Boko Haram

VS
The Government of Nigeria
Joint Crisis Committee
Intra SMUN 2023
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LETTER FROM THE EXECUTIVE BOARD………………………………………………………………………………………….…………...2

LETTER FROM THE DIRECTOR…………………………………………………………………………………….………………..….……………4

STRATEGY SYNOPSIS GUIDELINES…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………...8

THE BOKO HARAM

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..11

FOUNDATION OF THE ORGANISATION/HISTORY…………………………………………………………………….………………13

TRANSFORMATION: ‫ پ رامن‬to ‫…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………پرتشدد‬..16

THE REIGN: LEADING THE WAY……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..17

MILITARY MIGHT OF THE BOKO HARAM…………………………………………………………………………………………………….26

RECRUITMENT AND INDOCTRINATION…………………………………………………………………………………………………….31

FUNCTIONING OF THE BOKO HARAM………………………………………………………………………………………………………….32

THE INTERNAL SOCIAL STRUCTURE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………35

THE CULTURE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………40

THE PROSPECTS OF NEGOTIATIONS WITH BOKO HARAM………………………………………………………………………45

GOALS OF THE BOKO HARAM…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………46

THE GOVERNMENT OF NIGERIA
HISTORY ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………48

MILITARY MIGHT………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………52

THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………68

NIGERIAN SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCENARIO………………………………………………………………………………………….72

NIGERIAN CULTURE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………75

RELIGION IN NIGERIA………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………78

POPULAR IDEOLOGIES IN NIGERIA……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….82

GOALS OF THE NIGERIAN GOVERNMENT ……………………………………………………………………………………………………86

CRISIS EMERGENCY MESSAGE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………87

MAP GUIDE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….88

CONCLUDING NOTE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………90

BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..91
CREDITS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………92

1
LETTER FROM THE EXECUTIVE BOARD
“The old is dying and the new cannot b e born.”
When asked, Antonio Gramsci defined crisis using the aforementioned phrase, an idea that has been upheld
while putting up a Crisis Committee here, at Sanskriti MUN.

‫آپ پر سالمتی ہو۔‬

With that short introduction, we move towards elaboration, as we, the Executive Board for this year’s Joint
Crisis Committee welcome you to the most exceptionally intense and extraordinarily vigrourous committee
Intra SMUN 2023 has to offer. As you step in to the House of War, you shall have the opportunity to avail
to any of its services; from diplomacy, to betrayal, knives and friendship bands, and both destruction and
innovation shall take their course, as discussion and action are executed by you.

We welcome you, our delegates and cabinet members to Dar al -Harb: The House of War.

Post the strenuous selection criteria, we feel proud looking at the brilliant batch of cabinet members we have
gathered to participate in the prime of SMUN. You are now a part of what can be called the quintessential,
“the favourite”, over-achieving, exemplary and “model” child of Sanskriti MUN. Crisis Committees have
seen a series of 15 glorious years and counting, and we hope this committee can honour the legacy we hold
at SMUN. As the Executive Board, we not only aim to uphold the flag of Crisis, but als o revitalize and
rekindle the standards and establish a benchmark which is worth striving for and achieving in the coming
years.

A Join Crisis Committee is the rare personification of the phrase “a story always has two sides”. Introducing
both the perspectives into the committee, we encourage delegates to view the scenario from all ends before
making a decision, keeping their eyes and minds open to all possibilities, and removing all hurdles stopping
them from exploring the complexities of this agenda. The members of this committee are expected to remain
on their toes, make on-the-spot decisions, collaborate and betray, provide solu tions and create problems, and
most importantly, stay true to the spirit of a crisis delegate. As the Executive Board, our premiere search will
be for a performance which understands and identifies the line between pragmatism and pictorial solutions.
While we cherish operations which are unique and adding to the committee in a fresh way, at the same time,

2
expect a sense of realism to be kept in mind while executing plans. Hence, in a nutshell, maintaining a balance
in committee shall be of prime importance.

For those participating in a Crisis Committee for the first time, firstly, h ii! Welcome to one of the most
exhilarating times of your lives (or at least hours of your day)! This committee shall be your first taste into a
world full of crazy ideas, a laptop full of knowledge, a day’s full of diplomacy and hopefully, an unforgettabl e
experince to cherish. We hope to provide you with a memorable experience and see you in future Crisis
Committees!

This ride will be like no other, and hence, expect no less from it. From having ink marks on your hands, to
papers all over your tables, and maps you possible cannot keep a track of, this is a splendour of a committee.
Being in a Crisis Committee is no jok e, and by the end of the day, if you do not feel like eating a donut and
crashing your bed, but at the same time remember that you need to complete crisis notes, then something
definitely went wrong.

But don’t be scared, it will be delightful. We promise.

So, as our final interaction before the big day comes to an end, we would just tell you to fortify yourselves,
as your dictionary gets an alteration and the definitions of all the synonyms of the word “radical” can be
changed. Gather your binders and stapl ers, there is no turning back from here. In case of any doubts,
clarifications or issues, feel free to reach out to us on houseofwar.intra23@gmail.com.

Welcome to Crisis. You will love it here.

Warm Regards,
The Executive Board
Joint Crisis Committee

3
LETTER FROM THE DIRECTORS
NANDINI TEWARI

،‫بوکو حرام کی طرف سے احترام‬

I am Nandini Tewari, elated to be serving as your Director
for the Crisis Committee at Intra -SMUN. Studying in the
11th grade and having broken the Crisis legacy at SMUN of
pursuing humanities, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics,
Economics and English are my subjects for the next two
years. One could call me a cross -breed of the sciences and
humanities, with an insanity for astrophysics, astronomy
and mathematics while an adoration for political science,
law and history.

Versatility is a term extremely prevalent in my life since the

very start, with a variety of activities seeking my attention,
from professional chess and kathak training to taking scuba
diving courses and engaging in public speaking and debating events. Having grown up in the tournament space, extreme
competitiveness, perfectionism and tenaciousness have been embedded in me. As aforementioned, being a concoction
of polar opposites, one ca n catch me listening to Deadweight by I Prevail while at the same time dancing to Perfect by
Ed Sheeran, Can’t Help Falling in Love by Elvis Pressley, Endgame by Taylor Swift or Mazaak by Anuv Jain, watching
“The Imitation Game”, relishing the beauty of “Suits” or beating the world out of everyone at Cluedo, while
simultaneously, awing at “Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani” for the hundredth time or binging on “Modern Family” till 4 in
the morning.

I started this erratic MUN journey of mine in the 7th grade, and after sleeping for at least 15 minutes in every committee
I attended, the ultimate awakening took place when I attended my first Crisis Committee and couldn’t sleep all night
after the first day of the conference. Crisis changed me forever. From yielding the time to the Executive Board to yielding
the time to questions, from being the timid delegate, one who switched off her camera during Unmoderated Caucuses
to being the one whose table was t he meeting point during lobbying sessions, and finally, from hating paperwork to
adding labelled mapwork and diagrams of satellites to them, it has been nothing less than a metamorphosis, a truly
savoured one. More than anything, I aim to pass on my love for Crisis to the coming generations and continue the
family -like crisis community which I was honoured to be a part of.

4
The Boko Haram is counted as one of the deadliest militant groups of our century, and their impact on the dynamics
of Nigeria is paramount. While terrorist groups cause mass destruction in all fields possible, at the same time, a page
always has two sides to it, and looking at the situation from the perspective of both the cabinets can prove to be mind -
altering. The dramatics of it enthrals you, in the simplest of words, it is fun. Grind for the prize, brace yourself and
poker face 24/7. But at the same time, one note that I would want all delegates to keep in mind is, regardless of how
unprepared you are or how bad the committee is going, it is not over till the very end. It becomes hard when the only
road seems to be going downhill, but all it takes is one moment of realization, a will to win it all, an undying trust in
your abilities and a cup of coffee, simply because it is never too late to crush your competition.

Now blame Mrs Cristie for the riddle that has been thrown your way. You should’ve seen this coming.
It’s crisis, after all.

Through the dry nights of the Giant you sleep,

As the flame of the fame kept one alive,
Blood splattered as you arrived.

The Doctor Winds guiding the patients,

Breathing and Bleeding
all at once.

Muffled sounds and cries of burns,

All was heard
The night of ‫ی وبی‬.

With anticipation,
Nandini Tewari
Director, Joint Crisis Committee

5
ARNAV GARG

! ‫بحران میں خوش آمدید‬

I am Arnav Garg, a class 11 student, and am honoured to be serving as your director for Dar al -
Harb: The House of War, in the 11th annual of Intra SMUN. I’m an avid MUNer and a Science
(PCM-Eco) student, two phrases that you wouldn’t usually see together. I have participated in
SMUN and several other committees, including some in Boston, Massachusetts, USA since the 6th
grade, and I am happy to finally assume the role of an additional director and interact with you all.
I love playing the guitar and singing, and I promise you my taste in music is better than most. I also
devour books happily, and am an ardent fan of Bill Bryson, Jeffrey Archer and Khaled Hosseini,
among others. I have always been a Crisis delegate, as it requires thinking on the spot, responding
to an ever-changing atmosphere and tests one’s lobbying to the extreme. To me, there is something
exciting and enthralling about trying to navigate through all the hurdles thrown at you by the
Directors in the form of crises. I have always had a passion for MUN, and as a dir ector I assure you

6
I will be working to improve the quality of debate, communication and all aspects of the
committee.

The committee is set at the brink of what may become one of the biggest global issues under
terrorism known to humanity. It is your job to think about the issue critically and try to capitalise
from a politically unstable Nigeria.

I wish you all a great time in committee.

Warm Regards,
Goodluck Jonathan’s Doppelganger
Arnav Garg
Director, Joint Crisis Committee

7
STRATEGY SYNOPSIS
GUIDELINES
A delegate’s strategy synopsis is of the utmost
importance to the Executive Board, as it
allows us to understand their capabilities,
their portfolio’s stance on the agenda, and
what they will prioritise in committee. Failure
to submit a strategy synopsis by the specified
time will result in an exemption from the
awards process.
A rough outline of a strategy synopsis would
look like this:
Section I: Solutions
1. Paragraph 1 will detail the solutions that
you will be proposing in committee. While
we encourage creativity and innovation,
don’t go overboard. Think realistically, try to
incorporate your portfolios’ powers into play
and make sure that any solutions that you
propose are feasible and well thought
through. This section is mainly for cabinet
members to express ways in which they plan
on tackling the already existing issues with
regards to the agenda. Delegates are
encouraged to refer to the cabinet aims for
the same.
8
Section II: Crisis Arcs
4. Paragraph 2 will discuss possible crisis arcs
that delegates may choose to adopt in
committee. The Executive Board recognises
these may be subject to change, and
encourages delegates to do so with the
dynamic situation, but necessitates this to
support good planning by the delegates, as
well as provisions for supporting them in
committee.
4.1 Paragraph 2, sub-paragraph 1: Crisis Arc,
Portfolio Power: This arc in specific shall be
based on your respective portfolios’
ceremonial powers, and the potency as their
position in the cabinet. It shall not be reliant
on the personality, but on their office spot.
This crisis arc can range from one using their
portfolio powers to gain something, or
working towards advancing and
strengthening their portfolio powers.
4.2 Paragraph 2, sub-paragraph 2: Crisis Arc,
Personal Power: This arc in specific shall be
based on your respective portfolios’
characteristic powers based on their personal
connections, properties and abilities, ones
which are indifferent of which position they
might officially hold. This crisis arc can range
from one using their personal powers to gain
something, or working towards advancing
and improving their personal powers.

The strategy synopsis should range from 1.5

to 2 pages in length, in EB Garamond size 12
pt. font. Any relevant images, maps,
illustrations, videos (recorded/from the web),
links to pages etc may be used, keeping in
mind that they contribute to the strategy
synopsis. It must be noted that any
substantive plagiarism found in the strategy
synopses will lead to immediate exemption
from the awards process. All delegates are
required to mention the sources used for their
research in the form of citations or a
bibliography.

Position papers are to be submitted by

25th November 2023, 11:59 P.M.

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10
INTRODUCTION
The struggle among the organization
Jama’atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda’awati wal-Jihad,
greater these days recognized because the
Islamic State West Africa Province, however
first-class referred to as Boko Haram and the
Nigerian government has claimed more than
35,000 lives and displaced millions since the
group’s founding in 2002 —a level of
destruction unseen since the country’s civil
war in the late 1960s. The attain of the Salafi-
jihadist insurgency attain has spilled over
throughout borders, galvanizing the
resurrection of the Multinational Joint Task
Force to harmonize a nearby navy effort,
marking the first time since the civil war that
the Nigerian Air Force has bombed its own
territory. Although government officials and
military personnel have declared an end to the
crisis numerous times, the conflict continues.
The status quo of an anti-state, reformist non
secular network itself isn't always an
uncommon improvement withinside the
region’s records of rise up and protest;
however, no preceding organization in
current Nigerian records has perpetrated
such widespread or sustained violence. The
humanitarian state of affairs withinside the
11
Lake Chad Basin, a confluence of the violent
sports of Boko Haram, the state’s useless
kinetic counterterrorism strategies, and the
ensuing meals scarcity in the region, is among
the direst crises in the world—reaching
famine conditions in some communities.
What can account for the brilliant upward
push of this insurgency? What characteristics,
both exogenous and endogenous to the group,
make Boko Haram a uniquely destructive
phenomenon in the region? In tracing the
history of the sect, from its founding as a
dissident religious community to its current
state as a transnational insurgency, it becomes
clear that Boko Haram capitalized on long-
standing perceptions of political and
economic marginalization among the
residents of the Northeast, proximate
examples of abuse at the hands of the
Nigerian security sector, and transnational
flows of weapons and ideology to advance its
campaign. Furthermore, lethality did not at
the start symbolize Boko Haram; rather, the
sect has become an insurgency best through
its interplay with the region’s heavy-
surpassed protection institutions. Shifts in
the insurgency’s targets, tactics, and rhetoric
can largely be traced back to the region’s trade
flows and cross-border cooperation, and the
government’s posture toward the group at
diverse points, mainly the government’s
dismayingly common use of indiscriminate
violence to counter the sect.

