ANTI- AGEING

Age: The period of time someone has been alive or something has existed

Ageing:
*At the biological level, ageing results from the impact of the accumulation of a wide variety of
molecular and cellular damage over time.
*This leads to a gradual decrease in physical and mental capacity, a growing risk of disease and
ultimately death.

*These changes are neither linear nor consistent, and they are only loosely associated with a
person’s age in years.
*The diversity seen in older age is not random.
*Beyond biological changes, ageing is often associated with other life transitions such as
retirement, relocation to more appropriate housing and the death of friends and partners.

Overview
*People worldwide are living longer. Today most people can expect to live into their sixties and
beyond.
*Every country in the world is experiencing growth in both the size and the proportion of older
persons in the population.
*By 2030, 1 in 6 people in the world will be aged 60 years or over. At this time the share of the
population aged 60 years and over will increase from 1 billion in 2020 to 1.4 billion.
*By 2050, the world’s population of people aged 60 years and older will double (2.1 billion).
*The number of persons aged 80 years or older is expected to triple between 2020 and 2050 to
reach 426 million.
*While this shift in distribution of a country's population towards older ages – known as
population ageing – started in high-income countries (for example in Japan 30% of the
population is already over 60 years old), it is now low- and middle-income countries that are
experiencing the greatest change.

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*By 2050, two-thirds of the world’s population over 60 years will live in low- and
middle-income countries.

What are the indications of Ageing?

There are several signs of ageing that one can experience. Here goes some clearly visible signs
or indications of ageing.
Dark spots
Sagging skin
Dull glow-less skin
Lines & wrinkles
Dry skin
Patchy skin
Open pores

Types of Aging
Cellular Aging

A cell can replicate about 50 times before the genetic material is no longer able to be copied
accurately. This replication failure is referred to as cellular senescence during which the cell
loses its functional characteristics. The accumulation of senescent cells is the hallmark of cellular
aging, which in turn translates to biological aging.1
The more damage done to cells by free radicals and environmental factors, the more cells need to
replicate and the more rapidly that cellular senescence develops.1
The Telomere Theory of Aging
Hormonal Aging
Hormones play a huge role in aging, especially during childhood when they help build bones and
muscles and facilitate the development of secondary male or female characteristics.
Over time, the output of many hormones will begin to diminish, leading to changes in the skin
(such as wrinkles and the loss of elasticity) and a loss of muscle tone, bone density, and sex
drive.
Because sex hormone levels differ between females and males, how females and males age also
differs.
Accumulative Damage
Aging caused by accumulative damage (i.e., "wear and tear") is about the external factors that
can build up over time. Exposure to toxins, UV radiation, unhealthy foods, and pollution can just
some of the things that can take a toll on the body.
Over time, these external factors can directly damage DNA in cells (in part by exposing them to
excessive or persistent inflammation). The accumulated damage can undermine the body's ability
to repair itself, promoting rapid aging.
How Much Does Sunscreen Slow Skin Aging?
Metabolic Aging
As you go about your day, your cells are constantly turning food into energy, which produces
byproducts—some of which can be harmful to the body. The process of metabolization, while
essential, can cause progressive damage to cells, a phenomenon referred to as metabolic aging.

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Some experts believe that slowing down the metabolic process through practices such as calorie
restriction may slow aging in humans.
Blood Iron Levels May Be Key to Healthy Aging
The Aging Process
Our age-obsessed culture is consumed with "slowing down aging" and increasing longevity, but
the basic truth of it all is that growing old is unavoidable. No matter what you do, your body will
change in a number of key ways.
For example, by the time a person turns 20, lung tissues will begin to lose their elasticity, the
muscles around the rib cage will start to deteriorate, and the overall lung function will gradually
begin to diminish.
Similarly, the production of digestive enzymes will begin to slow as we age, which affects how
nutrients are absorbed into the body and the types of food we can digest without difficulty.Blood
vessels also lose their flexibility as we age. In people who are sedentary and eat poor diets, the
loss of elasticity paired with the accumulation of fatty deposits can lead
to atherosclerosis ("hardening of the arteries").
As women approach menopause, vaginal fluids will decrease and sexual tissues will start to
atrophy due to the loss of estrogen. In men, lean muscles will thin and sperm production will
diminish due to decreases in testosterone levels.

