THE LUMUN SPIRIT

The LUMUN Spirit has been an integral concept since LUMUN XV. A stimulating
experience of the real United Nations, LUMUN provides the leading platform to provide the
essence of the true UN Ambassador to maximize this enriched experience for the delegates.
MUN aims to induce a competitive and non hostile environment to enable sheer compassion
and connection among representatives from diverse backgrounds and experiences. The
LUMUN Spirit drives us to generate professionalism, trust, empathy, leadership, and
diplomacy skills in the delegates to delineate the position of ambassadors in the truest sense.

We encourage you to enhance your leadership and diplomatic skills while not being
hostile to other delegates or excluding them from discussions. Our Host Team incorporates
cooperation, resilience, and collaboration- the embodiment we expect from the incoming
representatives. To ensure smooth diplomacy, equal opportunities, and competitiveness for
the delegates, we strongly condemn any non-ambassadorial act or overly hostile behavior.
Such actions will not be tolerated or rewarded at any point in time.

Unlike any other MUN, LUMUN puts you in the shoes of a professional UN
Ambassador skilled at productive conversations, improvising dialogues, and guiding others
willingly. In the essence of this vision, the LUMUN Society invites you to experience this
lively, engaging, and fruitful event- a lifelong memory for the rest of your life. Nurture your
skills through team cooperation, heated negotiations, and lasting friendships with the
facilitation of this outstanding Model United Nations experience.
Dear Delegates, Coaches, and Faculty Advisors,

After two years of persevering behind laptop screens, it gives me immense pleasure to
welcome you all to the 19th iteration of the Annual LUMS Model United Nations
Conference.

This year, LUMUN is simulating eleven exciting committees- including General

Assemblies, ECOSOCs, Specialized Bodies and Crisis Committees- with unique mandates
and structures that cover a wide range of international issues. Delegates will debate over the
most pressing global concerns, ranging from frozen conflicts to femicide- as they strive to
faithfully represent their country’s positions. In their struggles to arrive at a common
solution, delegates will learn the art of negotiation and compromise. But through it all, the
delegates can be assured of the LUMUN spirit, which endeavors to prioritize inclusivity and
civility so that both novices and veterans feel at home. And above all, delegates can look
forward to making life-long friendships and networking with the most resourceful individuals
from across the country.
 LUMUN is scheduled to take place from 29th December, 2022 to 2nd January, 2023
at the lively LUMS campus. This year marks a new beginning for LUMUN as we return to
welcome you all in person with warm hugs, exhilarating real-time debates, exciting social
events and delicious meals. We are bracing ourselves for an unprecedented level of intellect
expressed through meaningful discussions, based on the unique lived experiences over the
past 2 years. Simultaneously, we hope to rejuvenate long-established traditions that have
whittled down through online conferences. We are excited to hand out lanyards to familiar
and new faces at the registration desk, see you laughing at the delegate lounge, counting
down at New Year’s Eve, and for so much more. This sentiment is captured in the theme for
LUMUN this year- ‘Tales of Survival, Hopes for Revival’.

As we meticulously prepare with each passing day, our hearts grow more eager to
welcome you all to LUMUN again!

Yours truly,

Sakina Zulfiqar Ali | Secretary-General 2022-2023

Dear Delegates,

It is with immense pleasure that I welcome you all to LUMUN XIX. For those of you
who have seen the likes of this document before, welcome back. Thank you for joining us
once more. For the rest of you, I am delighted to greet you as the newest members of the
LUMUN Family. In the past, the LUMUN conference, and society at large, has continued to
be a torchbearer of leadership and excellence. Under this year’s theme - Tales of Survival,
Hopes for Revival - we aim to deliver on this hope and revive our culture of engagement in
civil discourse by bringing LUMUN back to its in-person format. Whether this will be your
first Model UN or you are a seasoned veteran, do gear up for an unforgettable experience of
understanding and growth.
 Let me make a proper introduction. My name is Iman Attique and I am a sophomore
at LUMS, pursuing an undergraduate in Economics and Mathematics. For the conference, I
will be serving as the Under Secretary General for all the ECOSOC committees (CSW,
UNDP, and UNODC). My journey in Model UN began as a clueless high-school delegate
and has spanned several conferences thereafter. From having looked up to LUMUN as the
pioneer of Model United Nations in Pakistan to getting to work towards its actualization, I
have had an experience that has been gratifying and full of learning. By the end of the
conference, I hope you find that it is the same for you.