12
FOUNDATION OF THE
ORGANISATION/HISTORY
The records of Boko Haram cannot be
disentangled from the large political alternate
Nigeria underwent all through the 1999
transition to democracy. After many years of
vacillating among durations of army rule and
democracy, punctuated with the aid of using
coups, the Nigerian Fourth Republic started
out as General Abdusalami Abubakar
peacefully exceeded over energy to Olusegun
Obasanjo after democratic elections. The
1999 Constitution was modeled after the
Second Republic’s Constitution (1979–
1983), which favors a majoritarian political
system of federalism similar to that of the
United States. The transition to democracy
become observed with the aid of using an
environment of profound hope, however it
additionally raised hard prison questions
concerning the rights and obligations of
Nigeria’s 36 states. The 1999 Constitution in
lots of approaches disenfranchised Nigeria’s
states relative to different federal structures
across the world. Nigerian states haven't any
police forces in their personal and feature
little say over the federal police force; due to
the country’s countrywide financial
13
guidelines and manufacturing basket, which
relies upon overwhelmingly on oil exports,
Nigerian states are in large part depending on
the federal authorities for his or her working
budgets. The transition to democracy
furnished states the possibility to che ck and
assert their authority inside their boundaries.
In the predominantly Muslim north of the
country, this initiated a debate about the
legality and desirability of sharia law. Though
much less nicely documented than the
country’s perennial wrangling over the
department of oil revenue, the query of
whether or not or now no longer states may
want to in my opinion undertake sharia
regulation have become a contentious debate.
Through the “Global War on Terror” sharia
has end up maximum widely recognized
withinside the West as a repressive set of laws,
adverse to women’s rights, and reliant on
harsh physical punishments for
noncompliance. In contrast, while Nigerians
are requested approximately sharia regulation,
they most customarily mention “problems
like public items provision, the elimination,
and advanced security.” Calls for sharia
regulation in Nigeria have been consequently
greater corresponding to a call for higher
governance than to a name for a spiritual
revival—aleven though faith performs a giant greater strain to illustrate that they had been
function in Nigerian politics and has carried precious partners for politicians looking to
out so since the colonial era. Initially, the talk garner votes. Religious communities
became a tentative dialogue of it and the way frequently did so by providing commentary
sharia will be carried out on the nation stage on what “true” sharia would look like in their
as pro-sharia politicians have been elected to state. One of the most important figures in
nation-stage political offices. The dialogue this debate, Ahmed Yerima, illustrated the
quickly shifted towards problems concerning power of these new religion-political
the implementation of sharia. As is actual of networks. Yerima successfully campaigned on
any spiritual tenet, organizations differed implementation of sharia, ousting the former
markedly as to what sharia could appear like National Security advisor, Lieutenant-
in practice, making intra-Islamic divisions all General Aliy Gusau, in the Zamfara
of the extra salient and politicizing spiritual gubernatorial race in the 1999 election.5
interpretations. Furthermore, all the hurdles Yerima’s success gave rise to a new model of
that existed to the availability of precise politician in the north. Johannes
governance withinside the area remained; Harnischfeger notes that this elegance of
recasting rules in spiritual phrases did now no politicians “depicted themselves as
longer modify the essential traits of the area. uncompromising opponents for the motive
This powerful mix of subnational power of Islam,” giving upward push to a cohort of
struggles and religiously oriented identity self-styled “apostles of sharia.” In Borno State,
politics in an uncertain democracy altered the Ali Modu Sheriff was elected governor in
region’s political landscape. This becomes a 2003 on a sharia platform; he was the first
in particular massive improvement thinking governor in Borno’s history to serve two
about the expanded significance of consecutive terms. This environment located
religiopolitical patronage networks. As stress on contributors of the Muslim network
politicians sought broad-primarily based withinside the north to distinguish
totally Muslim aid to win office—frequently themselves from one another, underlining
thru campaigns promising to enforce divisions among and inside Sufi and reformist
sharia—diverse Islamic sects felt all of the spiritual traditions in the region. Powerful

14
Sufi brotherhoods, maximum drastically the connect politically. Amid those intra-Islamic
Qadiriyya and Tijaniyya, withinside the debates, mounting social frustrations, and
location maintained their recognition as well- political jockeying, Mohammed Yusuf
related nearby alternate brokers. Reformist received have an effect on as a preacher
groups, most notably the Yan Izala, a Salafi withinside the region. It is likewise on this
group founded in 1978, gained influence context that Yusuf converted from a
during the sharia debate. Yan Izala and charismatic reformist with an enviable
different reformist businesses attracted assist reputation inside an effective Salafi Mosque
from folks that decried the excesses of society. to a violent extremist engaged in a fight
One account mentioned that the Yan Izala against the Nigerian state.
turned into popular “as it leveled social
differences. Nobody ought to bow earlier
than his mother and father and different
authorities, and no one ought to command
appreciate handiest due to his wealth.
Although democratization and the following
election of pro-sharia politicians delivered
wish of a brighter future, groups throughout
the Northeast remained in large part
depending on subsistence agriculture and
mired in poverty. Arguably, democratization
did now no longer act as an equalizer however
alternatively entrenched the divide among the
haves and have-nots. In Maiduguri, the
capital of Borno State, a primary alternate
hub and the birthplace of Boko Haram, it's
far placing to evaluate the massive gated
houses of civil “servants” with the modest,
overcrowded homes of those not well-

15
 from which most Boko Haram members hail
TRANSFORMATION: ‫پ رامن‬
from has been sidelined economically and
TO ‫پرتشدد‬ politically. The Kanuri blame the dominant
Hausa-Fulani ethnic group, which controls
While Boko Haram began out as a non-
the economy and politics of the north, for
violent movement, deep-seated grievances
marginalizing them. Perhaps to advantage aid
have considering pushed the organization to
and sympathy, Boko Haram has denied being
violence. Undeniably, the yearning for
pushed through inter-ethnic disputes
revenge against the government for the death
however as a substitute through spiritual
of the group's founding leader, Mohammed
differences. They claim the war is between
Yusuf, has been a principal motivation for the
Muslims and non-Muslims. The Boko Haram
current leaders. Further, some leaders argue
leadership strategically claims that they fight
that they are motivated by a conviction that
only Christians who have benefited from
politicians in the affected states of Nigeria are
colonization and that Muslims had suffered
dishonest Muslims who are fulfilling personal
under the colonial masters because of the
interests to the detriment of the Muslim
treatment they were subjected to. In so doing,
community. Also, these Muslim politicians
it appeals to the psyche of Muslims for his or
are working with the Christian-majority
her consistent support.
government and its secular democratic system.
What is more, they sense that the trouble of
corruption, politics, and western affects are
the primary motives for the decline of Islam
withinside the North. The organization
contends that social issues consisting of
inequality and poverty may be resolved
through adopting Sharia law. Experts such as
Ted Robert and others argue that the group
is fueled by inter-ethnic and regional conflicts.
For instance, the smaller Kanuri ethnic group

16
THE REIGN: LEADING THE
WAY
Boko Haram had already seen the faces of two
commanders by the second decade of the
twenty-first century. While both leaders
worked for the same causes and conceived in
the same ideology, they used distinct
mechanisms to carry out their operations and
achieve their objectives. Seven years into
Mohammad Yusuf's presidency, and the
ongoing administration of the current leader
as of 2013, Abubakar Shekau, you shall now
delve deeper into their reigns.
MOHAMMAD YUSUF
Mohammed Yusuf turned into born in Yobe
State however as a baby moved to Maiduguri
together along with his family. His father
changed into a member of the Tijaniyya, a
famous Sufi order; Yusuf, however, dabbled
in some of Islamic traditions (such as Shi’ism)
at some point of his formative years and into
adulthood. Yusuf eventually came under the
wing of rising Salafist preacher Jafar Adam
and incorporated into Indimi Mosque’s
Salafist community as a youth group
leader.10 Yusuf’s personal history and
personality were well suited for this position.
17
Like a few of the younger human beings at
Ndimi Mosque, Yusuf had expert aspirations
that had been stymied via way of means of the
dearth of monetary possibility and the local
“antique guard.” Childhood friends file that
Yusuf had continuously been interes ted in
pursuing his religious studies, but economic
activities pressured him to artwork on his
father’s farm and engage in petty trade.
According to those formative year’s friends,
Yusuf resented having to do such work.
Both Adam and Yusuf had been a part of the
“Izala B,” an Izala subset that became in large
part composed of younger, often -overseas
educated, contributors of the network who
had been annoyed through their lack of
professional opportunities and limited
influence with the sect’s establishment. As a
nameless analyst wrote in 2012, “to compete
on this crowded ‘spiritual marketplace’ bold
people needed to own all of the ambitious
belongings of the brand-new generation, or
wait patiently to rise through the ranks of
Izala. Neither option worked quickly. The
appealing short-reduce changed into to begin
a brand-new spiritual discourse that could be
distinctively special from the hooked-up
doctrines of Izala A in addition to the
Softened doctrines of Izala B.” Whereas
Adam gained fame and enthusiasts through
manner of approach of exercising endurance
and developing through the ranks of Izala,
Yusuf broke away to shape his very own
community. Yusuf’s selection turned into
pushed through grievance, opportunism, and
variations in scriptural interpretation.
Though theirs turned into first of all a
together useful relationship, Yusuf sooner or
later grew to resent his mentor and the
political compromises that he believed the
management at Ndimi made whilst
advocating for sharia. Yusuf’s frustration
meditated the ones of many withinside the
north who “had grown more and more
suspicious because the months and years
wore on that the political enthusiasm, for
sharia had been little more than a ploy for in
short looking for their support.”
Yusuf started to evangelize controversial, and
related, notions: first, that Western training is
Quranically forbidden, and second, that
employment in provider of the Nigerian
authorities changed into additionally
forbidden. He refused to cede those positions
even after the mosque’s elites made some of
visits imploring him to do so. For this
18
condemnation of the West, Yusuf’s fans
earned the nickname “Boko Haram” from
locals, that's loosely translated to “Western
Education Is Deceitful/Forbidden.” (The
group’s authentic legitimate name interprets
to “People Committed to the Propagation of
the Prophet’s Teachings and Jihad,” and
individuals normally resented the name
“Boko Haram.”)
Many of Yusuf’s grievances may be traced to
his notion that the implementation of sharia
in Borno State changed into inadequate.
With his founding of Ibn Taymiyyah Masjid
mosque close to the railway station in
Maiduguri in 2002, Yusuf proved that he
turned into a long way from by myself in his
frustration with the neighborhood elite. This
mosque changed into now no longer simply
an area of worship; it additionally changed
into a middle for network mobilization and
mutual assistance. Yusuf supplied offerings
that the authorities frequently neglected. The
mosque had its own religious police, cabinet,
and farm; Yusuf also arranged affordable
marriages for his members. Some of the
younger guys who joined the organization
had formerly been unemployed,
underemployed, or relegated to subsistence
agriculture; now, because of the network
guide programs, they had been capping a
position to shop for motorbikes and start
operating as motorcycle taxis (called
“Okada”). Yusuf expanded the reach of Ibn
Tamiyah by traveling throughout the rural
Northeast, giving sermons. Through his
travels, Yusuf evolved a popularity during the
area as a charismatic preacher and an
outstanding supply of Quranic training for
each guy and women. Unsurprisingly, lots of
people who attended Ibn Tamiyah had been
the city’s negative and decrease center class.
Though a few have characterized the
institution as being a “Kanuri revolt,”
wherein the Kanuri ethnic institution is
disproportionately represented, the sect’s
club profile turned into ethnically diverse.
This diversity also extended to
socioeconomic profiles. Although a vast
variety of Ibn Tamiyyah’s participants have
been socioeconomically marginalized, the
network additionally attracted elite support.
One of Yusuf’s consumers and father-in-law,
Baba Fugu Mohammed, turned into a local
“large man” who furnished the land for the
mosque and helped to finance the group’s
operations. Politically, many have asserted
19
that then-governor of Borno State, Ali Modu
Sheriff, changed into additionally a sponsor
of the group. Those who claim that the group
was well-connected politically point not only
to the impunity with which it resorted to acts
of violence and petty crime between 2002 and
2009, but also to the appointment of Fuji Foi,
a member of Ibn Taymiyyah, to the position
of Commissioner of Religious Affairs for the
state. Many consider that, in alternate for this
influential appointment, Mohammed Yusuf
helped provoke guide for Sheriff’s campaign.
Professor Adesoji notes that the sizeable
belief “that politicians who patronize
spiritual leaders, both for guide or protecting
charms, use them as a device and later discard
them or unharness them on harmless humans
great describes Yusuf’s situation.” Beyond the
community’s enterprise to obtain self-
sufficiency at Ibn Taymiyyah, the institution
additionally held a few notable, if now no
longer unprecedented, theological positions
beyond their condemnation of Western
education and state employment. In
particular, the group’s adherence to the belief
of Al-walā’ wa-l-barā’, interpreted through
Alex Thurston and different students of
Islam as a proper to disavow the ones taken
into consideration to be “infidels,” paired
with an “exclusive loyalty to ‘true’ Muslims.”
This theological interpretation has been
adapted into the political campaigns of other
jihadist groups. In Boko Haram’s case, this
notion supposed that “rejecting secularism
and Western-fashion training changed into
now no longer only a political preference or a
spiritual selection made on a case -by-case
basis; this Rejection become a part of a bigger
theory of what it intended to be Muslim.” Al-
walā’ wa-l-barā’ isn't simply the statement
that sure businesses are unbelievers (takfir),
however an analytical “framework for
evaluating people, communities, and systems
according to what the movement perceives as
scriptural dictates.” As such, Thurston argues
that this thought pattern was “not just a
formula for anathematizing different
Muslims however additionally for cultivating
excessive in-organization loyalty.” Boko
Haram, even below Yusuf’s leadership, did
now no longer boast pristine scholarly and
theological credentials. Mohammed Yusuf’s
doctrinal book, published in Arabic under
the title This Is Our Doctrine and Our
Method in Proselytization, was littered with
errors and wholesale plagiarism. The
researcher Adam Higazi continues that the
mistakes withinside the text, such as
20
misidentifying the variety of quoted suras,
aren't the form of errors that may be
attributed to the truth that Yusuf became
writing in a second language. Although there
are some references to the particular
conditions in northern Nigeria, the text bears
remarkably few hallmarks of its origins.
According to Higazi, throughout the book
“ideas are selectively copied from Arab
writers, without any critical interpretation”
or application to their implications in
northeastern Nigeria. The text’s
condemnation of democracy is great due to
its prominence in the text, in addition to the
nascent and contested nature of Nigerian
democracy at that time.
Yusuf’s increasing number of vocal and
violent opinions of sharia law’s
implementation introduced him and the
individuals of Ibn Tamiyyah into war with
different spiritual sects and political
communities. Between the founding of the
non-secular network in 2002 and 2009, the
group’s grievances and responses grew an
increasing number of bold. It went thus far as
to have interaction in some assassinations of
nearby non secular leaders who criticized
Yusuf’s intense Quranic interpretations. An
aggregate of this creeping violence, Yusuf’s
dissatisfaction with the manner sharia
regulation become carried out in Borno, and
the dearth of a proximate want for the
group’s aid on Sheriff’s behalf all led the 2 to
have a falling out and to the disintegration of
something assist or safety were levied.
Tensions among Boko Haram and the
kingdom government got here to a head over
an apparently minor incident: in July 2009,
visitors officials stopped a handful of
individuals of the sect who have been en
course to a funeral over a bike helmet
violation. The state’s helmet rules had
formerly been a factor of competition among
the authorities and Yusuf’s followers, who
asserted that the helmets interfered with the
right spiritual headdresses. The habitual
visitors prevent led to violence, with
hearthplace exchanged among the Boko
Haram individuals and police officers. In
reaction to this incident, individuals of Boko
Haram unleashed assaults on police stations
in Bauchi and Yobe states. Yusuf himself
stoked the tension, recording and
distributing “numerous video sermons
wherein he explicitly threatened the kingdom
and the police with violence.”21 In those
21
sermons, Yusuf extended the Scope of his
grievances, arguing that the helmet guidelines
had been simply one of the many approaches
wherein nation governments had been
stopping the “pure” exercise of Islam, making
the nation illegitimate. This escalation in
each the group’s violent sports and its anti-
state rhetoric ultimately captured the eye of
the federal government, which legal a
reaction with the aid of using the safety sector.
Because of the centralization of the police and
army on the federal stage withinside the 1999
Constitution, best the federal authorities may
want to installation a safety reaction to the
group.22 The authorities spoke back to Boko
Haram in a brutal five-day crackdown,
escalating the anti-banditry “Operation Flush”
that had engaged in intermittent warfare with
Boko Haram to unexpected heights and
lethality. Between seven -hundred and one
thousand individuals of the insurgency had
been killed withinside the raid. The operation
focused on a door-to-door raid of suspected
members’ homes, performed via way of
means of a joint pressure of Nigeria’s army
and police. The brutality of this
counterinsurgency marketing campaign
engendered resentment from the encircling
community. Despite the counterproductive
results of the sort of heavy -passed approach,
the Nigerian protection region has endured
to depend on those blunt strategies in the
course of a whole lot of the marketing
campaign in opposition to the insurgents.
Mohammed Yusuf himself turned into
detained throughout this raid. After the navy
captured him, he became grew to become
over to the police, who recorded their
interrogation.
Shortly after the interrogation, the safety
forces assassinated Yusuf. The authorities
claims that he changed into killed following
an get away attempt, however witnesses
record that he changed into executed.26 His
bullet-ridden frame changed into provided to
journalists, who snapped pics that were then
widely published. The audio of Yusuf’s
interrogation, too, become broadly disbursed
withinside the aftermath of his death. For
many people, such as people who have been
now no longer individuals of Ibn Taymiyyah,
those situations conferred martyrdom
reputation on Yusuf.
Many Nigerians, especially the ones in the
federal government, believed that this
changed into the cease of the insurgency.
22
Certainly, this kind of brutal repression had
efficaciously positioned down non secular
riots withinside the past, such as the Maita
sine motion withinside the 1980s, that's often
said to be a precursor to Boko Haram. For
simply over a year, this regarded to be the case
for Boko Haram as well. The Nigeria Social
Violence Project files simply six deaths
among the July 2009 raid and the group’s
reemergence beneath Abubakar Shekau
withinside the final region of 2010.
ABUBAKAR SHEKAU
Indeed, Boko Haram did not disappear after
the 2009 raid but rather went “underground”
and regrouped under the leadership of
Abubakar Shekau. Yusuf had named Shekau
as his second in command during his
interrogation in 2009, though some report
that Shekau’s ascent was briefly contested
within Boko Haram. Nigerian protection
forces believed that Shekau had additionally
been killed withinside the raid, even though it
seems that he become simply shot withinside
the leg and in the end recovered from his
injuries. Information on Shekau is tough to
return back by. Many in Borno State trust
that following Yusuf’s death, Shekau now no
longer most effective helmed the insurgency,
however additionally married 3 of Yusuf’s 4
other halves and supplied for his children.
Shekau’s audio and video propaganda display
that he's fluent in Kanuri, Hausa, and Arabic,
and also can speak in English. These
established abilities lend credence to t he
perception that Shekau is incredibly well-
knowledgeable regardless of his fervent
condemnation of Western education. Much
of the information circulating about Shekau
traffics in the mythic; it appears that he has
developed a small cult of personality around
him. His nickname, Darul Tahweed,
expresses His fluency withinside the Islamic
idea of “oneness” and monotheism and
conveys authority upon his scriptural
interpretations. This popularity for scriptural
literacy is sudden in mild of his rambling and
erratic presence in some of his propaganda
videos. His radicalism is well documented
and feared by residents across the Northeast;
in a 2012 statement following a brutal attack
on Kano, Shekau stated: “I enjoy killing
anyone that God instructions me to kill—the
manner I revel in killing chickens and rams.”
Although Shekau himself is a mysterious
figure, the adjustments in Boko Haram’s
operational traits below his management are
readily apparent. Under Shekau, the group’s
23
grievances, tactics, and talents modified
drastically. No longer had been the group’s
number one lawsuits levied on the
inadequacy and corruption of nearby
politicians and spiritual groups; instead, the
group’s number one goal has become the
Nigerian authorities and the ones inside the
populace who did now no longer abide with
the aid of using their precise Quranic
interpretation. Boko Haram’s reemergence
changed into marked through a September
2010 jail smash in Bauchi State, wherein the
institution freed extra than seven hundred
inmates. Subsequent to that high-profile
event, the organization engaged in a sequence
of bombings of presidency and protection
installations, in addition to explosive assaults
on churches, claiming more or less a hundred
lives. This kind of violence now no longer
most effective differed from that of Yusuf’s
tenure in phrases of targets, however it
additionally marked an alternate in tactics;
Boko Haram now moved away from centered
assassinations to a selection of latest strategies
and styles of attack. Unsurprisingly, given the
accelerated scope of grievances, elevated
tactical sophistication, and tolerance for
civilian casualties, in those years the
insurgency grew extra deadly and accelerated
its geographic scope. Some have argued that,
on this era, the institution benefited from the
patronage of al-Qaeda withinside the
Maghreb (AQIM) and evolved ties to al-
Qaeda central. Although a few courting can
also additionally have advanced on this
period, ensuing in a small quantity of
Nigerian insurgents “training” with terrorists
in Mali, the proof overwhelmingly shows that
the insurgents Remained depending on
neighborhood funding, guns procurement,
and recruitment. The political financial
system of exchange withinside the region,
with substantial hubs withinside the Nigerian
towns of Kano, Yola, and Maiduguri, is such
that interactions among Boko Haram and
other organizations cannot be considered
evidence of an intentional, cultivated, or
significant relationship. Certainly, these
trade routes and regional influences gained
even more importance following the 2011
death of Muammar Qaddafi, as foreign
fighters returning from Libya looted weapons
stores and sought alternative sources of
employment and income. The availability of
state-of-the-art guns via those exchange
routes dramatically improved the
insurgency’s damaging capacity. Consider
that during palms seizures in July 2012, the
24
Nigerian authorities intercepted thirteen
rocket- propelled grenades, 10 rocket bombs,
10 AK-forty-seven attack rifles, and 14
improvised explosive devices (IEDs).
Although those local impacts need to now no
longer be totally discounted, it's miles really
well worth observing, as Higazi did, that
“Boko Haram’s . . . sophisticated weapons are
obtained in raids on the police and military,”
and while “interceptions at the borders show
that weapons are coming in from outside . . .
The inner hands marketplace is big sufficient
for a few additionally to be obtained inside
Nigeria.” The group’s multiplied tactical
sophistication become observed via way of
means of an emphasis on propaganda
approximately its function as a forefront of
Nigeria’s persecuted Muslim community. It
became additionally on this term that Boko
Haram skilled a few fragmentations, because
the splinter institution Ansaru (additionally
referred to as Jama’atu Ansarul Muslimina Fi
Biladis Sudan, which translates to “the
Association of the People for the Protection
of Muslims in Black Africa”) emerged in
January 2012. The group was led by two
former members of Boko Haram who,
according to reports, had qualms about
Shekau’s leadership style and tolerance for
violence against Muslims he considered
apostate. Ansaru appeared to have more
regional connections than Boko Haram itself
and, according to some accounts, took issue
with the increasing number of Muslims killed
by Boko Haram activities. Ansaru engaged in
some of kidnappings and assaults for more or
less 12 months earlier than reputedly fading
away.
direction of the Nigerian state. Combined
with an inflow of weapons, elevated human
capital most of the insurgents, and an extrude
of leadership, this era changed into one in all
city guerrilla warfare, with the insurgency
shifting fluidly among processes consisting of
bombing and gunmen raids.