Common health conditions associated with ageing

*Common conditions in older age include hearing loss, cataracts and refractive errors, back and
neck pain and osteoarthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, depression and
dementia.
*As people age, they are more likely to experience several conditions at the same time.
*Older age is also characterized by the emergence of several complex health states commonly
called geriatric syndromes.
*They are often the consequence of multiple underlying factors and include frailty, urinary
incontinence, falls, delirium and pressure ulcers.

Factors influencing healthy ageing

A longer life brings with it opportunities, not only for older people and their families, but also for
societies as a whole. Additional years provide the chance to pursue new activities such as further
education, a new career or a long-neglected passion. Older people also contribute in many ways
to their families and communities. Yet the extent of these opportunities and contributions
depends heavily on one factor: health.
Evidence suggests that the proportion of life in good health has remained broadly constant,
implying that the additional years are in poor health. If people can experience these extra years
of life in good health and if they live in a supportive environment, their ability to do the things
they value will be little different from that of a younger person. If these added years are
dominated by declines in physical and mental capacity, the implications for older people and for
society are more negative.
Although some of the variations in older people’s health are genetic, most is due to people’s
physical and social environments – including their homes, neighbourhoods, and communities, as
well as their personal characteristics – such as their sex, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status.

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The environments that people live in as children – or even as developing fetuses – combined
with their personal characteristics, have long-term effects on how they age.
Physical and social environments can affect health directly or through barriers or incentives that
affect opportunities, decisions and health behaviour.
Maintaining healthy behaviours throughout life, particularly eating a balanced diet, engaging in
regular physical activity and refraining from tobacco use, all contribute to reducing the risk of
non-communicable diseases, improving physical and mental capacity and delaying care
dependency.
Supportive physical and social environments also enable people to do what is important to them,
despite losses in capacity. The availability of safe and accessible public buildings and transport,
and places that are easy to walk around, are examples of supportive environments. In developing
a public-health response to ageing, it is important not just to consider individual and
environmental approaches that ameliorate the losses associated with older age, but also those that
may reinforce recovery, adaptation and psychosocial growth.

Anti- ageing
What is Anti Ageing? Different groups and individual researchers have described anti-aging
in their different and unique way that has given anti-aging a number of different common
meanings and connotations. In scientific terms, anti-aging is defined as to slowing, preventing, or
reversing the aging process in human body. Though, so far, there is not any proven and available
medical technology that slows or reverses aging in humans.
For some particular communities, anti-ageing is a myth. According to them, Ageing is a natural
process that cannot be prevented in any way.
For the medical and reputable business community, anti-aging process or medicine refers to the
early detection, prevention, and treatment of age-related diseases. For example, Calorie
restriction brings down the chances of suffering a number of age-related situations. There are a
wide array of strategies and therapies available in the market.

COLLAGEN
What is collagen, why do people use it? Collagen is the most abundant protein in the
human body. It is found in the bones, muscles, skin, and tendons. Doctors use collagen in wound
healing techniques. It also features in cosmetic preparations to enhance the skin.
Collagen forms a scaffold that provides strength and structure within the body. It is an essential
component of connective tissue and plays a crucial role in holding the body’s cells together. It
also provides strength and elasticity to the skin.
Endogenous collagen is natural collagen that the body synthesizes. Exogenous collagen is
synthetic. It comes from an outside source, such as supplements.
Endogenous collagen has a number of important functions. Breakdown and depletion are linked
toTrusted Source various health problems, such as scurvy.
People useTrusted Source exogenous collagen for cosmetic purposes, such as improving skin
elasticity. Doctors also use itTrusted Source in techniques for wound healing.
What does collagen do?
It plays a major role in many structures, such as:
skin
tendons

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blood vessels
cartilage
bone
connective tissue, which anchors cells to each other Collagen is a key componentTrusted Source
of the extracellular matrix, a network of molecules that holds together the body’s tissues.