Please use this guide as the starting point in your research and preparation. Should
you have any questions, do not hesitate in reaching out to me or your Committee Directors.
We have all put in tremendous hours to bring this edition to life and are more than willing to
assist you in your efforts. Ultimately, the quality of your research and debate is the driving
force behind LUMUN. At the end, remember to embrace this as an opportunity for growth
and take heed that what matter most are the memories and connections you take away.

I look forward to welcoming you all in December.

Until then, good luck and Godspeed!

Regards,
Iman Attique
Under Secretary General
LUMUN
Hello!

My name is Mariam Khawaja, and it is my pleasure to welcome you all to the 19th
iteration of the LUMS Model United Nations Conference as the committee director for CSW.
I am currently a junior at LUMS, pursuing a degree in Economics.

My association with LUMUN dates back seven years when I attended LUMUN 12 as
a delegate. Last year, I served as the assistant committee director for UNW. The journey has
been rewarding, to say the least.

The conferences have allowed me to meet and connect with amazing people across
Pakistan. LUMUN, in my experience, is a forum that promotes discourse among young
individuals and identifies and cultivates their distinctive talents.

Working on CSW this year has been really enriching, especially given how pertinent
the subject is to Pakistan's own socio-cultural setting. I hope that LUMUN is as enriching an
experience for you as it has been for me in the past years.
See you all soon!

Mariam Khawaja,
Chair CSW
LUMUN 19
Hello delegates,

It brings me great joy to welcome you to the Committee on Status of Women. My

name is Shajeea and I am currently a Senior studying Economics. My affiliation with Model
UNs dates back 8 years, culminating in an Outstanding Delegate award at Harvard University
MUN 2018, Boston. Last year, I served as President of FemSoc at LUMS.

Our topic on 'Ending Femicide' is particularly close to my heart, as an avid feminist.

You do not need to have prior knowledge of feminist theory to join this committee, but you
must be actively willing to learn. Through the course of debate, I hope to see delegates who
have a strong unique vision rooted in working collaboratively to tackle the problems at hand.
More importantly, I hope to see delegates focusing on clear, coherent and actionable
solutions grounded in phenomenal research, rather than simply rhetoric-based discussion of
theory.
 One piece of advice: do not perceive critique (from your chairs or fellow delegates) as
a personal attack. It is a blessing to be guided, challenged and informed of holes in your
policy before you waste time and energy acting on fallacious arguments. Seek out alternative
perspectives and adjust their findings into your own outlook where possible. I look forward to
meeting all of you, and truly hope you have a transformative experience.

Regards,
Shajeea
Chair CSW
LUMUN 19
 United Nations Commission on the Status of Women (UNCSW)
Topic Area: Ending Femicide

Table of Contents
Introduction: ............................................................................................................................... 1
Historical Background/current situation regarding femicide .................................................... 1
Terminologies: .......................................................................................................................... 4
Impact of COVID-19 on exacerbating rates of femicide across the globe ................................ 6
Indirect forms of femicide (Reasons) (this shall cover the reasons: what kind of women,
source of violence, and alternative lenses) .............................................................................. 11
Primary/Secondary Victims and how has the issue affected them .......................................... 23
Past UN action and frameworks .............................................................................................. 25
General Stakeholders/ Bloc Positions + Contentions/Stances (Continent wise/ regional) ...... 30
Regional Positions: ........................................................................................................... 30
Women’s sexuality as an object of honor systems ........................................................... 35
Femicide of Sex workers: ................................................................................................. 37
Perpetrators: ...................................................................................................................... 37
Transgender Sex Workers ................................................................................................ 38
Efforts made by state + non-state actors to solve the issue...................................................... 39
Non-state actors ................................................................................................................ 45
Solution Approaches: .............................................................................................................. 46
Bibliography: ........................................................................................................................... 48
 United Nations Commission on the Status of Women (UNCSW)
Topic Area: Ending Femicide

Introduction:

The Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) is the foremost intergovernmental

organization in the world that is solely committed to advancing gender equality and women's
empowerment. The CSW plays a critical role in advocating for women's rights, reflecting the
complexity of women's lives throughout the globe, and establishing international norms for
gender equality and women's empowerment. It was created as a commission of the Economic
and Social Council (ECOSOC) with the goals of advancing women's rights in the political,
economic, civic, cultural, and educational spheres, as well as putting the ideals of equality
between men and women into implementation.