The escalation withinside the insurgency’s

rhetoric, technical capacity, and lethality
drew the eye of the critical government—
even though the time it took for the
organization to draw this interest is puzzling.
The low tiers of morale, rare pay, and
shortage of professionalism that represent a
few elements of the Nigerian safety area
ended in some of desertions or even reports
from generals of Nigerian infantrymen
promoting navy system to the insurgents.
Some in northern Nigeria pronounced that
some of Nigerian infantrymen were
“moonlighting” as insurgents.forty-two Even
if those allegations are unfounded, the
superiority of those rumors underlines the
extent of civilian mistrust of the security
forces. In this period, the state’s brutality
helped shift the insurgency’s goal in the

25
MILITARY MIGHT OF THE
BOKO HARAM
Boko Haram was famously known for its
insurgency and violent activities. By March
2013, they were able to establish a solid
military presence in northeastern Nigeria.
Their development as a group was marked by
this period and it’s important to understand
their scary military power, weapons, tactics,
army structure, and the special forces they
employed.
MILITARY WEAPONS:
Boko Haram primarily relied on a diverse
array of weapons and equipment, often
acquired through various means, including
theft, smuggling, or illicit purchases. Their
arsenal included:
1. SMALL ARMS:
They mainly dealt with illegal means of
obtaining weapons and equipment. Such
ways include theft and smuggling, which
provided them with various small arms like
machine guns and AK-47 rifles. These were
the weapons that gave them the ability to
create guerrilla warfare and do hit -and-run
attacks.
26
2. HEAVY WEAPONS:
As time went on Boko Haram began to gain
access to heavier things like anti-aircraft guns
and mortars. With these their firepower
skyrocketed which extended their combat
range with Nigerian security forces.
3. ROCKET-PROPELLED GRENADES
(RPGS):
The group had access to RPGs, using which
they are allowed to use hit -and-run tactics
while causing significant damage against both
military personnel and civilians alike.
4. IMPROVISED EXPLOSIVE DEVICES
(IEDS):
One thing that Boko Haram was known for
was its use of IEDs in attacks. They would put
these homemade explosives on the road, in
vehicles, and even on suicide bombers. These
devices were responsible for countless
casualties and fear.
5. MORTARS:
Boko Haram took it a step further by
occasionally using mortars to perform
indirect fire attacks on military and civilian
targets, giving them an even larger reach.
6. TECHNICAL VEHICLES:
Using civilian cars modified to mount heavy
weapons such as anti-aircraft guns and heavy
machine guns, the group was able to take
things up a notch with their technical vehicles.

7. CAPTURED WEAPONS:
One way they obtained more resources was by
capturing arms from raids and ambushes on
military troops.

8. COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT:
In order to strategize in secret without
blowing their cover, they employed
communication equipment to coordinate
operations and maintain connections among
units.

27
MILITARY TACTICS:
Made up of asymmetrical warfare, terror
attacks, and guerilla warfare Boko Haram’s
tactics had one goal in mind, which was to
destabilize Nigeria while scaring the wits out
of civilians. Here are some key tactics they
used:
1. AMBUSHES:
Boko Haram is known for their surprise
attacks on military and civilians, they do it to
maximize casualties.
2. SUICIDE BOMBINGS:
They often use suicide bombers who are
typically young women and girls. The targets
are crowded places like schools, markets, and
places of worship. This caused fear in the
locals due to the high number of casualties.
3. KIDNAPPINGS:
Hundreds of schoolgirls and civilians were
kidnapped by Boko Haram. This drew
international attention which resulted in
condemnation.
4. SIEGES:
The group occasionally laid siege to towns
and villages, attempting to take control of
territory. They engaged in prolonged battles
28
with government forces during these
operations.
5. HIT-AND-RUN ATTACKS:
The group is not afraid to quickly strike
military checkpoints and installations then
take off before they get hurt while still
causing harm to government forces.
6. CONTROL OF TERRITORY:
Their goal was to establish a rule with Sharia
law practices in certain areas so they could
govern them in their way.
7. INTERMITTENT CEASEFIRES:
At times, Boko Haram would announce
ceasefires but this was all just an opportunity
for them to regroup, restock, and make fresh
attacks
ARMY STRUCTURE:
Boko Haram had a structure that was hard to
understand. It made it really difficult for
Nigerian security to fight them. In this period,
the group was led by Abubakar Shekau. They
also had several other leaders in different
regions. Here’s how they were st ructured:
1. LEADERSHIP:
At the head we have Abubakar Shekau, who
was known for his ruthless and charismatic
style of leading the group. But there were
many other commanders and leaders in
regions all across the place.
2. FIGHTERS:
Their army was made up of a lot of different
fighters. They ranged from foreign jihadists,
local recruits, and child soldiers. All of their
motivation came from religious extremism,
financial incentives, or coercion.
3. SPECIALIST UNITS:
The group had units that were good at one
thing and one thing only. Example being
suicide bomber squads and an intel unit.
With these units they were able to use tactics
that are asymmetric in nature.
4. LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT:
When it comes to weapons supplies, they had
an efficient network in place to get what they
needed fast. Keeping this up wasn’t easy for
them though, as they would have to resort to
kidnapping people for ransom, sometimes
even extorting them for funds.
5. PROPAGANDA:
Disseminating propaganda was something
Boko Haram loved doing. They used multiple
methods like video releases and social media
29
to communicate with people about their
ideology and exploits
6.EXTERNAL SUPPORT:
It is reported that Boko Haram received
assistance and training, from Al Qaeda in the
Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and other
extremist groups operating in the Sahel
region. This external support greatly
bolstered their capabilities.
SPECIAL FORCES:
While Boko Haram did not possess forces like
those of a nation state, they did have
specialized units for specific operations.
These units were responsible for carrying out
acts of terror such as suicide bombings IED
attacks and other destructive acts. The
members of these units were often deeply.
Fully committed to the ideology, which made
them willing to undertake perilous missions.
SUICIDE BOMBERS:
A notable aspect of Boko Harams strategy
was their utilization of suicide bombers. They.
Trained individuals, including women and
children for these missions. The aim was to
instill fear among the population while also
undermining the government’s ability to
ensure security.
GUERRILLA WARFARE
EXPERTS:
The group included individuals with
expertise in guerrilla warfare tactics. They
possessed skills in executing ambushes
launching hit and run attacks and effectively
employing IEDs (Improvised Explosive
Devices). These experts played a role in
enabling the group to maintain control, over
regions.

30
RECRUITMENT AND to raid banks, assassinate government
officials, and steal cars. In February 2012, a
INDOCTRINATION spokeswoman of the Nigerian Prisons system
Boko Haram's followers are primarily drawn told the BBC that Boko Harm insurgents
from the Kanuri community. The killed a jail officer during the attack, and freed
recruitment is usually facilitated by the youth prisoners before recruiting them to
networks of Kanuri society using familial generate funds.
connections and, business acquaintances.
The Boko Haram-affiliated clerics from
Borno recruit members from their locality
and even beyond the national borders. The
new members are attracted to join because of
the financial inducements offered as well as a
victimhood narrative of the Kanuri
community’s marginalization and how the
government mistreats the group. The heavy-
handed responses of the Nigerian
government against Boko Haram members
are also believed to be pushing new members
to join the group. Others are attracted by the
boldness the militant members have exhibited
towards government forces. However, the
group’s popularity has declined recently,
forcing the group to depend on forced
recruitment and criminality. In some
instances, Boko Haram members have broken
into jail and freed young men who, in turn,
are recruited into their group. Some youths
also reportedly join so that they will be paid

