NPR

AN EFFICIENT FRONTAL, SINUS

DETECTION USINGX-RAY IMAGE

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

DEEPIKA.A
(920814106020)
JENCY PRIYA.J
(920814106034)
JENNIFER.J (920814106035)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

NPRCOLLEGEOF ENGINEERING& TECHNOLOGY.

NATHAM, DINDIGUL.
ANNA UNIVERSITY:
CHENNAI600 025
APRIL 2018
Dr. J.SUNDARARAJAN,
B.E., M.Tech., Ph.D.
NATHAM
Principal
N.PR. College otEngineering&
TechyY
Natham, Dindigul (Dt) -624 401
 ABSTRACT

Sinusitis is diagnosed with techniques much as endoscopy, ultrasound,

X-ray. Computed Tomography (CT) scan and Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI). Out of these techniques, imaging techniques are less
invasive while being able to show blockage of sinus cavities. However, the
potential of these techniques have not been fully realised as the images
obtained are still bound to misinterpretations. In this project, a data-driven
framework is proposed to automatically detect sinus based on images
taken by ux ray. Haar-like features applied to depict sinus regions and
are

rain a cascading classifier for detecting frontal sinus. Two sets of Haar-like
features, the original and extended Haar-like features, are utilized. Based
on selected Haar-like features,
extended cascading classifier is
an

developed to perform identification. The software used for simulations is

MATLAB. Simulations were performed on images of healthy sinuses and
sinuses with sinusitis. The
algorithms were able to differentiate between
healthy sinuses and sinuses with sinusitis.

Dr. J.SUNDARARAJE
ATHE B.E, M.Tech., P
Principal
N.PR.College of Engineering&Tec
vatham, Dndigul(Dt)- 624.
 CHAPTER8
cONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

The reliability of identification of human remains from the

comparison
of ante and postmortem i radiographs of frontal sinus outlines is
Aemonstrated A frontal sinus comparison can be particularly useful
a n individual is edentulous. Moreover, it is a good idea to take

X-rays of the remains for future use even when antemortem

nnstmortem
i s are not immediately available or if long term storage is not possible.
Nevertheless caution must be stressed about physiological or pathological

than 18 years, elderly persons, trauma, surgery,

changes (individuals less
and about
infection, disease affecting the sinus area), postmortem changes,
the N-ray technical issues (distance, angle, orientation of the skull). Despite
these problems, the frontal sinus pattern is an excellent individualizing

feature

60
Dr. J.SUNDARARAJAN,
NATHAM
B.E., M.Tech., Ph..
Principal
N.PR.Collegeof Engineering&Tecihnuiugy
Natham, Dindigu! (Dt}-624 401.
 NPR
DETECTION OF LEUKEMIA CANCER BY USING
SIMULATION AND ARDUINo

MICROCONTROLLER

A PROJECT TITLE

Submited by

MURUGESHWARLM (920814106058)

PRIYA DHARSHINI.P (920814106074)

PRIYATHARSHINL.B (920814106077)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

in

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

NPR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,

NATHAM,DINDIGUL.

ANNA UNIVERSITY:CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2018

Dr. J.SUNDARARAJAN,
NATHAM B.E, Tech., Ph.D.
Drincipai
N.PR.Coflege of Engineening& Technoty
Natham, Dndigui (t)-624 401
 ABSTRACT

For the fast and cost effective production of patient diagnosis, various

image processing techniques or software has been developed to get desired

information from medical images. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is a type

of leukemia which is more common in children. The term Acute' means that

lcukemia can progress quickly and if not treated may lead to fatal death within few

months. Due to its non specific nature of the symptoms and signs of ALL leads

wrong diagnosis. Even hematologist finds it difficult to classify the leukemia cells,

there manual classification of blood cells is not only time consuming but alsoo

inaccurate. Therefore, early identification of leukemia yields in providing the

appropriate treatment to the patient. As a solution to this problem the system

propose individuates in the blood image the leucocytes from the blood cells, and

then it selects the lymphocyte cels. It evaluates morphological index from those

cells and finally it classifies the presence of leukemia. In this paper a literature

review is been conducted on various techniques used for detecting cancer cells.

Arduino controller used for alert system in order to ensure cancer cells present in a

sample.

Dr. J.SUNDARARAJAN,
B.E), M.Tech., Ph.D.
Principat
NATHAM

YdN N.PR.College ot Engineering&Tech.

Natham, Dindigu! (Dt)- 624 401.
 CHAPTER 8
cONCLUSION AND FUTURE wORK
cONCLUSION

this paper a new

In
segmentation technique is proposed
ations. In first step using
adaptive thresholding method used which morphological
lf's compared to classical can give
techniques of edge detection and in better
Arhoundary, basic
morphological operators are applied which second stage,
erosic and also flood fill is used to
are dilation
and
segment the image. It has been
Seomentation using morphological basic concluded that
is more simple and easy
operators can also
segment the image. It
method than different
controller has been used to intimate segmentation methods. aurdino
severity range of blood cancer cells
FUTURE WORK

Future work will also

include cell shape analysis
for longer periods. Because
to maintain high accuracy
we track more than just a
able to center cell location, we
analyze size and
shape change information from these data
are

wel, which will over time as

provide further insight into the biology of these cells.
Textures and shapes reveal
mental
important information conceming the
visual elements in
asses of objects.
an image and characterizes the surfaces of many
SSof objects. In view of its
multifaceted properties, textures find lot of
applications in image
S image processing, such as in automatic surface
in
ens
nmedical image analysis, and inspection, remote
so on.