The Commission established strong ties with nonprofit groups right from the start.
The Commission members also established connections with specialized organizations like
UNESCO and UNICEF and the international human rights treaty bodies, including the
Commission on Human Rights, the Social Commission, and the Sub-Commission on the
Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities.

A large percentage of femicides are so-called "honor killings," in which a family

member murders a woman or a girl due to an alleged or actual sexual behavior that is deemed
inappropriate, such as adultery or sexual activity outside of marriage, even including rape.

Historical Background/current situation regarding femicide

Historical contexts of femicide vary geographically owed to the social differences

across the world. The act itself has tainted the histories of a significant number of countries
around the globe. The pre-modern world was shaped by stringent beliefs such as kings'
authority or religious teachings that established a subservient position of women.

The late Dr. Vivian Fox, a professor at a US university who specialized in family and
women's history, asserted that the beliefs and treatment of women in contemporary Western
society had been affected by the Judeo-Christian religion, Greek philosophy, and the
1
 Common Law legal system. [1] She stated in the Journal of International Women's
Studies that "all three traditions have, by and large, assumed patriarchy as natural — that is,
male rule emanating from the concept of male superiority." [2] Violence against women was
regarded in the culture that these ideals helped to sustain as a typical manifestation of
masculine dominance. Women learned to accept and psychologically internalize obedience as
necessary because it was ordained by the Gods, endorsed by the priests, and enforced by the
law. All forms of violence against women have existed and continue to exist.

The need of males to ensure the children their wives bore were their children lies at
the heart of such murders, as historian Matthew A. Goldstein demonstrates in his study of
honor killings in the Roman Empire. [3] According to Goldstein, the state pursued family
members and other people by seizing their property for failing to take action against
unfaithful female relatives under Roman law, which made adultery by women a crime that
was punishable by death. The idea of "honor" as carried by women was not first codified in
law by the Romans. When it came to punishing adulterous women, the Hammurabi Code was
created in 1780 BC and made law by the Babylonian king Hammurabi, who ruled
Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) from 1792 to 1750 BC, which was equally harsh [3]. They
were chained and thrown into the river to perish as their punishment. Male adulterers were
not subject to any penalties under this Code [3].

Chastity, virginity, and "good behavior" of women were highly regarded throughout
Europe in the first century AD. The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy by Jacob
Burckhardt claims, for instance, that German adulteresses were publicly whipped and then
buried alive. [4] Men frequently killed their wives because they thought they were being
unfaithful throughout Europe, and they also frequently killed their daughters when they fled
with another man. Additionally, it was not uncommon for brothers to murder their sisters if
they didn't agree to wed the man their family had selected for them, according to Burckhardt.
Throughout the Middle Ages, nothing changed in Europe [4].

The second wife of King Henry VIII and ruler of England during the 1530s, Anne
Boleyn, was put to death in 1536 on suspicion of adultery, witchcraft, incest, and conspiracy
against the king. The accusations made against her were exceedingly dubious. Marc Smeaton,
her music instructor, was forced to confess to one infidelity. Today, historians generally agree

2
that Anne's only serious transgressions were having a strong personality and failing to bear a
male heir; she gave birth to one daughter and experienced many miscarriages, at least one of
male pregnancy. Therefore, the accusations against her were probably made up by the
monarch or his advisors to get rid of a troublesome woman and make room for someone else.

These themes and reasons for femicide still prevail; in 2017, the UN Office on Drugs
and Crime carried out a global study on homicide that was gender-related to women and girls
[5]. According to the research, 87,000 women worldwide were killed purposefully in that
year, of whom intimate partners or family members killed 50,000. This means that every day,
137 women are assassinated by a member of their own family [5]. More than 5,000 women
are assassinated per year for "family honor"-related causes, according to data from the UN
Population Fund from the year 2000; however, experts believed the number to be
substantially higher even at that time [5].