31
FUNCTIONING OF THE
BOKO HARAM
The exact date of Boko Haram's formation is
somewhat controversial but many scholars
tend to agree that it emerged in 2002-2003.
Under Mohammed Yusuf, the group started
as a small Sunni prayer assembly under his
guidance. Yusuf’s literal knowledge of the
Quran prompted him to push for the
rejection of a few factors of western
education. At the time, the group used to
refer to itself as Jama’a Ahl as -Sunna Li-da’wa
wa-al-Jihad ‘(People Committed to the
Propagation of the Prophet’s Teachings and
Jihad).’ During its formative years, Boko
Haram remained a predominantly nonviolent
organization and the authorities by no means
disrupted its activities. Boko Haram's
inception years were relatively moderate and
its first mosque was not just a place of
worship - it also served as a center for
community organization and mutual
assistance. It provided services that the
government continuously ignored.
Additionally, Boko Haram provided security
for the community and had a farm that
provided produce to its members. As a result,
many unemployed young men joined the
32
group and received a monthly provision.
These offerings furnished the platform for
Boko Haram to benefit sympathy and
momentum to morph into crook sports
withinside the call of preventing injustice and
corruption. The Boko Haram leadership
claimed that its ultimate enterprise became to
reap self-sufficiency. Many human beings
withinside the network and the neighboring
groups have become sociologically and
psychologically attracted to those ideologies
and offerings and started out to help all of
Boko Haram's sports regardless of its nature.
Over the years, the group extended its
existence into new areas including Yobe,
Bauchi, and Niger provinces. Yusuf
continued to criticize the government while
advocating for the official introduction and
implementation of Islamic law in northern
states. Scholars observe that by 2008 the
group had started taking on a militant stance
characterized by collection and storage of
small arms in their head office in Maiduguri
and Bauchi. The group’s first violent come
across befell on June 11, 2009 while its
participants clashed with the police for
disobeying a bike helmet law. This triggered
five days of violence between the government
and supporters of Boko Haram resulting in
over 800 deaths including that of Mohammed
Yusuf. Following Yusuf’s death, Boko Haram
evolved into an armed radical group that
sought to overthrow the northern regional
governments and finally expel the Nigerian
national government.
The Boko Haram draws its members mainly
from disaffected youths, unemployed
graduates and former Almajiris (Street
Children), mostly in northern Nigeria. The
term Almajiri in Nigerian refers to someone
who leaves his home in search of knowledge
in Islamic religion. It is a popular and old
practice whereby children are sent to live and
study under renowned Islamic teachers in
cities in northern Nigerian, such as Kaduna,
Kano, Maiduguri and Zaria, among others
(West Africa Insight, 2010, p. 7). A 2010
survey indicates that the population of
Almajiris in Nigeria stood at 9.5 million. The
North-west zone hosts 4.9 million; North-
east zone, 2.6 million; North-central zone, 1.1
million; South-west zone, 8700; and South-
south and South-east zones constitute 22 000,
327 000, respectively (Ibrahim, 2010, p. 11).
These Almajiris stay and examine in very
appalling conditions. They are often cramped
into shacks and left with little or no food,
forcing them to roam the streets and beg for
33
alms. Denied of parental care, they shape the
bulk of recruits of extremists, which include
the Boko Haram in Borno State and the Kalla
Kato in Bauchi State for use as tools in
religion-based violence (West Africa Insight,
2010, p. 7; Onuoha, 2011). The sect also has
some well- educated, wealthy and influential
people as members. For instance, Alhaji Buji
Fai, an ex-commissioner in Borno State;
Kadiru Atiku, a former college lecturer; and
Bunu Wakil, a Borno-primarily based totally
contractor, are acknowledged to be
individuals of the sect . The Boko Haram is
claimed to have over 280 000 participants
throughout the nineteen states of northern
Nigeria, Niger Republic, Chad and Sudan.
Initially, the group received funding from its
members and foreign donors. Some reports
indicate that Mohammed Yusuf used to get
funds from international Salafi connections.
Historically, Saudi Arabia has not been the
only source of resources for jihadism—public
and private entities in Kuwait, Qatar, the
United Arab Emirates (UAE), and others
have also been linked to the collection and
transfer of funds supporting terror groups.
Yusuf used these funds to establish
microcredit schemes for the group’s members
and provide food, shelter, and other system of couriers to send money within and
amenities for jobless youths and refugees. without Nigeria.
Additionally, some funding came from local
politicians, government officials, and
businesses. Currently, Boko Haram supports
its operations through bank robberies,
trafficking illegal drugs and weapons,
kidnapping for ransom, exploiting local
resources and human trafficking. 18 Some
scholars point out that Boko Haram also
extorts money from well-off people. The
group also collects taxes from ordinary
citizens who reside in areas under its control.
The total amount of money received as
ransom is estimated to run into millions of
dollars. The group also relies on money
laundering as a source of funding. Nigerian
intelligence has traced transfers of money to
Boko Haram from Nigerians living in the US,
Pakistan, and Europe. Other studies also
indicate that the group receives small
amounts of money from Al-Qaeda in the
Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and sometimes
intercepts funds meant for humanitarian
assistance in Nigeria coming from abroad.
Perhaps to minimize the risk of being arrested
by the authorities, Boko Haram conducts its
financial operations outside of Nigerian
financial institutions. Instead, it employs a

34
THE INTERNAL SOCIAL
STRUCTURE
Boko Haram's internal structure and
hierarchy were relatively opaque due to the
secretive nature of the organization, but
information from defectors, intelligence
reports, and analysts provide some insights
into the dynamics of this militant group:
HIERARCHY AND
LEADERSHIP:
Boko Haram’s highest -rating energy shape is
the Shura Council (Executive Council) and
the diverse divisions inside the institution
have representatives in this council. The
Shura has treated the group’s maximum
essential problems along with a number of the
latest state-of-the-art attacks. While the
Council makes a selection that applies to the
whole group, every division’s commander or
chief enjoys outstanding autonomy in
recurring operations. Currently, Abubakar
Shekau is the chief of the group, and he heads
the Shura Council. Before that, he turned
into the assistant of the group’s first chief
Muhammad Yusuf who turned into killed in
July 2009 through the Nigerian army forces.
Shekau is a member of Nigeria’s Kanuri
35
community which lives in the Northern
region near the border with Niger. Shekau’s
management fashion is dictatorial as he has
been accused of unilaterally making choices
on many events without consulting with the
Shura Council. Shekau is greater radical and
adverse than his predecessors. Also, he is
neither charismatic nor an eloquent speaker
unlike most of his predecessors. Under
Shekau, the group has become more violent
and less willing to negotiate with the Nigerian
government. Some people feel that due to
Shekau’s appetite for ruthless violence
especially against innocent civilians, it has
weakened the group’s support at the
grassroots level. Recently, some reports have
surfaced claiming that Shekau's autocratic
leadership style has caused internal divisions
within the group. Other groups, notably the
Ansaru and Yusufiya Islamic Movement
(YIM) have been formed within the group
with each sub-group having its leader. Al-
Barrnawi and Mamman Nur respectively, are
the two leaders leading the factions that have
split. However, in a video launched on March
7, 2010, Shekau brushed off the claims of the
emergence of different leaders inside the
institution and claims to have complete
manage of Boko Haram.
1. SUPREME LEADER:
During that period Abubakar Shekau held
the position of Supreme Leader, within Boko
Haram. He was known for his leadership style.
Shekau had the authority to make decisions
and played a role in disseminating statements
and propaganda through videos

2. SHURA COUNCIL/THE ADVISORY

BODY:
The Shura Council served as a body to the
leader, comprised of members of the group
including religious scholars and experienced
fighters. While Shekau held authority the
Shura Council played a part in decision
making processes.

36
3. AMIRS/THE FACTIONAL LEADERS:
Boko Haram was segmented into factions
each led by an Amir (leader). These Amirs
were responsible for day-to-day operations
within their regions. These factions operated
independently conducting attacks and
enforcing Boko Harams interpretation of
Sharia law in their areas.

4. SPECIALIZED UNITS:
Boko Haram possessed specialized units
dedicated to tasks such, as suicide bombings,
intelligence gathering and kidnapping
operations. These units operated
autonomously. Reported directly to the
leadership.

5. FOOT SOLDIERS:
The majority of individuals affiliated with
Boko Haram served as foot soldiers –
including recruits, foreign jihadists and
occasionally child soldiers.
These combatants were tasked with executing
assaults, surprise attacks and asserting
authority, over territory that had been
captured.

37
DIVISION OF POWER AND 3. TENSIONS AND RIVALRIES:

RESPONSIBILITY: As the group expanded and fractured into

multiple factions, internal pressures and
Boko Haram's division of power and
battles surfaced. Some blocs had differing
responsibility was fairly decentralized, with
strategic precedences or contended for
each Amir having authority over their
influence and resources. The death of crucial
separate region. Still, Shekau and the Shura
leaders occasionally led to power struggles
Council had the final say-so in major
within the association.
opinions, including strategy, targets, and
alliances. 4. EXTERNAL CONNECTIONS:
Boko Haram maintained connections with
1. IDEOLOGICAL UNITY:
other revolutionist groups in the Sahel region,
Boko Haram's doctrine revolved around the
including Al- Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
strict implementation of Sharia law in Nigeria.
(AQIM). These external connections handed
While different coalitions operated with
the group with resources, training, and
some degree of autonomy, they all shared this
ideological support.
common aim. The ideological concinnity was
a driving force behind the group's HOTSPOTS OF OPERATION:
conditioning. Boko Haram primarily operated in
northeastern Nigeria, particularly in the lands
2. FINANCIAL INDEPENDENCE:
of Borno, Yobe, and Adamawa. These areas
Boko Haram funded its operations through
were their fortresses and served as the center
kaleidoscopic means, including kidnapping
of their conditioning. Here are some crucial
for ransom, extortion, and looting. The
hotspots
decentralized structure allowed individual
coalitions to manage their finances, which 1. BORNO STATE:
frequently created competition for coffers. Borno was the motherland of Boko Haram
and remained a significant fort for the group.
The state's capital, Maiduguri, witnessed

38
multiple attacks and was a mecca for Boko and maintain a presence, retaining new
Haram's operations. fighters and amassing resources.

2. YOBE STATE:
In conclusion, Boko Haram's internal
Yobe, like Borno, saw frequent Boko Haram
structure and hierarchy were characterized by
attacks, particularly in the city of Damaturu
a relatively decentralized but ideologically
and other pastoral areas. The group sought to
unified association. The group was divided
establish its influence in this region.
into sects led by Amirs, with Abubakar
Shekau serving as the supreme leader. Internal
dynamics included ideological concinnity,
3. ADAMAWA STATE:
Adamawa was another area where Boko fiscal independence, pressures, and external

Haram carried out attacks and sought to connections. The hotspots of their

establish its rule. Municipalities like Mubi operations were primarily in northeastern
Nigeria, but the group extended its
and Michika witnessed violence and attacks
by the group. conditioning into neighboring countries.
Boko Haram's complex structure and the
ever- evolving nature of its association made
4. CAMEROON, NIGER, AND CHAD: it a redoubtable and fugitive adversary for the
Boko Haram's conditioning extended beyond Nigerian government and indigenous
Nigeria's borders, particularly into the Lake security forces.
Chad Basin. They launched cross-border
attacks into Cameroon, Niger, and Chad,
destabilizing these countries and encouraging
indigenous military interventions.

Boko Haram's capability to control and hold

habitat in these hotspots allowed it to
administer its interpretation of Sharia law

39
THE CULTURE
Boko Haram is a terrorist association with a
largely complex, controversial, and
frequently misperceived set of cultural,
religious, and ideological beliefs and
traditions. Understanding these aspects is
pivotal to comprehending the group's
provocations and conduct. This section will
claw into the culture, religious beliefs,
testaments, and traditions of Boko Haram.
CULTURAL BACKGROUND:
Boko Haram surfaced in Nigeria, particularly
in the northeastern region, which is culturally
different. The group's artistic background is
embedded in the generally Muslim
communities of this area, where a mix of
Islamic traditions and indigenous customs
has shaped original culture.
INDIGENOUS INFLUENCES:
1. KANURI CULTWURE:
Borno State, where Boko Haram began, is
home to the Kanuri people. The group's
author, Muhammad Yusuf, was a Kanuri, and
this artistic background had a significant
impact on the early development of Boko
40
Haram. The Kanuri culture encompasses a
rich history, language, and social structure.
2. HAUSA-FULANI INFLUENCE:
The broader artistic terrain in northern
Nigeria is told by the Hausa and Fulani
ethnical groups. Boko Haram's influence
extended beyond Borno State, and these
artistic rudiments were also present in the
regions where the group operated
REACTION AGAINST
WESTERNIZATION:
Boko Haram's religious beliefs are central to
its identity and testament. The group claims
to represent a prim form of Islam and seeks to
establish a strict interpretation of Sharia law
in Nigeria. Crucial aspects of their religious
beliefs include
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS:
Boko Haram's religious beliefs are central to
its identity and ideology. The group claims to
represent a puritanical form of Islam and
seeks to establish a strict interpretation of
Sharia law in Nigeria. Key aspects of their
religious beliefs include:
1. WAHHABI INFLUENCE: This has led to violence against fellow
Boko Haram's religious testament is heavily Muslims whom they charge of swinging from
told by the Wahhabi interpretation of Islam, the" true" faith.
which is known for its strict and conservative
5. SALAFISM:
views. The group's leaders and scholars were
The group follows a Salafist interpretation of
told by the training of prominent Wahhabi
Islam, championing for a return to the
scholars.
practices of the foremost generations of
2. REJECTION OF WESTERN Muslims (the Salaf). They reject numerous
EDUCATION: artistic practices and beliefs that they
Boko Haram's opposition to Western consider to have been introduced after this
education is grounded on their belief that it's time.
inharmonious with their interpretation of
Islam. They see temporal education as
promoting values and beliefs contrary to their
religious principles.

3. JIHAD AND MARTYRDOM:

Boko Haram justifies its conduct, including
violence, as part of a holy war(jihad) to
establish an Islamic state. The conception of
martyrdom is significant, with suicide
bombings and attacks being seen as acts of
martyrdom for the sake of Islam.

4. TAKFIRISM:
Boko Haram adheres to a radical form of
Takfirism, which involves declaring other
Muslims as apostates due to perceived
contaminations in their practice of Islam.

41
IDEOLOGIES: places of deification. This has led to religious
pressures and violence in Nigeria.
Boko Haram's testaments are deeply
intertwined with its religious beliefs. Some
crucial ideological rudiments include 4. ANTI-TRADITIONAL PRACTICES:
Boko Haram opposes traditional African
1. ISLAMIC CALIPHATE:
customs and practices, viewing them as un-
Boko Haram's testament is vehemently anti-
Islamic. This has redounded in clashes with
Western and anti-government. They view the
original communities that follow indigenous
Nigerian state and Western institutions as
traditions.
loose, un-Islamic, and rough. This testament
drives their attacks on government 5. PAN-ISLAMIC AMBITIONS:
installations, security forces, and Western Boko Haram has expressed pan-Islamic
interests. intentions, calling for the spread of their
testament across Africa and indeed
2. ANTI-WESTERN AND ANTI-
encyclopedically. This aspiration has led to
GOVERNMENT:
enterprises about indigenous insecurity and
Boko Haram's testament is vehemently anti-
the eventuality for transnational terrorism.
Western and anti-government. They view the
Nigerian state and Western institutions as TRADITIONS AND PRACTICES:
loose, un-Islamic, and rough. This testament
Boko Haram has developed its own set of
drives their attacks on government
traditions and practices, which are distinct
installations, security forces, and Western
from mainstream Islam and frequently
interests.
involve violence and revolutionist geste .
3. ANTI-CHRISTIAN SENTIMENT: Some of these traditions and practices
While Boko Haram primarily targets include:
government institutions, security forces, and
JIHAD AND MARTYRDOM:
moderate Muslims, they've also executed
attacks against Christians and Christian Boko Haram adheres to a radical
interpretation of jihad, or holy war, in which

42
they believe that violence is justified to KIDNAPPINGS AND
establish their interpretation of a strict
RANSOM:
Islamic state. They frequently carry out self-
murder bombings and attacks, seeing those Boko Haram is known for hijacking

involved as killers who die in the name of individualities, particularly women and

Islam. children, for colorful purposes, including

forced marriage, rescue, and reclamation. The
REJECTION OF WESTERN hijacking of over 200 pixies from Chibok in
EDUCATION: 2014 brought transnational attention to this
practice.
One of the group's core traditions is the
rejection of Western education, which is what
their name," Boko Haram," approximately FORCED RECRUITMENT:
translates to. They view Western education as
The group forcefully recruits individualities,
loose and inharmonious with their
including child dogfaces, frequently through
interpretation of Islam. As a result, they
compulsion and pitfalls. Those who repel or
target seminaries, preceptors, and scholars in
try to leave their species face severe
their juggernauts, which has had a ruinous
consequences.
impact on education in Nigeria's
northeastern regions.
PERSECUTION OF CHRISTIANS
STRICT INTERPRETATION OF
AND OTHER RELIGIOUS
SHARIA LAW:
MINORITIES:
Boko Haram seeks to establish a society
governed by their strict interpretation of Boko Haram has targeted Christians and

Sharia law. This includes administering dress other religious nonages, including attacks on

canons, chastising those who violate their churches, abductions, and killings. Their

interpretation of Islamic law, and assessing conduct has contributed to religious

their beliefs on the communities they control. pressures in Nigeria.