Healthy collagen levels contribute to:

joint health
protection of the kidneys and other organs
skin elasticity
a healthy cardiovascular system
Collagen is plentiful in the human body. According to some older research, one-thirdTrusted
Source of the protein in the human body and three-quarters of the dry weight of skin consist of
collagen.
There are around 28 types of collagen, and they all have different structures. Most are formed of
fibrils, which are long, thin structures that are strong and flexible.
In the skin, collagen provides strength and elasticity. As people get older, their collagen levels
fall, and collagen fibers becomeTrusted Source thinner and weaker. Some experts believe this
may contribute to skin aging. For this reason, many skin care products contain forms of collagen.
Medical and cosmetic uses
Some types of collagen are resorbable. This means they can be broken down, converted, and
absorbed back into the body. It can also be formed into structures outside the body, with various
medical uses.
Products that aim to boost collagen levels can originate from humans and other species.
skin filters
Fillers that combine collagen dermal fillers with hyaluronic acid may increase skin elasticity by
boosting collagen production.
This can help enlargeTrusted Source tissues, filling gaps — such as wrinkles — in the skin.

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People use them to:
reduce wrinkles
improve the contours of the skin
fill out depressions
improve the appearance of scars
Manufacturers source these products from humans and other species. One filler uses cells from
salmon and other fish. People should check the origin of their product and test first for any
allergic reactions.
controlling bleeding
reducing inflammation
managing blood vessel health and function
boosting the strength of scar tissue
restoring skin elasticity
attracting cells that promote wound healing
providing a platform for new tissue growth
Collagen wound dressings contain collagen and other substances that aim to boost healing.
They can take the form of:
gels
powders
Guided tissue regeneration
Doctors sometimes use collagen to form scaffolds. These provide temporary support while the
body produces new cells during the healing process.
Membranes, plugs, or pads containing collagen can help with:
bone regeneration
wound healing
managing extraction sockets after dental surgery
promoting blood clotting
ResearchTrusted Source from 2011 notes that, in oral surgery, collagen barriers can prevent
fast-growing cells around the gum from migrating to a wound in a tooth. This preserves a space
where tooth cells have the chance to regenerate.
Since these membranes are resorbable, a surgeon does not need to remove them surgically once
healing is complete.

Elasticity of skin
Loss of skin elasticity is a natural part of the aging process. You may have noticed it for the first
time when you were putting on makeup or rubbed your eyes. You moved your eyelid slightly to
the side, and your skin didn’t bounce back the way it used to.
Skin elasticity is skin’s ability to stretch and snap back to its original shape. Loss of skin
elasticity is known as elastosis. Elastosis causes skin to look saggy, crinkled, or leathery.
Areas of the skin exposed to the sun can get solar elastosis. These parts of the body may look
more weathered than those protected from sun exposure. Solar elastosis is also referred to as
actinic elastosis.
Skin elasticity can be improved. In this article, we’ll cover the causes of elastosis and provide
possible solutions.

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Why does elasticity of skin changes? Skin is the body’s largest organ. It’s also your shield
against the elements. As people age, their skin naturally starts to show the effects of time.
In addition to losing collagen, skin also starts to lose elastin, a protein which provides skin with
the ability to stretch and snap back. Elastin is found in the connective tissue of the skin’s dermis
layer.
Environmental and lifestyle causes can worsen and accelerate elastosis. They include:
sun exposure
air pollution
poor nutrition
smoking
Rapid, extensive weight loss can also cause elastosis.

ways to improve or restore elasticity

There are ways to improve skin’s elasticity, along with its overall appearance. They include:
1. Collagen supplements
Collagen is a protein found in the skin’s connective tissues. There is some evidence that oral
hydrolyzed collagen can be absorbed through the gut and delivered to the skin via the
bloodstream.
In one small studyTrusted Source, an oral supplement of collagen peptides, vitamin C, Hibiscus
sabdariffa extract, and Aristotelia chilensis extract (Macqui berry) was given to study
participants for 3 months. A significant improvement in skin elasticity and firmness in the
participants was observed, starting at 4 weeks.
A separate study found that a nutritional drink containing collagen and other ingredients, such as
hyaluronic acid, significantly increased skin’s elasticity.