In the modern world, attitudes have shifted mainly, but now we face unique problems
when tasked with eliminating the concept of femicide entirely. Although practically every
nation in the world has official mortuary registries that may be used to calculate mortality
rates, there are social and administrative barriers to classifying women's deaths as "femicide"
in official statistics. Denial and disinterest in the issue, a blatant underestimation of the
problem's scope that results in inaccurate reporting, or a lack of resources and multiagency
coordination to make gender visible in rapidly evolving reporting practices are a few
examples of such barriers (a common one is a breakdown in communication between
regional mortuary registers and national statistical agencies)[6]. The ecological model, which
contends that violence is influenced by forces acting at four levels—individual,
family/relationship, community, and social or structural—is the most popular paradigm for
analyzing all types of violence (which relates to laws, policies, and broader societal
influences).

3
The risk variables for perpetrators and victims at these levels are shown in the table above.
[7]

Terminologies:

This section does not attempt to define or describe the notion of gender equality, nor
does it attempt to summarize the progress of the past few hundred years; but only tries to
equip the delegates with the knowledge needed to understand the most relevant concepts
within the progressive movement, in the way they are most commonly understood by
theorists today. Such theorization has shaped several movements that have made policy
recommendations and progressive changes. As the world learns more about gender and

4
sexuality, categorizing individuals for policy formulation has become a weakness of many
policymakers.

The following is a list of terms that may assist your practice of policymaking:

● Transgender: People whose gender is different from or does not fit nicely with the
sex they were born with are referred to as trans. Transgender, non-binary, or
genderqueer terminology are only a few of the many that trans persons might use to
describe themselves [8].
● Femme: A Lesbian who adopts identification traits such as attire, hairstyle, interests,
or demeanors that are traditionally associated with femininity
● Gender: The culturally determined duties, actions, pursuits, and characteristics
people associate with their sex.
● Bisexual: Interested in persons of their own gender and people of dissimilar genders
(not necessarily every).
● Cisgender: gender identity (current) is the same sex assigned at birth.
● Gay: attracted primarily to members of the same gender.
● Gender expression: the way a person expresses their gender to others by outward
manifestations, such as voice or body language, attire or hairstyle, or movement.
● Gender Identity: A person's perception of who they are.
● Gender Minority: People whose assigned sex at birth is not consistent with their
gender identity (man, woman, or other) or expression (masculine, feminine, or other).
● Gender nonbinary: People who do not categorically identify as either men or
women. These identities can also be referred to as genderqueer, agender, bigender,
gender creative, etc.
● Gender Nonconforming: one whose physical characteristics or actions do not
correspond to gender norms (a feminine boy, a masculine girl, etc.)
● Heterosexual/Straight: A guy who prefers women or a woman who prefers men.
● Lesbian: A woman who is drawn to other women.
● LGBTQ+: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ+) are a
community.
5
 ● Queer: an umbrella term for the entire LGBT community.
● Questioning: The procedure of investigating and learning about one's own sexual
preference, gender identity, or gender expression i

● Sex: the biological distinction between a male and a female.

● Sexual Orientation: sexual/emotional attraction and behavior

Impact of COVID-19 on exacerbating rates of femicide across the globe

This infographic demonstrates some essential factors coming into play concerning the
Shadow Pandemic. [9]

The usual outcome of any crisis, including epidemics, is an escalation of violence

against women. Distress, interruption of social and protective networks, increased economic
difficulties, and a lack of chances for aid can all improve a woman's likelihood of
experiencing violence. To slow the spread of COVID-19, compulsory lockdowns have been
instituted in several countries. For a few of the ladies, the lockdown quickly turned into a

6
lock-in with their perpetrators. Abuse reports are becoming more prevalent worldwide. This
is being caused by the Shadow Pandemic. When social events are discontinued, public places
are shut down, schools are closed, and quarantine laws are strictly followed, this frequently
leads to an upsurge in rape and other forms of assault that are not simply domestic.

 How did the Global Pandemic play a role in accelerating violence against women?

