C Introduction20230423113359

C Introduction
• Introduction to C
• C Features
• Uses of C
• Structure of C program
Agenda • Variables
• Data Types
• Operators
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C Introduction
• Developed in 1972 by Dennis M. Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories.
• Known as Mother Language as it’s a base for other programming languages.
• Used to develop operating systems, databases, application etc.
• Most popular system programming language.
• UNIX operating system was totally written in C.
C Features
• Simple and Efficient: Syntax style of implementing C language is very simple and easy.
• Portable: Programs made in it can be run on different machines.
• Function-Rich Library: Having a rich number of libraries with built-in functions.
• Memory Management: Supports Dynamic Memory Management (DMA).
• Pointers: With C pointers, we can directly interact with memory.
• Structured Language: Breaks the code into different parts using functions and stored
in the form of libraries for the reusability.
Uses of C Language
• Computational and graphical methods.
• Applications using graphical user interfaces.
• Browsers on the internet.
• Banking.
• Compilers.
• Cloud Computing and distributed systems.
• Integrated software libraries for enterprises.
Structure of a C Program
Documentation Section
Preprocessor Section
Definition Section
Global Declaration
Main Function
User-Defined Functions
Demo
Creating a Hello World Program in C
Variables and Literals
A name was given to a memory location. It is the basic unit of storage in a program.
Rules for naming a variable:
i) A variable name can only have alphabets, numbers, and the underscore _.
ii) A variable name cannot begin with a number.
iii) It is a preferred practice to begin variable names with a lowercase character. For
example, age is preferable to Age.
iv) No whitespace is allowed in the variable name.
Variables and Literals
• A variable name cannot be a keyword.
• For example, int is a keyword that is used to denote
integers. Int age = 25; // age is 25
age = 23; // age is 23
• Can start with an underscore. However, it's not
considered a good practice. Integer: 1,2 3,4...
Floating-point: 2.4,6.0,5.6 ..
• Literals are data used for representing fixed values. They
Character: 'a','b','U','9'..
can be used directly in the code. For String: "age","" ," " ..
example: 1, 2.5, 'c' etc.
Variables Scope
A Scope is region of the program and broadly speaking there are three places, where
variables can be declared :
• Inside a function or a block which is called local variables.
• In the definition of function parameters which is called formal parameters.
• Outside of all functions which is called global variables.
Types of Variables
Variables
Local Global Static Automatic External

Variables Variables Variables Variables Variables
Type of Variables
On the basis of scope, there are two types of variables:
Local Variables:
• Defined inside a function or a code block.
• Scope of these variables remain limited to block in which they are declared.
Global Variables:
• Declared outside the function or a block of code.
• We can access these variables anywhere in the program after it is declared.
Type of Variables
On the basis of storage classes, there are two types of variables:
Static Variables:
• Defined using a static keyword.
• Scope depends upon the region where they are declared – can be local or global.
Automatic Variables:
• By default, all the local variables are automatic variables.
• Scope is local and it’s default value is a garbage value.
External Variables:
• Can be shared between multiple C files.
• Scope is global and declared using extern keyword.
Demo
Variable Scope
Data types
• Different sizes and values that can be stored in the variable that is made as per
convenience and circumstances to cover up all test cases.
• Can be categorized into four types:
Data types
Basic Derived Enumeration Void
Data types
Type Data Type

Basic Data Type int, char, float, double
Derived Data Type array, pointer, structure, union

Enumeration Data Type enum
Void Data Type void
Basic Data types
• Basic data types are integer-based and floating-point based.
• Supports both signed and unsigned literals.
• Memory size of basic data types may change according to 32 or 64 bit operating system.
Basic Data types
Data Type Meaning Size (in Bytes)
int Integer 2 or 4
float Floating-point 4
double Double Floating-point 8
char Character 1
short int Short Integer 2
long int Long Integer 4
void Empty 0
Operators in C++
• Operator are the symbols that are used to perform operations.
• For example: +, -, *, / etc.
• Can be categorized into following groups:
Operators
Arithmetic Relational Logical Bitwise Assignment
Precedence of Operators
category Operators Associativity
Postfix () [] -> . ++ - - Left to right
Unary + - ! ~ ++ - - (type)* & sizeof Right to left
Multiplicative */% Left to right
Additive +- Right to left
Shift << >> Left to right
Relational < <= > >= Left to right
Equality == !=/td> Right to left
Conditional ?: Right to left
Assignment = += -= *= /= %=>>= <<= &= ^= |= Right to left
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C Introduction

Rules for naming a variable:

Local Global Static Automatic External

Basic Derived Enumeration Void

Type Data Type

Derived Data Type array, pointer, structure, union

Arithmetic Relational Logical Bitwise Assignment

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