54
Dr. J.SUNDARAUAJAN, |
B.E., M.Tech, P
NATHAM Principal
NPR Coflege ot Engineering &
Technoio
N3th an, Ddiget (Dt)-624 401.
 NPR

DESIGN OF DUAL EDGE TRIGGERED CLOCKED

FLIPFLOP FOR LOW POwER.DELAY VLSE

APPLICATIONS

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

DHANASOWNDAR. Rm (920814106022)

In partialfulfillmentfor the award of the degree

of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

in

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

NPR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,

NATHAM, DINDIGUL.

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2018

Dr. J.SUNDARARAJAN,
B.E., M.Tech., Ph.D.
NATHAM Principal
N.PR.College of Engineering&Technuwy
Natham, Dindigut (Dt)- 624 401.
 ABSTRACT

In this work, implementation a low power double

edge triggered flip
flop was introduced. The existing method of the double cdge
triggered
paradigm and n-MOS transistor
logic of the double cdge triggered
(DETFF) was analyzed. flip-flop
In existing method, the drawbacks like large number of transistors and
high power consumption were found. In the
designed method, both positive and
negative edge triggered flip-flops were combined. By this
method, the number
of transistors and power
consumption of circuit were reduced. The power
consumption of clocked flip-flop were lower than that of the
clocking
distribution network. The
design is implemented in DSCH 2.7f and
MICROWIND 2.6h CMOS Layout tool. As a result, number of transistors in a

flip-flop circuit had been reduced by 50% when compared to the existing
method. Analysis of the
performance parameter shows that performance of
designed flip-flop was superior compared to the conventional flip flop.

Dr. SUNDARARAJAN,
8.E. M.Tech., Ph.7
NATHAM Principal
N.PR.Coflege of Engnsering&Technow
Natham Dindigui(Dt) ¬24 481
CHAPTERR4

cONCLUSION AND FUTURE wORK:

A dual edge triggered flip-flop has been
designed. One effective
method, for reducing the power and the number of
clocked transistor was
by introducing the double edge triggered clocked
flip-flop (DETFF). By
following the effective methodologies such as double
edge triggered
paradigm and n MOS transistor
logic, the new DETFF was designed
This proposed design achieves 50% to 60% power when compared with
the conventional method. This proposed design reduced the number of
transistors to 50% less when compared with the existing circuit. Dual

edge triggered ip-tlop (DETFF) reduce clock frequency by half when

compared to single edged triggered flip-ftlop (SETFF) with same data
throughput. it reduces power consumption. Flip-1lops are necessary in

counters, frequency division applications. This method will improve the

speed of data transfer between registers. Future work can be implement

sequential elements in order to combine 'N'

for a multi bit flip-flop or

number of flip-flops in order to improve performance.

Dr. J.SUNDARARAJAN
NATHAM B.E., M.Tech., Ph.
Principai
47 N.PR.College ot Engineering &Technoiog
Natham, Dindigul (Dt) 624 401
 NPR
DESIGN OF DELAY LINE FILTER FOR
EFFECTIVE OPTICAL COMMUNICATION

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

AASHA.S (920814106001)
ABIRAMI.S (920814106003)

In partial fulfillmentfor the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

NPR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING& LOGY.

TECHN
NATHAM, DINDIGAL

ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600025

Dr. J.SUNDARARAJAN.
APRIL 2018 B.E., M.Tech., Ph:P
NATHAM Principal
N.P.R.College ot Engineering&Technowoy
Natham, Dindigul (Dt) 8rS
 ABSTRACT

In today's communication system there is a heavy demand for high

speed communication. The high speed transmission can be casily achieved by

optical fibre. The important problem in high bit rate communication is
dispersion. Various fibre-optic dispersion effects on optical transmission system
are analyzed and dispersion compensation is done using Delay Line Filter
(DLF) and with the Dispersion Compensation Fibre (DCF). In this Project
Delay line filter is used for the dispersion compensation. This Delay Line Filter

is a discrete element in digital filter theory, which allows a signal to be delayed

by a number of samples. Delay Line Filter is implemented using X-coupler and
EA modulator with single source, multiple source and filter. The optical
ransmission system consists of transmitter, an optical DIF for compensation,
fibre transmission channel and a receiver. This will produce an Effective Q-
Factor by reducing BER. The performance of the filter is analyzed for single
mode fibre using optisystem.

