which equations represent double decomposition reaction that forms a precipitate?[SPM 2010]
I. CuSO 4 + Na2 CO 3 CuCO 3 + Na2 SO4 II AgNO 3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO 3
III. CuSO 4 + Mg(NO 3 )2 Cu(NO 3 )2 + MgSO 4 IV ZnCl2 + Na2 SO4 ZnSO 4 + NaCl
A.I and II C. II and IV
B.I and III D. IIIand IV

6) The following equation shows the reaction to obtain soluble sulphate salt.[SPM 2012]
H2 SO4 + X sulphate salt + H2 O
What is substance X?
A. Calcium oxide B. Lead (II) oxide C. Barium hydroxide D. Potassium hydroxide
 Metal nitrates
Metal carbonates (except K2CO3 & Na2 CO3)
Zn (NO3)2
ZnCO3
Cu (NO3)2
PbCO3
Pb(NO3)2
CuCO3

Effect of heat

Test for gases

Gases Confirmation test

O2 -Insert glowing wooden splinter.
-Glowing wooden splinter lights up.
H2 -Bring burning /lighted wooden splinter near the mouth of test tube
- Produced ‘pop’ sound
CO2 -Pass through the gas into lime water
-Lime water becomes milky/cloudy.
NO2 -Brown gas turns moist blue litmus paper to red.
NH3 - Pungent smell - Test using concentrated HCl
- Turns moist red litmus paper to blue - White fumes formed(NH4 Cl)

Concentrated HCl

NH3
Exercise :

1. A pupil carried out an experiment to investigate the chemical changes that occur to copper (II) chloride as a result
of reaction P.The experiment is shows in figure below. [SPM 2005]

(a) The chemical equation for reaction P is as follows:

CuCl2 + Na2 CO 3 2 NaCl + CuCO 3

Excess sodium carbonate is added to 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 copper (II) chloride.
Given that the relative molecular mass of CuCO 3 =124
Calculate the mass of copper (II) carbonate precipitate formed.

(b)(i) Name solid X and state its colour.

(ii) Name gas Y and describe a method to verify its identity.

2. Diagram below shows the apparatus set-up for the heating of zinc carbonate, ZnCO 3 powder. The gas released
from this experiment turned lime water chalky.[SPM 2010]
(a) Name the gas released in this experiment.
___________________________________________________________________________
(b) State the colour of the residue of this experiment when it is hot and when it is cold.

Hot Cold

(c) Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.

___________________________________________________________________________
(d) 12.5 g of zinc carbonate, ZnCO 3 is heated during this experiment.
Calculate the volume of gas released.
[ Relative atomic mass : C= 12, O=16, Zn= 65 ; 1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room conditions]

(e) The residue of this experiment is reacted with substance X to produce zinc chloride, ZnCl2 solution.
(i) What is substance X?
___________________________________________________________________________

(ii) How many moles of ions in one mole of zinc chloride?

___________________________________________________________________________
(iii) State one cation present in zinc chloride solution.
__________________________________________________________________________

3. Table 10.1 shows the information on action of heat for two lead salts, P and Q.

Table 10.1
Based on Table 10.1, identify residue R, gas A, gas Band gas C.
Write the chemical formulae for salt P and salt Q. [6 marks]

Gas A: Gas B: Gas C:

Salt P : Salt Q: Residue R :

 Identification of anions (-ve)

CO32 ion Cl- ions.

1. Add dilute HCl acid (any acid) into CO₃²⁻

salt 1. Add dilute HNO₃.
2. Insert the gas produced into limewater. 2. Then add AgNO₃ solution.
3. Turns milky/cloudy 3. White precipitate formed

Test for anions (-ve)

SO42 ions NO3 (Brown ring test)

1. Add dilute HCl. 1. Add dilute H₂SO₄

2. Add BaCl2 solution. 2. Then add FeSO₄ solution
3. White precipitate formed 3. Add concentrated H₂SO₄ slowly.
4. Brown ring formed.
 Test for cations (+ve ions)
Add NaOH solution until excess Add NH3 solution until excess
Ions Observation Observation
Fe 2+ Green precipitate insoluble in excess Green precipitate insoluble in excess NH3
NaOH
Fe 3+ Brown precipitate insoluble in excess Brown precipitate insoluble in excess NH3
NaOH
Cu2+ Blue precipitate insoluble in excess Blue precipitate soluble in excess NH3 to
NaOH form dark blue solution.
Zn2+ - Zn2+ = White ppt soluble in excess
ammonia
Test for Pb2+, NH 4
Test
2+
Pb -Add KI/NaI solution
-Yellow precipitate formed.(PbI2 )