43
LOCAL GOVERNANCE:
In areas under their control, Boko Haram
establishes their interpretation of governance
grounded on their interpretation of Islamic
law. This includes setting up their courts,
collecting levies, and furnishing limited social
services.
DESTRUCTION OF CULTURAL
AND HISTORICAL SITES:
The group has consciously destroyed cultural
and factual places, including the ancient
town of Timbuktu in Mali, viewing them
asun-Islamic.
VIOLENCE AGAINST
CIVILIANS
Boko Haram's violence frequently targets
civilians, with bombings, shootings, and
other forms of attacks causing broad fear and
suffering. They've been responsible for
multitudinous massacres and acts of brutality.
44
USE OF PROPAGANDA:
Boko Haram uses propaganda, including
videos and online materials, to spread their
testament, recruit fighters, and justify their
conduct. This propaganda frequently
includes speeches by their leaders and graphic
delineations of their attacks.
In summary, Boko Haram's culture, religious
beliefs, ideologies, and traditions are a
complex mix of influences from their cultural
surroundings, their interpretation of Islam,
and their radical doctrines. The group's
opposition to Western education, strict
commission of Sharia law, and reliance on
violence make them a largely controversial
and dangerous reality in the global context of
extremism and terrorism. Understanding
these aspects is essential for addressing the
root causes and countering the condit ioning
of this militant organization.
THE PROSPECTS OF participants who've tried it, and the
organization’s cell-like shape is open for
NEGOTIATIONS WITH factions and splits. There could be no
BOKO HARAM assurance that a person speaking for the
organization is a speaker for all the members.
It is hard to peer how there may be significant
It is believed that five possibilities for the
talk among the authorities and Boko Haram.
future of the group, some of which are more
A fresh attempt at negotiating cease-fire from
likely than others. First, it can burn out
the organization in March 2012 failed
because of inner divisions and casualties in
miserably. Some of Boko Haram’s said needs
action. Second, it could be crushed by the
are nearly not possible to comprehend and are
state. Third, it may evolve right into a
frequently contradictory. For example, it says
ministate alongside the traces recommend
it desires to destroy Nigeria in two, north and
withinside the preceding phase of this report.
south, however additionally that the
Fourth, it could continue smoldering
complete of Nigeria must come below sharia
indefinitely. Fifth, beneath a few innovative
regulation and convert to Islam. It has also
negotiations from the government, the extra
demanded that Goodluck Jonathan should
radical elements of the sect will be remoted
convert to Islam. However, there are other
and the moderates reintegrated into the
demands that might be up for discussion. The
mainstream. It stays to be visible which of
group has demanded the senior members who
those futures may be realized.
have been arrested by the government should
be released, all property that has been taken
from its members should be restored, And the
human beings liable for the execution of
Mohammed Yusuf and different participants
of the institution must be punished. It is
likewise hard to look how any significant
negotiation may be accomplished with the
organization itself. The organization has on
numerous activities murdered its very own

45
GOALS OF THE BOKO
HARAM

1. Establishing an Islamic State

governed by a strict interpretation of
Sharia law in Nigeria and creating a
homogenous Islamic state, which
may involve suppressing or
eliminating ethnic and religious
diversity.
2. Opposing Western Education and
Culture and imposing the sharia
interpretation of the Quran on the
public
3. Religiously purifying in Nigeria by
eliminating what it considers to be
un-Islamic practices and influences.
4. Taking Revenge and Retribute the
perceived injustices against Muslims,
often through violent means.
5. Globally supporting Jihadist
Agendas by expressing solidarity
with other jihadist movements and,
at times, aligning itself with global
jihadist ideologies.
6. Working against the Nigerian
Government due to the discontent
felt, corruption experienced and un -
Islamic practices perceived

46
47
HISTORY
INTRODUCTION
Nigeria's history is a compelling narrative of
resilience and adaptation, marked by the
struggle for independence, the legacy of
colonialism, and the complex dynamics of a
diverse nation. Understanding the historical
context of Nigeria is crucial to grasping the
country's position in 2013, when your Joint
Crisis Committee (JCC) simulation takes
place.
PRE-COLONIAL ERA
Nigeria's pre-colonial history is a testament to
cultures, and traditions. The region that is
now Nigeria was home to a multitude of
indigenous kingdoms and societies, each with
its unique governance systems and cultural
practices. From the Hausa city -states in the
north to the Yoruba kingdoms in the
southwest and the Igbo societies in the
southeast, Nigeria's pre-colonial landscape
was marked by both unity and diversity.
48
COLONIAL PERIOD
The late 19th century marked the arrival of
British colonialists who sought to establish
control over various territories in Nigeria.
British colonial rule began in the early 20th
century and significantly impacted Nigeria's
political, social, and economic landscape. It
involved the amalgamation of the Northern
and Southern Protectorates in 1914, creating
the modern state of Nigeria. The British
introduced their systems of governance and
administration, which would influence the
nation's future political st ructure.
INDEPENDENCE AND POST-
INDEPENDENCE
CHALLENGES
On October 1, 1960, Nigeria achieved
independence. However, the journey toward
self-governance was not without its
difficulties. The nation was characterized by
deep-seated ethnic and regional divisions,
which would shape its political landscape.
The early years of independence saw political
instability, economic challenges, and the rise
of a national identity. Yet, these challenges
were exacerbated by ethnic tensions and
regional disparities.
POST-INDEPENDENCE
CONSTITUTIONS
Following independence, Nigeria adopted
several constitutions that have defined its
political landscape. The 1960 and 1963
constitutions structured the nation as a
federal state, while the 1979 constitution
marked a return to civilian rule after years of
military governance. The 1999 constitution,
still in use in 2013, established the Fourth
Republic, outlining the framework for
democratic governance.
APARTHEID AND THE FIGHT
AGAINST RACIAL
DISCRIMINATION
Nigeria was at the forefront of the global
fight against apartheid in South Africa. The
government, under the leadership of figures
like President Olusegun Obasanjo,
demonstrated unwavering support for the
anti-apartheid movement and provided
refuge for South African anti-apartheid
activists. Nigeria's stance against racial
discrimination and support for the
international boycott of apartheid-era South
49
Africa showcased its commitment to human
rights.
THE NIGERIAN CIVIL WAR
One of the most significant events in
Nigeria's history was the Nigerian Civil War,
which lasted from 1967 to 1970. The conflict
emerged from ethnic tensions and separatist
movements, notably the push for an
independent state of Biafra in the southeast.
The war had profound and lasting effects on
Nigeria, resulting in significant loss of life
and a deeply divided nation. It left a legacy of
reconciliation, post -war reconstruction, and
a desire for a more unified Nigeria.
POST-WAR
RECONSTRUCTION AND
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS
After the Nigerian Civil War, Nigeria
embarked on post-war reconstruction efforts.
The devastation and human suffering caused
by the conflict compelled the government to
initiate programs aimed at rehabilitating war-
torn areas and reconciling the deeply divided
nation. Additionally, political developments
included the transition back to civilian rule.
In 1979, Nigeria held its first post -war general
elections, which marked a significant step ECONOMIC GROWTH AND
towards democracy. The emergence of
OIL REVENUE
various political parties and leaders
contributed to the nation's efforts to create a Oil played a pivotal role in shaping Nigeria's

more stable and inclusive political economy and politics. The discovery of oil in

environment. Nigeria in the mid-20th century brought

immense wealth to the country. However, it
THE RETURN TO also posted significant challenges in
DEMOCRACY managing and distributing oil revenues. The
economic boom fueled by oil exports had
In the late 20th century, Nigeria experienced
both positive and negative effects. Nigeria
a series of transitions between military and
experienced periods of economic growth and
civilian governments. The nation's struggle
prosperity, but also grappled with issues like
for democracy was punctuated by military
corruption and income inequality. The
coups and power struggles. The transition
government's ability to effectively manage
towards a more democratic and civilian rule
and diversify the economy, given its reliance
finally gained momentum in the early 21st
on oil revenue, became a central concern.
century. In 1999, Nigeria held democratic
elections, marking a significant turning point
in the nation's political history. This event ETHNIC AND REGIONAL
saw the emergence of a democratic
DYNAMICS
government led by President Olusegun
Obasanjo, a former military leader who
became Nigeria's first civilian president in Nigeria's ethnic and regional diversity has

over 15 years. The return to democracy been a prominent feature of its history. The

represented a commitment to political nation is home to numerous ethnic groups,

stability and development. each with its unique cultural practices and
languages. Ethnic tensions and regional
disparities have, at times, contributed to
political instability and challenges in nation-

50
building. Various regions, such as the oil-rich history has led to this point. In this year,
Niger Delta, have demanded greater Nigeria faced various economic and security
autonomy and a larger share of the nation's challenges, including the threat of Boko
resources. The government's ability to Haram. The nation's journey was marked by
address these ethnic and regional dynamics resilience, political change, economic growth,
has been a key factor in shaping the nation's and the ongoing struggle to unite its diverse
political landscape. population under a single national identity.

NIGERIA'S FOREIGN
RELATIONS
Nigeria's history also includes a rich tapestry
of international relations. In the early years of
independence, Nigeria played a prominent
role in the decolonization of Africa and was a
leading voice in the fight against apartheid in
South Africa. The nation's commitment to
Pan-Africanism and peacekeeping missions in
various parts of Africa cemented its position
as a regional and global leader. Its role in the
establishment of the Economic Community
of West African States (ECOWAS) and the
African Union (AU) showcased its
dedication to regional integration and
cooperation.

THE JOURNEY TO 2013

As your JCC simulation is set in 2013, it's
important to understand how Nigeria's

51
MILITARY MIGHT
1) NIGERIAN ARMY
STRUCTURE
The Nigerian Army in 2012 -2013 was
organized into various units and divisions,
each with specific roles, missions, and
responsibilities. Here's a comprehensive
breakdown of its structure:
A) NIGERIAN ARMY HEADQUARTERS
(AHQ):
● Chief of Army Staff (COAS): The
COAS is the highest -ranking officer
in the Nigerian Army and is
responsible for overseeing all army
operations, policies, and strategies.
He serves as the principal military
advisor to the President and the
Minister of Defen ce.
● Nigerian Army Council: This
council, chaired by the COAS,
comprises other senior army officers
and plays a vital role in making
critical decisions regarding the army's
administration and operations.
52
B) NIGERIAN ARMY DIVISIONS:
The Nigerian Army was divided into several
divisions, each with a specific geographical
area of responsibility. In 2012-2013, the key
divisions included:
● 1st Division: Headquartered in
Kaduna, this division is responsible
for the northern regions of Nigeria. It
played a crucial role in counter-
insurgency operations against Boko
Haram.
● 2nd Division: Headquartered in
Ibadan, this division oversees security
and operations in the southwestern
region of the country.
● 3rd Armored Division:
Headquartered in Jos, this division is
responsible for armored and
mechanized warfare and had a
significant role in maintaining
territorial integrity.
● 81st Division: Based in Lagos, this
division is responsible for operations
in the southern region and also has a
role in internal security.
C) SPECIAL UNITS:
In addition to the standard divisions, the
Nigerian Army had several special units:
● Special Forces: The Special Forces,
including the Nigerian Army's elite
units like the Special Boat Service
(SBS) and Special Forces Command
(SFC), were tasked with
unconventional warfare, counter-
terrorism, and intelligence gathering.
These units played a critical role in
counter-insurgency efforts against
Boko Haram.
● Amphibious Brigade: The
Amphibious Brigade was responsible
for water-based operations, including
securing Nigeria's coastal areas.
● These are discussed in detail at a
further point of the document.
D) MILITARY POLICE:
The Nigerian Army maintained a Military
Police Corps responsible for maintaining
discipline and enforcing military law within
the army. They played a crucial role in
maintaining order within the military.
53
E) TRAINING AND DOCTRINE
COMMAND (TRADOC):
TRADOC was responsible for developing
the army's doctrine, training programs, and
educational curricula. It ensured that
Nigerian Army personnel were equipped
with the necessary skills and knowledge to
fulfil their duties effectively.
F) CORPS OF ARTILLERY, ENGINEERS,
AND SIGNALS:
These corps were responsible for supporting
combat operations. The Corps of Artillery
provided firepower, the Corps of Engineers
handled engineering tasks, and the Corps of
Signals facilitated communication and
electronic warfare.
G) NIGERIAN ARMY AVIATION:
The Nigerian Army operated its aviation
units, including helicopters and aircraft used
for reconnaissance, troop transportation, and
medical evacuation.
H) REGIMENTAL UNITS: ● Signals Regiments: Signals units are
Within each division, the Nigerian Army responsible for communication,
consists of various regimental units, each electronic warfare, and managing the
specializing in different types of warfare, army's communications
equipment, and roles. Some of the key infrastructure.
regimental units include:
I) COMBAT SUPPORT AND COMBAT
● Armored Regiments: These units
SERVICE SUPPORT UNITS:
operate tanks and armored vehicles,
● Combat Support Units: These units
providing firepower and mobility on
provide specialized support,
the battlefield. They are essential for
including intelligence,
armored and mechanized warfare.
reconnaissance, and psychological
● Infantry Regiments: Infantry units
operations. They gather critical
form the backbone of the Nigerian
information and conduct covert
Army. They are versatile and
operations to support the Nigerian
equipped to operate in diverse
Army's mission.
terrains and situations.
● Combat Service Support Units:
● Artillery Regiments: Artillery units
These units handle logistics, medical
provide indirect fire support,
support, and maintenance. They
including field artillery and rocket
ensure that soldiers have the
artillery, contributing to the
necessary supplies, medical care, and
firepower of the Nigerian Army.
equipment to perform their duties
● Engineer Regiments: Engineer units
effectively.
handle various engineering tasks,
including constructing bridges, J) MILITARY POLICE:
fortifications, and roads. They play a The Nigerian Army maintains a dedicated
critical role in supporting military Military Police Corps responsible for
operations. maintaining discipline, enforcing military
law, and ensuring the safety and security of

54
military installations. They are instrumental N) MODERNIZATION AND
in upholding order and preventing EXPANSION:
misconduct within the military.
The Nigerian Army has been undergoing
K) SPECIALIZED TRAINING CENTERS: modernization efforts to enhance its
The Nigerian Army has several training capabilities and adapt to evolving security
centers, including the Nigerian Defence challenges. The acquisition of new
Academy (NDA) and the Armed Forces equipment, including armored vehicles and
Command and Staff College (AFCSC). aircraft, has contributed to improving the
These centers offer education and training to army's effectiveness.
officers and soldiers to enhance their skills
and prepare them for leadership roles. O) TIMELINE OF REORGANISATION:
It's important to note that the Nigerian Army
L) PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS: was undergoing reorganization and
The Nigerian Army has a history of modernization during this period. Some of
participating in international peacekeeping these changes aimed to improve the army's
missions under the banner of the United ability to respond to contemporary security
Nations. These missions demonstrate challenges, such as the threat posed by Boko
Nigeria's commitment to global peace and Haram. These reorganization efforts
security and highlight the skills and included the establishment of new divisions
professionalism of its soldiers. and the deployment of specialized units to
address specific security concerns.
M) HUMANITARIAN OPERATIONS:
In addition to their military roles, the 2) NIGERIAN NAVY
Nigerian Army has been involved in STRUCTURE
humanitarian operations, providing relief
and assistance in times of crisis, such as A) NAVAL HEADQUARTERS:
natural disasters and internal displacements. ● Chief of Naval Staff (CNS): The
CNS was the highest -ranking officer
in the Nigerian Navy, responsible for

55
 overseeing all naval operations,
policies, and strategies. The CNS
served as the principal military
C) SPECIAL UNITS AND COMMANDS:
advisor to the President and the
The Nigerian Navy had specialized units and
Minister of Defence.
commands, including:
● Naval Headquarters: The
● Fleet Commands: These commands
headquarters, located in Abuja,
oversaw the operation of naval vessels,
served as the administrative and
both large and small. They were
operational center for the Nigerian
responsible for maritime security,
Navy.
patrolling, and reconnaissance.
B) NAVAL FLEETS: ● Naval Training Command
The Nigerian Navy operated several fleets, (NAVTRAC): NAVTRAC was
each with specific responsibilities: responsible for training naval
● Western Naval Command (WNC): personnel and ensuring they were
Based in Lagos, the WNC was well-equipped for their roles.
responsible for securing Nigeria's ● Naval Air Arm: The Naval Air Arm
maritime interests in the western operated aircraft and helicopters for
region, including the coastal areas of surveillance, reconnaissance, search
Lagos and the Niger Delta. and rescue, and anti-piracy
● Eastern Naval Command (ENC): operations.
Headquartered in Calabar, the ENC ● Nigerian Navy Special Boat Service
focused on the eastern coastal regions (SBS): Similar to the army's Special
of Nigeria, including the Niger Delta Forces, the SBS was responsible for
and the Gulf of Guinea. unconventional warfare, counter-
● Central Naval Command (CNC): terrorism, and intelligence gathering.
Located in Yenagoa, the CNC's area
of responsibility included the central
coastal regions and the Niger Delta.