There has been a substantial rise in the number of incidences of abuse against women
and girls that have been reported globally after governments started enforcing lockdowns and
"shelter at home" orders: Similar trends were observed in Canada, Germany, Spain, the
United States, the United Kingdom, India, Mexico, and Brazil. It should be noted, however,
that historically, most incidents of violence against women and girls incidents continue to go
unreported. The extensive societal cracks that COVID-19 has uncovered have highlighted the
urgent need to confront this "shadow pandemic" within the pandemic. The COVID-19 and
intimate partner violence narrative has repeatedly highlighted men's anger, failure to provide
for the family, and couples' struggles with bills, food, and other necessities. Caregivers
experience stress when they must simultaneously care for children absent from school due to
the COVID-19 curfew and work remotely. It increases the likelihood of domestic abuse,
particularly the abuse of children. According to 4 out of 5 women, they or a woman they
know have experienced at least one sort of when their partners make less money, violence
[10]. Food insecurity is also a crucial factor; women who indicate that domestic violence is
common and those who know an individual who has been abused are more likely to face food
insecurity than women who say it is uncommon [10].

➢ · . The underlying determinants, however, are more complicated and involve

social, cultural, political, and economic power disparities that were fostered by
patriarchy and perpetuated by conventional ideas of masculinity. In addition, these
core causes suggest correlations between masculinities and other types of violence,
such as sex-based violence, that are made worse by the COVID-19 epidemic.
➢ · The worldwide healthcare crisis of 2020 has revealed the design deficiencies in
a system that emphasizes incarceration, surveillance, and armament at the expense of

7
 all people's access to healthcare and social welfare. Many politicians are opting for
authoritarian reactions that feed into narratives of fear and division when the world
needs capital and action on crucial care work [11].
➢ · The factors responsible are a power and control disparity rather than the virus
or the ensuing economic disaster. This discrepancy is caused by the inequity that
exists between men and women, discriminatory attitudes and beliefs, gender
stereotypes, societal expectations that condone and support abuse and violence, and
societal institutions that reinforce discrimination and unequal treatment. The
development of longer-term, more strategic measures that address these root causes is
crucial if we wish to eradicate VAWG completely.

 Limited access to help and the government's involvement

Due to social exclusion, lockdowns, and other movement limitations that increase the
risk of domestic abuse for women and girls, COVID-19 was particularly alarming in this
respect. This resulted in fewer possibilities to occupy safe places together with school
closings.
Early on in the COVID-19 pandemic, calls were made for governments to include the
prevention of violence against women and girls as a critical component of their national
emergency response plans. There were also calls for the inclusion of shelters and helplines as
essential services to ensure they would continue to be supported and available for use.
Several governments acted quickly and effectively when the threat of increasing violence
against women and girls surfaced, increasing funding for GBV-programmed homes and
hotlines while also stepping up messaging and communication on these topics.
Nevertheless, despite these appeals, extensive school and support group closures, and
a reduction in government financing,g has made it difficult, if not impossible, to safeguard
and care for survivors. In reaction to these actions, governments have, in some cases,
curtailed financing to organizations that operate in the field, shifted resources from GBV
prevention and response, and suppressed free speech and dissent.
Other times, government policy was illogical and counterproductive, passing
legislation to reduce gender-based violence while cutting support for organisations protecting
women's rights.

8
 Additionally, in certain areas, the call volume has drastically fallen as a result of the
offenders' efforts to prevent survivors from accessing protection and other crucial services.

Rising GBV rates are not just a natural consequence of the pandemic lockdown
situation; in many situations, they are also the result of ineffective government action. In
addition, several organizations have had to shut down their activities and facilities due to
decreased financing brought on by the economic effects of the epidemic. The COVID-19
crisis shows that detrimental socioeconomic repercussions on women are more long-lasting
than on males.