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These results are promising, however, it’s important to remember that in each study, other
beneficial ingredients were also used. More data is needed about collagen supplements to
determine their true ability to replenish skin’s elasticity.elasticity and overall skin care.
2. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Although the data is far from conclusive, research has found that varying types of HRT have
benefits for skin elasticityTrusted Source loss caused by aging and menopause. They include:
transdermal estrogen
transdermal estrogen combined with vaginal progesteroneoral estrogen combined with vaginal
progesterone
HRT can be a helpful treatment option but it isn’t for everyone. Learn more about HRT’s benefits
and risks here.
3. Cocoa flavanols
If eating dark chocolate is your guilty pleasure, this potential skin elasticity fix is for you.
A studyTrusted Source found that daily intake of cocoa flavanols, a compound in chocolate,
improved skin elasticity, and reduced wrinkles. Cocoa flavanols are naturally occurring, dietary
flavonoids found in the cacao bean.
Not all chocolate contains high levels of cocoa flavanols. Look for chocolate that contains
around 320 milligrams of cocoa flavanols, which is the amount used in the study.
4. Laser treatments
Laser therapy treatments are used to treat many medical conditions.
One studyTrusted Source looked at the effectiveness of combining two laser therapy techniques
— non-ablative fractional laser (NAFL) and intense pulsed light therapy (IPL) — performed on
the same day to study participants.
These procedures have a positive effect on skin tone and the production of new collagen. The
study found that the combination of these therapies provided a significant increase in skin
elasticity and tone. Other studiesTrusted Source have found positive results from the use of
fractional lasers on skin.
invasive and pain-free.
5. Body-contouring surgery
A significant increase in weight can cause skin to lose its elasticity. After weight loss, the skin
may not be able to bounce back, resulting in excess, loose skin.
This is more likely to occur if the weight loss is around 100 pounds or more. In some instances,
skin can be removed surgically. Typical areas of the body where skin is removed includes the
stomach, arms, and thighs.
Food that build collagen and elastin Collagen and elastin are two similar, yet
distinct, fibrous, proteins that help form the connective tissues of the body.
most notably the skin, but also blood vessels, cartilage, tendons and muscles.
Aging, sun exposure and injuries can weaken these proteins, causing tissues to lose strength and
elasticity. Foods containing certain nutrients may support tissue health and help your body build
them back.
Vitamin C Foods
Your body uses vitamin C for tissue growth and repair, and this powerful antioxidant is central to
any regimen for building collagen and elastin. Adult women need a minimum of 75 milligrams
of vitamin C a day, and slightly more during pregnancy and lactation, while men require 90
milligrams daily.

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Luckily, vitamin C is plentiful in produce, making it easy to get all you need. Because it’s water
soluble and the body can’t store it, it’s best to consume vitamin C foods throughout the day. The
richest fruit sources of vitamin C include:
Orange
Kiwi
Strawberries
Grapefruit
Cantaloupe
For vegetables, a half-cup serving of any of the following will provide plenty of your daily
vitamin C:
Red or green pepper
Broccoli
Brussels sprouts
Cabbage
Cauliflower
For skin health, vitamin C may also work topically to improve the appearance of wrinkles and
sagging caused by collagen and elastin fibers breaking down.
Protein Foods
A diet that includes healthy protein foods will support the growth and maintenance of collagen
and elastin fibers. Proline and lysine, in particular, work with vitamin C in the formation of
collagen.
Protein foods that are good sources of these amino acids include:
Turkey breast
Beef
Soybeans
Chicken breast
Cheese
Spirulina
Salmon, sardines and other fatty fish
Beans and legumes
Foods with Essential Fatty Acids
In the skin, the dermis, the layer underneath the epidermis, or surface.consists mostly of collagen
and elastin. Essential fatty acids play an important role in reducing the damage done to these
tissues by normal aging and exposure to the sun. In particular, omega-3 fatty acids support tissue
growth and integrity. You can obtain these healthy fats through fish such as salmon, herring and
sardines, while plant-based omega-3s occur primarily in flaxseeds and flaxseed oil, chia seeds
and walnuts.
Carotenoid Foods
Foods containing phytonutrients known as carotenoids may also help build collagen and elastin
fibers. In one study, published in Nutrients in 2017, female participants received supplements of
curly kale extract and other carotenoids daily.
Researchers noted results after five and 10 months, finding the increase of carotenoids in the skin
supported the growth of collagen and elastin fibers in the cheek and forearm areas.
Leafy greens like kale, spinach, collards and dandelion greens provide rich amounts of
carotenoids, as do orange-colored foods such as carrots, pumpkin, winter squash and sweet
potato.