NH 4 -Add Nesler’s - Heat the solution

reagent -Gas with pungent
-Brown smell released
precipitate - Turns red litmus
paper to blue. (NH3 )
Exercise:

1) Which substance forms yellow precipitate when added to lead (II) nitrate solution?
A. Sodium chloride C. Potassium iodide
B Sodium carbonate D. Potassium sulphate

2) A students wants to identify cation that present in a salt solution. When sodium hydroxide solution is added into
the salt solution, brown colour precipitate formed. What is the best method need to be done and the observation
expected to confirm the presence of cation?[SPM 2011]
Method Observation
A Warm up the solution Gas that turns the litmus paper from red to blue
B Heat up the solution Gas that turns the lime water milky released.
C Add potassium thiocyanate solution Blood red solution produced
D Add acidified potassium mangante Purple solution is decolourised.
(VII) solution

3) Diagram below shows steps taken to test the presence of anion in the solution of K.

Dilute sulphuric acid

Iron (II) sulphate

A few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid

Brown ring formed

Which of the following substance could be K?

A Magnesium nitrate B Potassium chloride
C Sodium sulphate D Sodium oxide
4) You are asked by your teacher to verify the cation and anion in a sample of ammonium sulphate solution. What
substance you can use to verify the cation and anion? [SPM 2006]

Cation Anion
A Nessler reagent Dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate
B Nessler reagent Dilute hydrochloric acid and barium chloride
C Potassium thiocyanate Dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate
D Potassium thiocyanate Dilute hydrochloric acid and barium chloride

5) The reaction between barium chloride and lead (II) nitrate produces lead (II) chloride and barium nitrate.
Which ionic equation represents the reaction?[SPM 2014]
6) Table below shows the observations when a series of test are conducted to verify the anion and cation in a
compound X.[SPM 2014]

What are the anion and cation present in compound X?

Anion Cation
A Chloride Lead
B Chloride Zinc
C Sulphate Zinc
D Sulphate Lead

7) When copper (II) carbonate is heated CuCO 3 , the gas released turns the lime water to milky.
What is the volume of gas released when 0.62 g of copper (II) carbonate is heated at room conditions?
[ RAM : C=12, O=16, Cu=64]
A. 5 cm3 C. 240 cm3
B. 120 cm3 D. 360 cm3

8) Reaction W

PbCO3 + HNO 3 X + Gas Y + H2 O

Heating

[SPM 2012]

Z + Gas Y Salt X

Z + O 2 + NO2

(a) Lead (II) carbonate reacts with nitric acid to produce salt X, gas Y and water. Gas Y turns lime water chalky.

(i) Based on Diagram 7, identify salt X and gas Y.

Describe briefly chemical test to verify cations and anions in X solution. [7 marks]
Salt X = Salt Y =
Pb2+ NO3
- Add___________________ solution -Add dilute_______________ and
_____________________ solution.
- _____________ precipitate formed
-Add ______________ sulphuric acid slowly.
-____________________ formed
- NO3 present
(ii) In an experiment, excess lead (II) carbonate is added to 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 of nitric acid. Write the
chemical equation for the reaction and calculate the volume of gas Y produced at room conditions.
[1 mol of any gas occupies 24 dm3 mol-1 at room conditions] [6 marks]

PbCO 3 + HNO 3

(iii) X can be converted back to lead (II) carbonate through reaction W.

Suggest a suitable chemical substance that can be used to convert X to lead (II) carbonate.
State the name of reaction W. State the observation and include an ionic equation in your answer. [4 marks]

Chemical substance = Reaction W=

Observation=

Ionic equation:

(b) Based on Diagram 7, compare and contrast the observations for lead (II) carbonate and solid X when both
compounds are heated separately. [3 marks]
PbCO3 Pb(NO3 )2
- Gas that turns lime water to ____________ are - ____________ when hot, _____________ when
released. cold solid are formed.
- ____________ when hot, _____________ when
cold solid are formed. -__________________ gas released

- Gas that ________________ glowing wooden splinter

are released.

9) (a) Table below shows an information on cation of heat for two lead salts; P and Q.

Based on table above, identify residue R, gas A, gas B and gas C.

Write chemical formulae for salt P and Q.
(b) Diagram 6 shows the conversion of solid W to solution Y and solution Z. Analysis on solution Y is done to
identify its cation and anion.[SPM 2014]

Based on Diagram 6,
(i) Identify substance J,V, W, X, Y and Z. [6 marks]

(ii) Solid W reacts with the acid X to produce a solution Y, gas V and water. Write the chemical equation for the
reaction and describe a chemical test for gas V.[4 marks]