 What kind of women were affected by the economic crisis

Women saw a more significant reduction in business hours during the first wave of
the pandemic than males did, highlighting the cumulative impact of job losses on the labor
market and the decreasing number of hours worked by those who managed to hold onto their
positions. A more complex socioeconomic reality was confronted by young, uneducated, and
immigrant women. During the pandemic's initial wave, young people—particularly women—
lost employment disproportionately. In general, employment declined by 2.4%, but for young
women and men, it dropped by more than 10% and more than 9%, respectively [12]. Self-
employed, contract, part-time, and unorganized employees were severely hit by the early
epidemic and containment measures. Women make up a disproportionate amount of
employees in these non-standard occupations; for example, 69% of part-time workers aged
15 to 64 report losses [12]. The COVID-19 dilemma has had the greatest impact on industries
with a high prevalence of unreported employment. For instance, the industry with the most
prominent employment decrease was lodging and food services, where 54% of the workforce
were women [12].

9
  The share of unpaid work is a major determinant of who is losing most in the COVID-
19 crisis

During the initial wave of the pandemic, both men and women experienced an
increase in the unpaid care load, even though women remained primarily responsible for
providing care. Women with caring duties were particularly affected by the closure of
schools, the reduction in childcare, the closure of daycare and other care facilities, and other
restrictive policies regarding meaningful work and career possibilities. Most healthcare
professionals are female and frequently struggle to strike a balance between their professional
and personal lives. These struggles are followed by a higher chance of catching the virus,
detrimental psychological impacts, or even violent outbursts. More working women than
working males reported having trouble focusing on their work or allocating enough time due
to the increased share of caregiving chores.

The challenges experienced by parents and those with additional caregiving duties
were made worse by the reduction in informal assistance from grandparents and domestic
workers due to mobility constraints and social isolation. One of the significant effects of the
shock to care arrangements caused by crisis management may be women's increased exit rate
from the labor force. This demonstrates how the COVID-19 epidemic can worsen women's
prospects over the long run in the job market and entrench conventional gender norms in the
private sector.

Only secondarily and in terms of their economic effects (such as how the closure of
childcare services affects parents' professional activity), rather than in terms of support for
parenting or equitable sharing of caring responsibilities, have work-life balance concerns in
relation to lockdown measures been raised. When developing containment and recovery
strategies, gender equality issues should be considered when estimating the pandemic's
potential economic and social effects. Neglecting gender disparities in unpaid care and new
obstacles to work-life balance as significant barriers to women's employment has been
demonstrated to have various and developing long-term implications for women. The

10
COVID-19 dilemma amply highlights the need for more effective economic design for
multiple initiatives to help parents. For instance, during the crisis, special leave or the
adaption of parental leave policies that were already in place did not consider the various
work schedules or family circumstances of employees and careers.

 The role of digitization and telework :

Particularly for women who are also carers, the widespread adoption of telework has a
significant influence on employees' living and working conditions, possibly enhancing both
positive and negative results. The crisis demonstrated that paid work could only be done to
the extent that free time outside of care obligations permits, whether the work is done
remotely or not. Additionally, telework during the pandemic may have led to longer working
hours, increased stress, a blurring of the barriers between work and home life, as well as a
greater sense of isolation and loneliness. All of these factors may have had a harmful effect
on employees' mental health and well-being. However, 59% of women and 53% of men who
use these platforms work, indicating that the ability to work online does not shield people
from facing financial difficulties [13].

Indirect forms of femicide (Reasons) (this shall cover the reasons: what kind of women,
source of violence, and alternative lenses)

 Maternal Deaths

This section serves to provide somewhat of an alternate lens concerning dissecting the
causes of femicide. Maternal mortality is one such cause, often, there are pregnancy-related
violent deaths, and this remains an overlooked and underresearched factor in the global arena.

Women in less developed nations have many more pregnancies and a larger lifetime
risk of pregnancy-related mortality than women in wealthy ones. The lifetime risk of
maternal death is the probability that a 15-year-old woman would ultimately die from a
maternal cause. Complications during, following, and after delivery take the lives of women
at a rate of 1 in 5400 in high-income nations as opposed to 1 in 45 in low-income countries
11
[14]. The bulk of these problems, which can often be prevented or addressed, arise during
pregnancy. Other issues could also exist before conception, but if they are not addressed as
part of the woman's treatment throughout pregnancy, they aggravate.