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CAUSES OF AGING
Aging is the deterioration, over a period of time, of our body’s physiological functions that are
necessary for our survival. Aging as a process will eventually lead to cell death.
There are three major causes of aging:
Things that cause damage to cells,
things that respond to the cellular damage,
and the consequences of that cellular damage over time.
The primary causes of damage in aging include:
Telomere damage
Epigenetic Dysregulation
DNA Damage
Nutrient Deprivation
Hypoxia
Mitochondrial Dysfunction

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How to reduce aging of skin

sun plays a major role in prematurely aging our skin. Other things that we do also can age our
skin more quickly than it naturally would. To help their patients prevent premature skin aging,
dermatologists offer their patients the following tips.
1)Protect your skin from the sun every day.
Whether spending a day at the beach or running errands, sun protection is essential. You can 1
protect your skin by seeking shade, covering up with sun-protective clothing
such as a lightweight and long-sleeved shirt, pants, a wide-brimmed hat, and sunglasses with UV
protection and using sunscreen that is broad-spectrum, SPF 30 (or higher), and water- resistant.
You should apply sunscreen every day to all skin that is not covered by clothing. For more
effective protection, look for clothing with an ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) label.
2)Apply self-tanner rather than get a tan.
Every time you get a tan, you prematurely age your skin. This holds true if you get a tan from the
sun, a tanning bed, or other indoor tanning equipment. All emit harmful UV rays that accelerate
how quickly your skin ages.
3)If you smoke, stop.
Smoking greatly speeds up how quickly skin ages. It causes wrinkles and a dull, sallow
complexion.
4)Avoid repetitive facial expressions.
When you make a facial expression, you contract the underlying muscles. If you repeatedly
contract the same muscles for many years, these lines become permanent. Wearing sunglasses
can help reduce lines caused by squinting.
5)Eat a healthy, well-balanced diet.
Findings from a few studies suggest that eating plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables may help
prevent damage that leads to premature skin aging. Findings from research studies also suggest
that a diet containing lots of sugar or other refined carbohydrates can accelerate aging.
6)Drink less alcohol.
Alcohol is rough on the skin. It dehydrates the skin, and in time, damages the skin. This can
make us look older.
7)Exercise most days of the week.
Findings from a few studies suggest that moderate exercise can improve circulation and boost the
immune system. This, in turn, may give the skin a more-youthful appearance.
8)Cleanse your skin gently.
Scrubbing your skin clean can irritate your skin. Irritating your skin accelerates skin aging.
Gentle washing helps to remove pollution, makeup, and other substances without irritating your
skin.
9)Wash your face twice a day and after sweating heavily.
Perspiration, especially when wearing a hat or helmet, irritates the skin, so you want to wash
your skin as soon as possible after sweating.
10)Apply a facial moisturizer every day.
Moisturizer traps water in our skin, giving it a more youthful appearance.
11)Stop using skin care products that sting or burn.

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When your skin burns or stings, it means your skin is irritated. Irritating your skin can make it
look older.

How to Slow Aging

Aging cannot be avoided. With that said, there are several things you can do to mitigate theThe
environmental factors that influence aging:
Eat well. Added sugar, salt, and saturated fat wreak havoc on the body, increasing the risk
of hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease. To avoid these aging-related concerns, increase your
intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy, and lean meat and fish.
Read labels. If you buy packaged foods for convenience, check the label to ensure that you limit
your sodium intake to under 1,500 milligrams (mg) per day, your sugar intake to around 25 mg
per day, and your saturated fat intake to less than 10% of your daily calories.
Stop smoking. Quitting cigarettes improves circulation and blood pressure while drastically
reducing your risk of cancer. Though it often takes multiple quit attempts to finally kick the
habit, there are effective cessation aids that can help.
Exercise. Most adults do not meet the recommended exercise requirements for good health
(roughly 30 minutes of moderate to strenuous exercise 5 days per week). Even so, 15 minutes of
moderate activity per day can improve longevity compared to no exercise.
Socialize. Socialization keeps us psychologically engaged and may help influence longevity as
well. Maintain good, healthy relationships with others. Stay connected to the ones you love, and
make it a point to meet new people.
Get ample sleep. Chronic sleep deprivation is linked to poorer health and shorter life spans. By
improving your sleep hygiene and getting around 7 to 8 hours of sleep per night, you may not
only feel better but live longer.
Reduce stress. Chronic stress and anxiety can be damaging to your body as they trigger the
release of an inflammatory stress hormone called cortisol. Learning to control stress with
relaxation techniques and mind-body therapies may help alleviate the indirect inflammatory
pressure placed on cells.

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