Dr. J.SUNDERARAJAN,
3.EM.Tecn.,Ph .
NATHAM Drincipal
2R.Collegeof Enineering& Tecrouy
Naham, Diniggl (0:i- F2 2
iv
 CHAPTER9

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

Communication channel with single mode fibre at the data rate of 10Gbps

s estigated. On comparing the performance of the delay

inve
line filter using x-

oler and DCF in the BER analyzer, it is found that the Q-Factor of 7.4 for
Oup/e

a line filter x-Coupler is high and with the reduced BER of 2.4e-14. This
oelay
nus the better result on comparing with the existing method. the dispersion
show

0mpel
mgensation using dispersion compensating fibre. It shows that the delay line
her Can give better perfomance on comparing with other technique. Through
th:s the performance of this delay line filter with the EA modulator is most
Efective than the other elements perfomance. In here the Delay Line Filter
wIth EA modulator and the X-coupler is having reliable
a optical
communication.

In future, the delay line filter

designed optical communication can be
se Telecommunication and this can be
in the
implemented in the Information
chmology. This fibre optical network is a future trend in
optical network
ceve.opment, and will have the ability to adopt to the
Dandwidth allocation. So,
unpredictability of the
fibre-optic communication is a method of transimitting
omation from one place to another
by sending pulses of light through an
7.al fibre. The light forms
CaTy information Because
an
electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated
of its advantages over electrical transmission,
opical fibres have
largely replaced copper wire communications in core
eworks. In
ewo
"K
Networking it is Used to connect users
and servers in a
variety of
Settings and help increase the
D speed and accuracy of data transmission.
IEnce of
Government Used hydrophones for
SONAR
,a5 wiring in aircraft, submarines
as
seismic waves and

twetworking and other vehicles and also for field

Dr. J.SUNDARARAJAN.
B.E., M.Toch., Ph...
NATHAM Principal
61 N.PR.Colege of Engineering& Technoiugy
Natham, Dindigul (Dt)- 624 401.
 NPR

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF cOLLEGE BUS

TRACKING USING GPS AND 1o
A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by
ARJUN KUMAR T.B (920814106010)
ARUN KUMAR T.B (920814106012)
KATHIRVEL S (920814106042)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

NPR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,

NATHAM, DINDIGUL

ANNA UNIVERSITY:: CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2018

NGG Dr. J.SUNÓARARAJA-

NATHAM 8.E. M.Tech, Ph.0
Principal
N.PR.College of Engineering& Techne
Natnan, Dindigui (Dt)- 624 d91
 ABSTRACT

system is designed and implemented for

A prototype campus bus tacking
Students to pin point the location and estimate arrival time of
helping College
their respective desired bus via their Smartphone application. This project
between hardware and software. The Node MCU is
used
comprises integration
android
to control the GPS module to get the geographic coordinates, An

Smartphone application using App Inventor is also developed for the user not

time for the campus bus to arrive and also will be able to
only to determine the

get the bus information

and plot the bus in Google Maps. This friendly user

Bus Tracker" application. The user also will be

system is named as "College
able to view position of the bus on a digital mapping from Google Maps using
their Smartphone application. In order to show the effectiveness ofthis College

campus bus tracking system, the practical implementations have been presented
and recorded.

Dr. J.SUNDARARA
ATA B.E., M.ech
Principal
N.PR.College of Engineering&Te
iV Natham, Dindigul {Dt)-62
 CHAPTER 8
cONCLUSION AND FUTURE
Thus, in this paper the
eed that
osed that will
will help
technological location ScOPE
in
saving trackingg of the
resources and college bus
time and college bus
on
nformatio n
available instantly in the
arious applicat mobile making the
sed in various
applications like school application.
bus, college bus,
This
system be can
ven
andeven in the automobiles
automobiles
for the public
s
useful not only the
to
students
anti-theft
protection. The transportation,
but also for of tracking the bus
bus. It
the staff who
coliege bus. It saves time and also
s are
coming from the
alerts the
current location of the
he google maps. It
represents the graphical view college bus
in the
hile application. The notitication service in this google map in each

about the current status of the

inow project helps the students to
college bus whether the bus is
i t also gives the information of available or
the alternative bus
details. If the bus is
reakdown then a alert message is sent the mobile
toaVoid accidents caused due to
application. It is also
helpful
drunk and drive. If the driver is drunk then
the
ngine of the bus will stop automatically displaying an alert message in the
T0ble application stating the message. It is easy to know the location of the
ge bus in one mobile
application. This project also indicates the condition
buS engine, a gas sensor is used to get the co2 content which is emited

rom the enginine, based on the emitted co2 obtained

gas the state of the engine is
asily.
Future scopes:
with live video
By using
Stng the Raspberry pi, the bus can be monitor

telecasting, also be taken

in the bus.
attendance can
By g KFID scanner, the

Br. J.SURDÁRARAJAN,
B.E R.Tech., Ph.C.
Principal
NATHAM .PR.College ofEngineering&Techns
Maiham, Dindigut{D:)-624 401.