If difficulties are managed or avoided, the majority of maternal fatalities can be

averted [14]. All women must have access to high-quality care during pregnancy, labor, and
the postpartum period. Newborn and maternal health are connected. Skilled medical
specialists should be present at every delivery since prompt treatment and assistance might
mean the difference between life and death for the mother and the newborn.

Severe postpartum bleeding, if untreated, can quickly kill a healthy woman. Oxytocic
injections after delivery considerably reduce the risk of bleeding. Infection after childbirth
can be avoided by practicing excellent hygiene, recognizing early signs of disease, and
treating them quickly. Pre-eclampsia should be recognized and effectively managed before
eclampsia (convulsions) and other possibly deadly effects manifest. Giving a woman pre-
eclampsia drugs like magnesium sulfate can reduce her risk of developing eclampsia.

To avert maternal deaths, unwanted pregnancies must be prevented. All women, even
young ones, should have access to safe abortion methods, excellent post-abortion care, and
contraception.

Preventing unintended pregnancies is essential for avoiding maternal fatalities. All

women, including young women, should have access to contraception, safe abortion
procedures, and high-quality post-abortion care.

Plus, South Sudan, Somalia, the Central African Republic, Yemen, Syria, Sudan, the
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Chad, Afghanistan, Iraq, Haiti, Guinea, Zimbabwe,
Nigeria, and Ethiopia were among the 15 nations that the Fragile States Index classified as
being on "very high alert" or "high alert" in 2017 and had MMRs ranging from 31 (Syria) to
1150 (the Democratic Republic of the Congo) (Southern Sudan)[11]. Adolescent girls
between the ages of 10 and 19 had the highest risk of pregnancy and birthing complications,

12
while teenage girls under the age of 15 have the highest chance of maternal mortality
(compared to women aged 20-24) [15]

Similarly, femicide is a significant cause of death both during pregnancy and after
delivery. A recent study in America examined the risk of pregnancy-related homicide [16].

Pregnancy-associated homicide was defined as a victim who was pregnant or within a

year of giving birth at the time of the homicide by researchers who looked at fatality files
from the National Center for Health Statistics for 2018 and 2019, focusing on female victims
between the ages of 10 and 44 [17]. In addition to ratios for other fundamental obstetric
causes of death, researchers evaluated the homicide mortality ratio linked with pregnancy to
that of non-pregnant, non-postpartum females. During pregnancy or within 42 days after
delivery, homicide was twice as prevalent as the other top causes of maternal death, such as
hypertensive disorders, hemorrhage, and infection. Age and ethnicity were risk factors for
femicide.

Non-Hispanic black women had a significantly higher prevalence of homicides

connected to pregnancy. The risk for pregnancy-related homicide was six times higher for
10–19-year-olds than for any other age group, with 20–24-year-olds being the next greatest
risk group. Non-Hispanic Black women made up most of the victims in pregnancy-related
homicide cases, and about half were under 25-year-olds [18].

To promote maternal health, it is vital to identify and remove societal and health
system barriers to obtaining high-quality maternal health care. Nations have banded together
to support a new Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) that aims to reduce maternal
mortality more swiftly by 2030. "Reducing the global MMR to less than 70 per 100 000
births, with no nation having a maternal mortality rate that is more than twice the global
average," is one of the lofty goals of SDG 3, which can be explored and brought on track to
be achieved by the 2030 deadline. [80]

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  Unsafe abortions

Although some nations make an effort to outlaw abortions, only safe abortions are
stopped by federal restrictions. Those who must end their pregnancies will still do so, but
they run a higher risk of suffering problems or even death. Most abortion-related fatalities
happen due to complications, including severe bleeding, sepsis (severe general infection),
poisoning, uterine perforation, or injury to other internal organs [19]. Women who can obtain
pills on the illicit market "may still experience difficulties due to poor drug quality,
inappropriate dose, inadequate information, or a combination of these issues. These abortion-
related consequences can be avoided, saving the woman's life, if done safely. In certain
circumstances, doctors are reluctant to conduct abortions even when the mother's life is in
danger because the procedure is criminalized and punishes healthcare providers and patients.
For instance, in pregnancies where women experience complications such as placental
abruption (in which the placenta separates from the uterus before birth) [20], hyperemesis
gravidarum (extreme and persistent nausea and vomiting that lasts throughout pregnancy)
[21], preeclampsia (rapid rise in blood pressure that can cause seizure, stroke, multiple organ
failure, and even death) [22], or ectopic pregnancies (in which a fertilized egg grows out of
the uterus) [23], termination may be the best course of action.