56
D) COASTAL DEFENSE AND
SURVEILLANCE:
The Nigerian Navy placed a strong emphasis
on coastal defence and surveillance. Patrol
vessels, gunboats, and coastal surveillance
systems were used to protect Nigeria's
coastline from various maritime threats,
including piracy, smuggling, and illegal
fishing.
personnel are well-prepared for their roles.
The Nigerian Naval College in Onne, Port
Harcourt, serves as the primary training
institution for officers, offering a
comprehensive education in naval operations,
leadership, and navigation. Additionally, the
Nigerian Navy Basic Training School in
Onne provides foundational training for
enlisted personnel.

E) AMPHIBIOUS OPERATIONS: H) NAVAL DOCKYARDS AND

The Nigerian Navy had an amphibious MAINTENANCE FACILITIES:
component responsible for amphibious In addition to its operational units, the
operations, including beach landings and Nigerian Navy operates dockyards and
coastal defence. They worked in coordination maintenance facilities for the repair and
with the Nigerian Army's Amphibious maintenance of naval vessels and equipment.
Brigade when necessary. The Nigerian Naval Dockyard Limited
(NNDL) is a critical establishment
F) NIGERIAN NAVAL DOCKYARD responsible for ensu ring the operational
LIMITED (NNDL):
readiness of the Nigerian Navy's fleet. It plays
The NNDL was responsible for the
a pivotal role in ship maintenance, repair, and
maintenance and repair of naval vessels and
modernization.
facilities. It played a crucial role in ensuring
the operational readiness of the Nigerian I) MARITIME SECURITY AND
Navy's fleet. SURVEILLANCE:
The Nigerian Navy places a strong emphasis
G) NAVAL TRAINING AND on coastal defence and surveillance. It
EDUCATION:
maintains a fleet of patrol vessels, gunboats,
The Nigerian Navy places a strong emphasis
and coastal surveillance systems to protect
on training and education to ensure its
Nigeria's territorial waters and monitor

57
maritime activities. These assets are respond to maritime security threats,
instrumental in countering threats like piracy, maintain operational readiness, and protect
smuggling, and illegal fishing. Nigeria's maritime interests.

J) AMPHIBIOUS OPERATIONS: M) MODERNIZATION AND

The Nigerian Navy has an amphibious EXPANSION:
component that is proficient in conducting During this period, the Nigerian Navy was

beach landings, coastal defence, and undergoing modernization and expansion

supporting the Nigerian Army's Amphibious efforts. New vessels, such as offshore patrol

Brigade when necessary. These capabilities vessels and fast attack craft, were acquired to

are essential for protecting Nigeria's coastal enhance the Navy's ability to respond to

areas and territorial integrity. maritime security challenges. The structure

and organization of the Nigerian Navy were
K) MARITIME SECURITY designed to address the complex maritime
COLLABORATION: security issues in the Gulf of Guinea and
The Nigerian Navy collaborates with regional
ensure the protection of Nigeria's maritime
and international partners to enhance
interests.
maritime security. In the Gulf of Guinea, it
plays a critical role in joint efforts to combat 3) NIGERIAN SPECIAL
piracy, oil theft, and other maritime crimes. FORCES
These collaborations reflect Nigeria's
commitment to regional stability and security. A) NIGERIAN ARMY SPECIAL
FORCES/SPECIAL WARFARE
L) MODERNIZATION EFFORTS: COMMAND:
The Nigerian Army Special Forces, officially
The Nigerian Navy, like other branches of the
known as the Special Warfare Command, are
military, has embarked on modernization
a select group of highly trained and
efforts to adapt to evolving security
challenges. The acquisition of new vessels, specialized soldiers. They are tasked with a

including offshore patrol vessels and fast wide range of critical missions, including

attack crafts, enhances the Navy's ability to counter-terrorism, reconnaissance, direct

58
action, and unconventional warfare. The ● Unconventional Warfare: They are
Special Warfare Command is at the forefront trained to operate behind enemy lines
of addressing internal security threats, such as and conduct unconventional warfare,
those posed by insurgent groups like Boko which may include supporting
Haram. friendly insurgent groups or engaging
● Selection and Training: Soldiers who in guerrilla warfare against hostile
aspire to join the Special Warfare forces.
Command undergo a rigorous
B) NIGERIAN NAVY SPECIAL BOAT
selection process that evaluates their
SERVICE (SBS):
physical and mental capabilities.
The Nigerian Navy Special Boat Service
Successful candidates then receive
(SBS) is the elite special operations unit of the
specialized training, including
Nigerian Navy. Their focus is maritime
advanced marksmanship, urban
security and counter-terrorism, and they are
warfare tactics, and airborne
known for their proficiency in amphibious
operations.
operations.
● Counter-Terrorism Operations: The
● Maritime Security: The SBS is
Special Warfare Command plays a
responsible for securing Nigeria's
central role in counter-terrorism
coastal areas and territorial waters.
operations within Nigeria,
They engage in counter-piracy and
conducting high-risk missions such
anti-smuggling operations, ensuring
as hostage rescues and raids on
the safety of maritime trade.
terrorist strongholds.
● Amphibious Operations: These elite
● Reconnaissance: Special Forces units
naval operators excel in beach
are skilled in conducting covert
landings and coastal defence,
reconnaissance missions, gathering
working closely with other military
critical intelligence, and monitoring
units to protect Nigeria's coastline.
the activities of enemy forces.

59
C) NIGERIAN AIR FORCE SPECIAL 4) NIGERIAN MILITARY
OPERATIONS COMMAND (SOC):
TACTICS
While not a ground-based special forces unit,
the Nigerian Air Force's Special Operations A) COUNTER-INSURGENCY TACTICS:
Command (SOC) brings specialized airborne Counter-insurgency operations have been a
capabilities to the Nigerian military. SOC significant focus for the Nigerian military.
focuses on airborne special operations, These operations require a combination of
including combat search and rescue, close air tactics to address threats posed by insurgent
support, and precision strikes. groups like Boko Haram:
● Airborne Operations: The SOC is
trained to conduct parachute jumps ● Clear-Hold-Build Strategy: The
and operate in high-risk Nigerian Army has adopted a "clear-
environments, providing air support hold-build" strategy, inspired by the
and precision strikes during critical principles of population -centric
operations. counter-insurgency. The "clear"
These special forces units are vital phase involves clearing areas of
components of the Nigerian military, each insurgent presence through offensive
with its specialized roles and capabilities. operations. The "hold" phase
They exemplify Nigeria's commitment to involves maintaining a security
national security and its ability to address a presence in these areas to prevent
wide range of security challenges, from insurgent return. The "build" phase
internal threats to safeguarding its maritime focuses on reconstruction,
interests development, and winning the
support of the local population. This
strategy is aimed at denying
insurgents safe havens and gaining
the trust of affected communities.

60
● Urban Warfare Tactics: Urban areas B) AMPHIBIOUS OPERATIONS:
often serve as hideouts and bases for Given Nigeria's extensive coastline and
insurgent groups. The Nigerian riverine terrain, the Nigerian military
military employs specialized urban employs various tactics for amphibious
warfare tactics, including room -to- operations:
room clearing, close-quarters combat, ● Beach Landings: Amphibious
and the use of armored vehicles to operations involve the coordinated
navigate densely populated landing of troops, equipment, and
environments while minimizing supplies on beaches. Specialized
civilian casualties. landing craft, including LCUs
● Intelligence Gathering: The military (Landing Craft Utility), are used to
places a strong emphasis on transport personnel and equipment
intelligence gathering to locate from naval vessels to shore.
insurgent positions, understand their Amphibious vehicles and helicopters
operations, and disrupt their further enhance mobility and
activities. Intelligence comes from flexibility in such operations.
reconnaissance missions, informants ● Riverine Patrols: Riverine operations
within communities, and aerial are essential for monitoring and
surveillance. controlling rivers, creeks, and
● Air Support: The Nigerian Air Force waterways, which can be used for
provides critical air support in smuggling and insurgent movement.
counter-insurgency operations. This Patrol boats and vessels are deployed
includes precision airstrikes on for riverine surveillance, and
insurgent strongholds, aerial personnel receive training in riverine
reconnaissance to monitor insurgent warfare.
movements, and medical evacuation ● Coastal Defence: Coastal defence
to ensure the safety and well-being of strategies involve establishing
troops on the ground. surveillance and defence mechanisms

61
 along the coastline to deter understanding and countering
unauthorized maritime activities. insurgent activities.
Coastal defence units use radar ● Civil-Military Cooperation: Building
systems, patrol vessels, and coastal rapport with the local population is
surveillance equipment to monitor central to successful counter-
and respond to potential threats. insurgency operations. The military
engages in community outreach,
C) GUERRILLA WARFARE TACTICS:
development projects, and
Guerrilla warfare tactics are crucial when
collaboration with local authorities
engaging insurgent groups in unconventional
to gain the trust and support of
warfare scenarios:
affected communities, reducing the
influence of insurgent groups.
● Small Unit Operations: To combat
insurgent forces effectively, small, D) PEACEKEEPING AND
highly mobile units are employed. STABILIZATION OPERATIONS:
These units conduct ambushes, hit- In international peacekeeping missions, the

and-run attacks, and raids on Nigerian military employs tactics focused on

insurgent positions. They rely on conflict resolution and stabilization:

stealth, surprise, and knowledge of ● Conflict Resolution: The military

the local terrain. plays a significant role in mediating

● Infiltration and Intelligence and negotiating peace agreements

Gathering: Special Forces units are between conflicting parties.

trained for covert operations and Diplomacy and negotiations are

intelligence gathering. Infiltration essential to achieving lasting peace in

into insurgent territories, collection conflict zones.

of critical information, and ● Stabilization: Military units engage

conducting covert reconnaissance in peacekeeping and stabilization

missions are integral to operations, working to protect
civilians, enforce ceasefires, and

62
 maintain security in post -conflict Nigerian military are tasked with
regions. Their presence helps prevent high-risk counter-terrorism missions.
a resurgence of violence. They employ advanced training,
● Civil Affairs: Nigerian military specialized equipment, and
personnel collaborate closely with intelligence to engage in rapid-
local communities to build trust and response operations against insurgent
provide humanitarian assistance. threats.
Civil-military cooperation includes ● Psychological Operations: The
community development projects, military conducts psychological
education, and healthcare initiatives operations (psyops) to counter
to support post-conflict extremist narratives, prevent
reconstruction and development. radicalization, and win the hearts and
minds of the local population. These
tactics are aimed at discrediting
E) HYBRID WARFARE STRATEGIES:
extremist ideologies an d reducing
Hybrid warfare strategies combine
support for insurgent groups.
conventional and irregular tactics to address
multifaceted security threats: 5) NIGERIAN MILITARY
● Military Operations: Combining EQUIPMENT
conventional and special forces
operations, intelligence, and 1) NIGERIAN ARMY EQUIPMENT:

surveillance forms the backbone of ● Small Arms: The Nigerian Army

employs a variety of small arms,
hybrid warfare strategies. These
strategies adapt to the evolving including assault rifles like the FN

nature of threats and incorporate FAL, AK-47, and M16, which are

both kinetic and non -kinetic critical for infantry operations. These

elements. firearms are often customized with

● Counter-Terrorism Units: Dedicated accessories like optics and

counter-terrorism units within the

63
 suppressors for enhanced accuracy enhancing coordination on the
and combat effectiveness. battlefield.
● Armored Vehicles: The Nigerian ● Drones and Unmanned Aerial
Army operates a mix of armored Vehicles (UAVs): The Nigerian
vehicles, including main battle tanks Army utilizes UAVs for surveillance,
such as the T-72 and T-90, armored reconnaissance, and intelligence
personnel carriers (APCs) like the gathering. These drones are equipped
BTR-3 and MOWAG, and infantry with advanced sensors and imaging
fighting vehicles like the BMP-1. technology, allowing them to
These armored vehicles provide monitor insurgent activities and
mobility, protection, and firepower gather critical information in real-
on the battlefield. time.
● Artillery: The army's artillery arsenal ● Night Vision and Optics: Night
includes a range of weapons such as vision goggles and advanced optical
the D-30 howitzer, BM-21 Grad equipment provide soldiers with
multiple rocket launcher, and M-198 enhanced visibility during night
howitzer. These artillery pieces operations. Thermal imaging scopes,
provide indirect fire support, with rangefinders, and night vision devices
some being mounted on mobile are employed to improve situational
platforms for rapid deployment. awareness and target acquisition.
● Communication Equipment: The ● Counter-IED Equipment:
army relies on a wide range of Protection against improvised
communication equipment, explosive devices (IEDs) is a priority
including secure radios, encrypted in counter-insurgency operations.
communication devices, and satellite The army uses mine-resistant vehicles,
communication systems. These electronic countermeasures, and
systems enable seamless specialized bomb disposal equipment
communication between units, to detect and neutralize IEDs safely.

64
 ● Medical Equipment: Field hospitals, warfare helicopters like the
medical kits, and advanced medical AgustaWestland AW109, maritime
equipment ensure that injured patrol aircraft, and search and rescue
soldiers receive prompt and effective helicopters. These assets enhance
medical attention. Medics are maritime domain awareness and
equipped with life-saving tools and contribute to anti-piracy efforts.
resources for emergency care on the ● Maritime Surveillance: The navy
battlefield. employs advanced radar systems,
sonar technology, and maritime
2) NIGERIAN NAVY EQUIPMENT:
surveillance equipment to monitor
● Warships and Patrol Vessels: The
and safeguard Nigerian waters. This
Nigerian Navy operates a diverse fleet
equipment helps detect and track
of warships and patrol vessels,
vessels, support search and rescue
including frigates like the NNS
missions, and counter piracy.
Aradu and corvettes like the NNS
● Anti-Ship Missiles and Torpedoes:
Thunder. Offshore patrol vessels
Naval vessels are equipped with anti-
(OPVs) such as the NNS Unity and
ship missiles and torpedoes for
fast attack craft like the NNS Andoni
defence against hostile naval threats.
bolster coastal defence and maritime
These systems provide a deterrence
surveillance.
capability and enhance the navy's
● Amphibious and Landing Craft:
combat readiness.
Amphibious warfare capabilities are
● Naval Guns: Naval guns, such as the
vital for beach landings and coastal
OTO Melara 76 mm and 30 mm AK-
defence. The navy employs landing
630, are mounted on warships and
craft and hovercraft to transport
patrol vessels for naval fire support
personnel and equipment for
and defence against airborne threats.
amphibious operations.
● Mine Countermeasures Equipment:
● Naval Aviation: The Nigerian Navy's
The Nigerian Navy employs
aircraft fleet includes anti-submarine

65
 specialized mine countermeasures These include encrypted radios,
equipment, including mine hunters satellite phones, and data-link
and sweeping systems, to detect and systems to maintain constant contact
neutralize naval mines and with command.
underwater threats. ● Specialized Vehicles: Depending on
the mission, Special Forces use a
3) NIGERIAN SPECIAL FORCES
range of specialized vehicles. These
EQUIPMENT:
include off-road vehicles,
● Personal Weapons: Special Forces are
motorcycles, and fast attack vehicles
equipped with advanced personal
that offer rapid mobility, low
weapons, including custom assault
visibility, and adaptability in
rifles, submachine guns, and
different terrains.
precision rifles. These firearms are
● Parachuting Equipment: Special
often fitted with optics, laser
Forces are trained in airborne
designators, and suppressors for
operations and utilize parachutes,
accuracy and stealth.
drop zones, and static line equipment
● Specialized Gear: Special Forces wear
for insertion and extractions via
tactical vests, body armor, helmets,
airdrops.
and night vision goggles. These
● Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD)
provide protection and enhanced
Equipment: Given the threat of
capabilities for night operations,
improvised explosive devices (IEDs),
while their gear is customized for
Special Forces are equipped with
specific missions, including
specialized EOD tools and
parachuting, diving, and urban
equipment. This includes bomb suits,
warfare.
remotely operated robots, and
● Communication Equipment: Special
portable X-ray machines for bomb
Forces rely on secure and advanced
disposal and counter-IED operations.
communication systems for
coordination and intelligence sharing.

66
● Dive and Underwater Equipment:
Special Forces may employ diving
equipment, including rebreathers,
underwater demolition gear, and
swimmer delivery vehicles (SDVs) for
maritime and riverine operations.
These assets allow for covert
underwater infiltration and
exfiltration.
● Specialized Clothing: Special Forces
wear specialized clothing and
camouflaged uniforms suited to
different environments, such as arid,
jungle, or urban settings. These
uniforms offer comfort, protection,
and enhanced camouflage.
● Medical Kits: Special Forces carry
advanced medical kits and field
medical equipment, enabling them to
provide emergency medical care in
the field. Medics are trained to
handle trauma injuries and provide
life-saving treatment under
challenging conditions.

67
THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY
INTRODUCTION
The economy of Nigeria, the most populous
country in Africa, boasts a rich and complex
history deeply influenced by colonialism,
post-independence challenges, and ambitious
reforms. This extensive overview delves into
the economic landscape of Nigeria up to 2012.
1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: THE
COLONIAL LEGACY (PRE-1960)
Nigeria's economic history finds its origins in
its colonial past under British rule. During
this period, the Nigerian economy revolved
around agriculture, primarily the cultivation
of cash crops like cocoa, palm oil, and
groundnuts for export. This colonial legacy
provided the basis for Nigeria's early agrarian
economy, leaving a significant mark on the
nation's economic landscape.
2. POST-INDEPENDENCE ECONOMIC
CHALLENGES: THE EARLY YEARS
(1960-1980)
Nigeria's early years of independence (1960)
introduced a series of formidable economic
challenges that left an indelible impact on the
nation:
68
● Oil Boom and Dependency (Late
1960s - Early 1970s): Nigeria
experienced a profound oil boom in
the late 1960s and early 1970s,
rapidly establishing itself as a major
oil producer. This oil wealth quickly
dominated the nation's economy,
leading to the neglect of other critical
economic sectors.
● Corruption and Income Inequality:
The era of the oil boom was marred
by widespread corruption and
mismanagement of oil revenues. This
period saw the emergence of severe
income inequality, with a small elite
profiting from oil wealth while the
majority of the population struggled
in poverty.
● Debt Crisis and Structural
Adjustment Programs (SAPs): By the
1980s, Nigeria was in the grip of a
severe debt crisis, precipitated by
overborrowing and a sudden drop in
global oil prices. In response, the
government implemented structural
adjustment programs (SAPs) in
collaboration with international
 financial institutions, leading to growth in non-oil sectors. This policy
significant economic restructuring. shift fostered economic
diversification.
3. ECONOMIC REFORMS AND
DIVERSIFICATION (LATE 1980S - 4. ECONOMIC LANDSCAPE AROUND
EARLY 2000S) 2012: A PERIOD OF
In the face of these economic challenges, TRANSFORMATION
Nigeria initiated a series of vital reforms Around 2012, Nigeria was in the midst of a
aimed at diversifying its economy and notable transformation in its economic
reducing its reliance on oil: landscape:
● Privatization: State-owned ● Oil Dependency: Despite
enterprises across various sectors, diversification efforts, Nigeria
including telecommunications, remained highly dependent on oil.
banking, and the power industry, Crude oil exports continued to
were privatized. These reforms account for a significant portion of
sought to enhance efficiency and government revenue and foreign
competition, transforming Nigeria's exchange earnings.
business landscape. ● GDP Growth: Nigeria's GDP
● Financial Sector Reforms: exhibited consistent growth,
Significant reforms in the financial primarily driven by oil production
sector were introduced to improve and the period's high global oil prices.
transparency, governance, and access The nation ranked among the fastest-
to credit, leading to the emergence of growing economies in Africa,
a more robust and competitive marking a pivotal point in its
financial industry. economic history.
● Trade Liberalization: Nigeria's trade ● Agricultural Revival: Nigeria's
and investment policies underwent agricultural sector was undergoing a
liberalization to attract foreign direct revival. Initiatives aimed to boost
investment (FDI) and stimulate food production, reduce imports,

69
 and create job opportunities, with a
focus on achieving self -sufficiency.
● Financial Services: The banking and
financial sector were flourishing,
with an increasing number of
commercial banks and an expanding
middle class. These developments
provided essential support for the
nation's economic activities and
growth.
● Infrastructure Challenges: Despite
the considerable progress, Nigeria
continued to grapple with significant
infrastructure challenges. Inadequate
power supply, transportation
networks, and urban infrastructure
hindered the realization of the
nation's economic potential,
requiring substantial investments
and reforms.
5. CHALLENGES AND INEQUALITIES:
PERSISTING ECONOMIC DISPARITIES
While economic growth and diversification
were prominent, Nigeria still grappled with
significant challenges:
● Income Inequality: Income
disparities persisted, with the
majority of the population living in
70
poverty while a small elite continued
to benefit from oil wealth.
Addressing income inequality
remained a central challenge.
● Youth Unemployment: High youth
unemployment rates were a pressing
concern, raising questions about
social stability and the imperative
need for job creation to harness the
demographic dividend.
● Corruption: Corruption remained
pervasive, undermining economic
development and public trust in
government institutions. Anti-
corruption efforts played a vital role
in the nation's ongoing development.
6. INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND
PARTNERSHIPS: GLOBAL
ENGAGEMENT AND COOPERATION
Nigeria actively engaged in international
trade and cooperation, enhancing its global
presence and partnerships:
● Trade Partners: Nigeria's major
trading partners included the United
States, China, and the European
Union. Exports primarily comprised
oil and petroleum products,
 highlighting Nigeria's position as a
significant global oil exporter.
● African Economic Community:
Nigeria played a prominent role in
the African Economic Community,
working toward regional integration,
trade liberalization, and economic
cooperation across the African
continent.

7. CONCLUSION: THE PATH

FORWARD
As of 2012, Nigeria had made significant
progress in its economic journey, but
numerous challenges persisted, particularly
in relation to income inequality, corruption,
and infrastructure. The diversification efforts
and reforms initiated in previous years
demonstrated Nigeria's commitment to long-
term economic stability and growth.

71
NIGERIAN SOCIAL AND with rapid urbanization
transforming the social landscape.
POLITICAL SCENARIO Major cities like Lagos, Abuja, and

THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL Kano attracted people seeking

employment and better
STRUCTURE OF NIGERIA
opportunities.
1. SOCIAL STRUCTURE ● Cultural Traditions: Nigeria's rich
Nigeria's social structure in 2012 was cultural traditions and festivals are
characterized by its diverse and multifaceted integral to the social structure.
society. Key aspects of the social structure Festivals, art, music, and dance are
included: celebrated across the country,
● Ethnic Diversity: Nigeria is home to reflecting the diversity and vibrancy
over 250 ethnic groups, with the of Nigerian culture.
largest being the Hausa, Yoruba, and ● Family and Community: Nigerian
Igbo. Ethnic identity plays a society places a strong emphasis on
significant role in Nigerian society, family and community bonds.
impacting cultural practices, Extended families often live together,
language, and social interactions. and community ties play a crucial
● Religious Diversity: The nation is role in social support and cohesion.
religiously diverse, with Islam and ● Youth Population: A significant
Christianity being the dominant portion of Nigeria's population in
religions. Interactions between 2012 was composed of youth. This
religious groups and denominations demographic posed both
are a significant feature of social life, opportunities and challenges, as the
contributing to the complexity of nation needed to address youth
Nigeria's social fabric. unemployment and harness the
● Urbanization: Nigeria's urban potential of this dynamic segment.
population was on the rise in 2012,

72
2. POLITICAL STRUCTURE prominent in the national discourse
In 2012, Nigeria operated as a federal and presented hurdles to effective
republic with a complex political structure. governance.
Key elements of the political landscape ● State and Local Government: In
included: addition to the federal government,
● Federal System: Nigeria's political Nigeria had state and local
structure is federal, consisting of 36 governments with their own
states and the Federal Capital executive and legislative branches.
Territory of Abuja. The federal These governments played a vital role
system was designed to accommodate in implementing policies and
the country's diverse population and providing services to citizens.
ensure equitable representation. ● Ethnic and Regional Politics: Ethnic
● Presidential Democracy: Nigeria's and regional factors influenced
political system is characterized by a politics in Nigeria. Power-sharing
presidential democracy, with a arrangements aimed to balance
President serving as the head of state representation among different
and government. The President is regions and ethnic groups.
elected through a multi-party system. ● Security Concerns: Security issues,
● Political Parties: The major political particularly in the form of insurgency
parties in 2012 included the People's in certain regions, were a significant
Democratic Party (PDP) and the All- political concern. Boko Haram's
Progressives Congress (APC). These activities in the northeast posed a
parties competed for political power substantial challenge to the
at the federal and state levels. government and security forces.
● Challenges in Governance: Nigeria's ● Electoral Processes: In 2012, Nigeria
political structure faced challenges continued to refine its electoral
related to corruption, inefficiency, processes to ensure fairness and
and transparency. These issues were transparency. Challenges related to

73
 voter registration, electoral violence, ● Media and Information: The
and logistical issues persisted. proliferation of media outlets and the
expansion of the internet
contributed to increased access to
3. SOCIO-POLITICAL DYNAMICS
information and the spread of ideas,
The year 2012 saw a dynamic interplay
influencing public discourse and
between Nigeria's social and political
political awareness.
structures, leading to various developments:
● Economic Impact: Social and
● Youth Participation: The youth
political dynamics in 2012 were
population actively engaged in
intertwined with economic
politics and social activism,
conditions. Nigeria's economic
advocating for change and
growth and disparities influenced
demanding greater political inclusion.
public sentiment and political
● Religious and Ethnic Tensions:
decision-making.
Nigeria grappled with religious and
ethnic tensions, leading to occasional CONCLUSION:
conflicts and violence in certain The social and political structure of Nigeria
regions. The government sought to in 2012 was characterized by its diversity and
address these issues through various complexity. Understanding this intricate
initiatives. landscape is essential for comprehending the
● Anti-Corruption Efforts: The fight country's challenges and opportunities.
against corruption remained a central Nigeria's social structure reflected its rich
theme in Nigerian politics. The cultural diversity, while the political
government implemented anti- structure navigated the complexities of a
corruption measures, and civil federal system and multi-party democracy.
society organizations played a The socio-political dynamics of the time were
significant role in holding leaders influenced by youth engagement, religious
accountable. and ethnic tensions, anti-corruption efforts,
and the impact of media and information.

74

NIGERIAN CULTURE
1. ETHNIC DIVERSITY AND
CULTURAL COMPLEXITY
Nigeria's cultural diversity is one of its
defining features. With over 250 distinct
ethnic groups, each with its own languages,
customs, and traditions, the country is a
tapestry of cultural complexity. A few of the
most prominent ethnic groups include the
Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo, each contributing
to Nigeria's cultural mosaic.
● Hausa Culture: The Hausa people,
primarily in northern Nigeria, have a
rich cultural heritage. Their
traditions are characterized by
colorful clothing, intricate
embroidery, and a deep appreciation
for music, with instruments like the
talking drum and the kora featuring
prominently. The Hausa culture is
also known for its vibrant storytelling
and oral traditions.
● Yoruba Culture: The Yoruba, mainly
in the southwestern region, have a
dynamic culture with a strong
emphasis on art, music, and religion.
75
Yoruba art is renowned for its
intricate wood carvings and
sculptures, while music, including
the talking drum and various
percussion instruments, plays a
central role in Yoruba celebrations
and rituals.
● Igbo Culture: The Igbo people,
predominantly in the southeast, have
a rich cultural heritage rooted in art,
dance, and religion. Igbo art is
famous for its masks, sculptures, and
textiles, often used in cultural
ceremonies. Igbo traditional dances,
such as the "Ekpe" and "Manwi," are
captivating expressions of their
culture.
2. RELIGION AND SPIRITUAL
BELIEFS
Nigeria's religious diversity contributes to its
cultural richness. The two dominant religions
are Islam and Christianity, with adherents of
indigenous African religions also present.
● Islamic Culture: In predominantly
Muslim regions, Islamic culture and
traditions are prevalent. This
 includes the observance of Islamic
festivals such as Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-
Adha, as well as traditional clothing
like the flowing agbada and kaftans.
Islamic architecture, with its
distinctive minarets and domes, also
graces Nigerian cities.
● Christian Culture: Christianity is
deeply embedded in Nigerian culture,
with various Christian
denominations contributing to the
nation's cultural tapestry. Churches
serve as not only places of worship
but also as centers of community life,
hosting choirs, cultural events, and
celebrations.
● Indigenous Beliefs: Many Nigerians
adhere to indigenous African
religious beliefs, incorporating
rituals, ceremonies, and traditional
practices into their daily lives. These
beliefs often center around nature,
spirits, and ancestors, influencing
cultural customs and traditions.
76
3. LANGUAGE AND
LITERATURE
Nigeria's linguistic diversity is a testament to
its rich culture. The country is home to over
500 languages, with English serving as the
official language. Native languages are a vital
part of cultural identity and communication.
● Oral Literature: Nigerian oral
traditions encompass a vast array of
folklore, myths, proverbs, and
storytelling. These oral traditions are
handed down through generations
and play a crucial role in preserving
cultural heritage and wisdom.
● Written Literature: Nigerian
literature has gained international
recognition, with renowned authors
like Chinua Achebe, Wole Soyinka,
and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie.
Their works delve into themes of
identity, tradition, and the complex
history of Nigeria, contributing to
the global literary landscape.
4. FESTIVALS AND by colorful attire, feasting, music,
and traditional dances.
CELEBRATIONS
Nigerian culture is punctuated by a myriad of CONCLUSION:
festivals and celebrations, each unique to its Nigerian culture, with its ethnic diversity,
respective ethnic group. These events serve as religious traditions, languages, literature, and
occasions for social bonding, cultural vibrant festivals, is a testament to the richness
expression, and spiritual significance. and complexity of the nation. It reflects the
enduring spirit of unity in diversity and the
● Durbar Festival (Hausa): The Durbar importance of cultural heritage in shaping the
festival, celebrated in northern identity of the Nigerian people.
Nigeria, is a colorful and grand event. Understanding this multifaceted culture is
It features parades of beautifully essential for appreciating the nation's history,
adorned horses, camels, and warriors, values, and the way they intersect with the
accompanied by music and dance. social and political landscape.
The festival is a symbol of unity and
a display of traditional martial skills.
● Osun-Osogbo Festival (Yoruba): The
Osun-Osogbo festival, celebrated in
Osogbo, honors the Yoruba goddess
of fertility and purification, Osun. It
involves elaborate processions,
artistic performances, and ritual
activities at the sacred Osun grove.
● New Yam Festival (Igbo): The New
Yam Festival, known as "Iri Ji" or
"Iwa Ji," is a significant celebration in
Igbo culture. It marks the harvest of
new yam crops and is characterized

77
RELIGION IN NIGERIA find adherents in the country. Islamic
festivals such as Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-
INTRODUCTION: Adha are widely celebrated, marked

Nigeria, often referred to as the "Giant of by communal prayers, feasting, and

Africa," is equally a giant in terms of its acts of charity.

religious diversity. This exploration of ● Christianity in Nigeria: Christianity

religion in Nigeria provides an in -depth and holds a substantial presence,

comprehensive overview of the multifaceted primarily in the southern and central

tapestry of beliefs, practices, and the pivotal regions. Nigerian Christianity

role it plays in shaping the nation's identity. includes a variety of denominations,

Within this rich tapestry, religion weaves a such as Catholicism, Anglicanism,

narrative of faith, culture, and coexistence, Protestantism, and the vibrant

making Nigeria's religious landscape both Pentecostal movement. Churches

intricate and deeply impactful. serve as spiritual and community

centers, fostering cultural events,
1. THE LANDSCAPE OF RELIGIOUS charitable activities, and a sense of
DIVERSITY
belonging.
● Indigenous African Religions:
Nigeria's religious diversity is one of its most
Indigenous African religious beliefs endure in
defining and fascinating characteristics.
many regions, coexisting with Islam and
While Islam and Christianity are the two
Christianity. These belief systems often
predominant religions, indigenous African
center around nature, spirits, and ancestral
religions are also practiced, contributing to
veneration. Rituals, ceremonies, and sacred
the nation's religious mosaic.
practices maintain a connection with
● Islam in Nigeria: The practice of
ancestral heritage.
Islam in Nigeria is broad and diverse,
encompassing a spectrum of beliefs
and practices. Major Islamic sects,
including Sunni, Sufi, and Shiite,

78
2. RELIGIOUS PRACTICES AND and ancestors. These rituals are
RITUALS deeply rooted in the culture and life
The religious practices in Nigeria reflect the of the communities, connecting
diverse and dynamic belief systems within the individuals with their cultural
country. heritage.
● Islamic Practices: Nigerian Muslims
follow the Five Pillars of Islam, which 3. INTERPLAY OF RELIGION AND
CULTURE
include daily prayers, fasting during
Religion significantly influences cultural
the holy month of Ramadan,
practices and traditions in Nigeria, leading to
almsgiving, pilgrimage to the holy
a harmonious blend of faith and culture.
city of Mecca (Hajj), and the
● Cultural Celebrations: Festivals such
declaration of faith. Friday
as the Osun-Osogbo festival in
congregational prayers and Quranic
Osogbo are intrinsically linked to
recitation play essential roles in the
religious beliefs. The Osun -Osogbo
spiritual lives of Nigerian Muslims.
festival, for example, celebrates the
● Christian Practices: Christians in
Yoruba goddess of fertility and
Nigeria engage in regular church
purification, Osun. The event is a
services, sacraments, and communal
magnificent display of artistic
gatherings. The observance of
performances, elaborate rituals, and
significant Christian events, such as
communal participation, reflecting
Christmas and Easter, forms a vital
the fusion of religious and cultural
part of both religious and cultural
elements.
calendars. Hymns, music, and
● Cultural Attire: Traditional clothing
sermons delivered by clergy enhance
often reflects religious identity.
the spiritual experience.
Muslim men are commonly seen
● Indigenous Rituals: Indigenous
wearing flowing agbada and kaftans,
African religious practices often
while Christian women often adorn
involve rituals, ceremonies, and
themselves in elegant headscarves and
offerings to appease spirits, deities,

79
 dresses for church services. The
choice of attire exemplifies how
religious and cultural aspects are
intertwined in daily life.
● Art and Music: Religion plays a
pivotal role in shaping the art and
music of Nigeria. Religious themes
are woven into artistic expressions.
Christian and Islamic art can be
found in churches and mosques,
while traditional African art
frequently features depictions of
spirits, ancestors, and deit ies. Music
and dance, integral to religious and
cultural celebrations, showcase
hymns, spiritual songs, and rhythmic
chants that underline the importance
of faith in artistic expression.
4. CHALLENGES AND COEXISTENCE
The intersection of religious diversity in
Nigeria presents both challenges and
opportunities in the national discourse.
● Religious Tensions: Nigeria has
witnessed religious tensions and
conflicts, most notably between
Muslim and Christian communities.
These tensions have occasionally
escalated into violence, disputes over
80
religious practices, and conflicts over
places of worship.
● Interfaith Initiatives: Despite
religious tensions, many Nigerians
actively engage in interfaith
initiatives aimed at fostering mutual
understanding and cooperation
between religious groups. Religious
leaders and organizations collaborate
on initiatives that promote peace,
religious tolerance, and coexistence.
● Religion and Politics: Religion's
influence extends into the political
landscape of Nigeria. Political leaders
often seek religious endorsements,
and religious institutions actively
engage in social and political matters.
The relationship between religion
and politics is dynamic and
continually evolving.
CONCLUSION:
Religion in Nigeria stands as a vibrant and
integral facet of the nation's identity. It is a
reflection of the country's rich cultural and
ethnic diversity, demonstrating the ability of
Nigerians to embrace different belief systems
and coexist harmoniously. Understanding the
role of religion in Nigeria is essential for
appreciating the nation's history, values, and
its interplay with social, political, and
cultural dynamics. The combination of
religion and culture continues to shape the
unique tapestry of Nigeria's identity, with a
dynamic fusion of faith, tradition, and
coexistence at its core.

81
POPULAR IDEOLOGIES IN initiatives aimed at fostering
continental integration.
NIGERIA ● Afrocentrism: Afrocentrism,

INTRODUCTION: emphasizing the importance of

African culture, history, and identity,
Nigeria, renowned for its ethnic diversity and
found resonance among Nigerians in
complex social landscape, is a crucible of
2012. Promoting a return to African
popular ideologies that shape the nation's
roots, this ideology led to a revival of
social, political, and economic fabric. This
traditional African arts, music, and
exploration delves into the multifaceted
clothing. Nigerian musicians and
ideologies that have influenced Niger ia,
artists played a pivotal role in
shedding light on the dynamics and
promoting Afrocentric cultural
discourses of the time.
expressions, both nationally and

1. PAN-AFRICANISM AND globally.

AFROCENTRISM
2. FEDERALISM AND POLITICAL
● Pan-Africanism: The ideology of
IDEOLOGIES
Pan-Africanism has deep roots in
● Federalism: Nigeria's political
Nigeria, fueled by a commitment to
landscape in 2012 was characterized
African unity, solidarity, and self-
by debates and discussions on
determination. Nigerian leaders such
federalism. The nation's federal
as Nnamdi Azikiwe and Obafemi
system, consisting of 36 states and the
Awolowo were proponents of Pan-
Federal Capital Territory, led to
Africanism, emphasizing Nigeria's
ongoing discourse on issues of
role as a leading African nation. In
resource allocation, power-sharing,
2012, Nigeria continued to advocate
and state autonomy. The idea of
for Pan-Africanism through its
fiscal federalism, which would grant
involvement in the African Union
more financial independence to
(AU) and its support for regional

82
 states, garnered attention and as reminders of Nigerian identity and
generated political discussions. unity.
● Political Ideologies: Nigeria's ● Patriotism: Patriotism, the love and
political environment witnessed the devotion to one's country, played a
influence of various ideologies, vital role in the social and political
reflecting the diversity of political landscape. Nigerians expressed their
thought within the nation. patriotism through civic activities,
Ideological debates ranged from participation in national events, and
socialism and capitalism to liberalism displays of national symbols. The
and conservatism, with different Nigerian coat of arms, with its
political parties championing vibrant imagery, was an emblem of
distinct ideologies. The dominance this collective sentiment.
of the People's Democratic Party
4. YOUTH ACTIVISM AND SOCIAL
(PDP) and the emergence of the All-
CHANGE
Progressives Congress (APC) marked
● Youth Activism: 2012 marked a
political shifts associated with these
period of active youth engagement
ideologies.
and activism in Nigeria. Young

3. NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM Nigerians passionately advocated for

● Nationalism: Nigerian nationalism, social change, addressing issues such

driven by a strong sense of national as education, employment, and

identity and unity, remained a political accountability. Youth

prominent ideology in 2012. It movements like the "Occupy

transcended ethnic and religious Nigeria" protests and advocacy

divides and aimed at strengthening groups sought to hold the

the bonds that held the nation government accountable and drive

together. Symbols like the national positive change.

flag and the national anthem served ● Social Change Ideologies: Young
Nigerians promoted ideologies

83
 centered around social justice, equity, foster national integration were
and transparency. They called for influential. Leaders and activists
responsive governance, transparency, advocated for policies that would
and accountability in public ensure equitable representation and
institutions. These ideologies sought opportunities for all ethnic groups.
to address the challenges faced by the
6. ECONOMIC IDEOLOGIES AND
youth, including high
DEVELOPMENT
unemployment rates, educational
● Economic Ideologies: Economic
disparities, and the need for more
ideologies in Nigeria encompassed
inclusive policies.
debates on capitalism, socialism, and

5. RELIGIOUS AND ETHNIC mixed-market approaches. In 2012,

PLURALISM discussions on economic policies
● Religious Pluralism: Nigeria's included debates on privatization,
religious diversity influenced fiscal responsibility, and
ideologies related to religious diversification. Economic
coexistence and tolerance. Interfaith development strategies aimed at
dialogues and initiatives sought to reducing poverty and inequality were
promote harmony among religious central to the discourse.
communities. In the face of religious ● Development Goals: Nigeria's
tensions and conflicts, religious development goals in 2012 were
leaders and organizations advocated guided by ideologies that sought to
for peaceful coexistence and mutual achieve sustained economic growth,
respect. infrastructure development, and job
● Ethnic Pluralism: Ethnic diversity in creation. The country aspired to
Nigeria underscored the importance reduce poverty, improve education,
of promoting unity amid ethnic and increase access t o healthcare
pluralism. Ideologies emphasizing services.
the need to bridge ethnic divides and

84
CONCLUSION:
Nigeria's ideological landscape in 2012 was
marked by a complex interplay of Pan-
Africanism, political ideologies, nationalism,
youth activism, religious and ethnic pluralism,
and economic development strategies. These
ideologies reflected the diverse and dynamic
nature of the nation's social, political, and
economic life. Understanding the ideologies
of the time is essential for comprehending
Nigeria's historical context and the ideas that
have shaped the nation's path.

85
GOALS OF THE NIGERIAN
GOVERNMENT
The following questions proposed by the
Executive Board are

1. Taking back control of territories

from BH
2. Reducing corruption in the govt and
armed forces
3. Successfully securing foreign military
and financial aid
4. Stimulate the economy so as to not
fall in a recession cycle
5. Minimize future civilian deaths
6. Secure alliances with neighbors and
as many African union states as
possible
7. Reconstruct and rebuild war torn
areas
8. Build a special anti terrorism wing for
combating terrorism in the present as
well as future
9. Strengthening the armed forces
10. Getting rid of all moles and
vulnerabilities in the govt

86
CRISIS EMERGENCY
MESSAGE
MESSAGE 1:
This piece of paper fell out of the pockets of
one of the Boko Haram terrorists. The
pattern is similar to the script of the
mathematical concept being taught in a
school nearby. Is it just another piece of
trash? Is it just all too perfect, all too well?
MESSAGE 2:
Adjust the pieces, hold the ground, press long
enough to find out
87
In case anything peculiar is found in the
aforementioned pictures, please inform
either the Supreme Leader of the Boko
Haram, Abubakar Shekau (Nandini Tewari)
if you are in the Boko Haram Cabinet, or the
President of Nigeria, Goodluck Jonathan
(Arnav Garg) in case you in the Government
of Nigeria Cabinet.
These findings can deem to be crucial for the
committee and it's flow, dictating the
upcoming events. Hence, any discoveries
shall be reported by latest 28th of November
2023 (current time), in the form of an email
to houseofwar.intra23@gmail.com.
The beauty lies in the details, all the
best, delegates.
The last date to submit the answer is
28 th November 2023.
MAP GUIDE
In order to maintain the accuracy of the
operations executed in committee by
delegates and prevent any confusion
regarding the geopolitical setting in our era,
the Executive Board of the Joint Crisis
Committee provides its delegates with a few
maps relevan t to the committee and its
agenda. Please note: Delegates are also free to
use other maps as well, depending upon their
Crisis Arcs. The maps attached below are for Map 1.0 - AFRICA: POLITICAL
the ease of the delegates to properly lay out MAP
their plans. To download these maps, please
visit the following link
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1p3
BFUhwZZwB4d7SuI4cEDc0erYbU2Sbm?us
p=drive_link

Map 2.0 - AFRICA: PHYSICAL MAP

88
Map 3.0 - NIGERIA: POLITICAL Map 5.0 - NIGERIA: PHYSICAL
MAP MAP

Map 4.0 - NIGERIA: POLITICAL

Map 6.0 - BOKO HARAM
(REGION DIVISION) MAP
ADMINISTARTION

89
CONCLUDING NOTE to witness yours as the committee commences.
Remember, your influence is larger than you
Hence with that, we come to a conclusion.
may think and stronger than you may believe.
The Executive Board hopes that this
The future of not only Nigeria, the
background guide serves as a worthy starting Government, and the Boko Haram, but
point in your journey of what may be called possible many other bodies, states, and maybe
“an endless path of learning and discovering
even the World now rests in your pens and
the unknown”. This agenda is gravely
mics.
sensitive and crucially critical, and therefore
shall be handled in a method which is not
Let the games begin.
only taking into account the unstable
political situation in the region, but also the Until next time,
delicate blend of religious issues spread The Executive Board, JCC
around the state. We expect to see diplomacy,
Nandini Tewari and Arnav Garg
betrayal and everything in between for the
cabinets to achieve their goals.

While this background guide does cover

mostly all points, some in brief, others in
detail, at the same time, we encourage our
delegates to not restrict their research just to
this one document. This background guide
plays a role of kickstarting your explor ation
in this topic, not ending it. Hence, please feel
free to read beyond this guide and garner as
much information as possible.

So, as we hand this guide to you, we share our

perspectives on the agenda and are now eager

90
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The Boko Haram Hunt Online. (n.d.).
https://stylesuxx.github.io/steganography/

Boko Haram and the Region. (n.d.). Find the

‫خفیہ‬Cryptii.
https://cryptii.com/pipes/caesar -cipher

Iyekekpolo, W. O. (2016, June 8). Boko

Haram: understanding the context. Third
World Quarterly, 37(12), 2211– 2228.

https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2016.1177
453

https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/97801902
77734.013.119

https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-70443-
2_18

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/sj.
2011.15#citeas

https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display
/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001
/acrefore-9780190277734-e-119?print=pdf

91
CREDITS
Logos and Edits: Hardik Khurana 11E (DTO)
Cover Page: Seemon Saraogi 11H
Special mention: Bomnee Gamlin 11A
DTOs

92