In cases of rape or incest, particularly when children are involved, there is a further
layer of complexity on top of the typical difficulties confronted by pregnant mothers. In July
2022, a 10-year-old girl in the United States who fell pregnant as a consequence of rape was
forced to cross state boundaries in order to obtain an abortion because her state's restrictive
abortion laws did not allow exceptions for cases of rape or incest, even for minors [24]. Not
all young girls, however, are as fortunate, as was the case for a 14-year-old girl in Paraguay
who was killed during childbirth because her body was not prepared or grown enough to
carry a baby since she was unable to have an abortion due to harsh restrictions [25]. Lack of
access to abortion services for poor women may result in unsafe, self-inflicted abortions or
may compel the woman to become pregnant and plunge her and the baby farther into poverty
[26].

14
 Following are details of the state of the legislative for inferences to be made about the
domino effect laws about abortions can have. The UN reports that in 2017, Latin America
had the largest percentage of unintended pregnancies (56%) and that the region also saw
hundreds of thousands of illegal abortions per year. Aside from Chile, where legal changes
are being made, nations where abortions are harshly punished and where women's and girls'
human rights are routinely abused include Nicaragua, the Dominican Republic, Honduras,
Haiti, El Salvador, and Chile. The only nations in Europe that outright forbid abortion are
Andorra, Malta, and the Vatican. Conscientious objection, which must be an individual
matter and not an institutional one, is, nevertheless, being construed incorrectly.

Aragón, Castilla Léon, Castilla La Mancha, and Murcia are among Spanish regions
where state services do not perform abortions; instead, they are all referred to private clinics
[27]. Many women have been forced to use private clinics, typically situated in different parts
of the country, with all the added price, family inconvenience, and travel expenditure
associated due to the paucity of medical experts in public health services who are not
objectors.

Here are two case studies that illuminate the problem more specifically:

The case of Gerri Santoro: Gerri was the youngest of 15 children born on a
Connecticut farm, and she was raised in a time when men could treat women however they
pleased. At the age of 18, she met her future husband at a bus stop and was engaged shortly
after. Her violent spouse frequently struck her. Nothing was done to stop the domestic abuse,
even though she would show up at work with bruises. She eventually took off and went back
to her parent's farm. She met a different guy, Dixon, but kept their relationship secret out of
respect for her husband's spiteful nature. She was unable to divorce him due to the country's
rules at the time. Pregnancy followed. There were no viable choices. Using used surgical
equipment and directions from a textbook, Gerri and Dixon tried to self-induce in their hotel
room. He left the motel as Gerri began to bleed. She succumbed to the lack of options open to
her and died by herself on the floor of that room [28]. This is what occurs when men are

15
given the freedom to deny women the ability to make decisions in their life. It occurred when
Gerri was alive and reigns true today.

Secondly, there is the case of Izabela Sajbor, who was 22 weeks pregnant when she
went into premature labor. Weeks earlier and just 12 hours before she passed away, the 30-
year-old texted her mother in a series of tearful texts, "I pray I won't have sepsis because then
I won't leave this hospital." She had only recently learned that her pregnant child had the rare
genetic condition Edwards' Syndrome. Her doctor advised her to plan for the possibility that
most people with the illness may pass away before they are ever born. But Izabela requested
an abortion for medical reasons after learning of the fetal abnormalities. However, because of
Poland's tight abortion legislation, medical professionals declined to abort a fetus that was
still beating. Izabela's heart had already stopped working by the time the fetal heartbeat
stopped and medical professionals took her for a C-section, leaving her dead [29]. This death
might have been prevented if she had been permitted to have an abortion before the fetal
heartbeat stopped.

Find above a map of the world that provides a definitive record of the legal status of
abortion. Its interactive version is provided by the Centre for Reproductive Rights on its site
and is updated in real-time [30].

16
  Pink Tax

Given that women continue to earn less than males, the pink tax has long placed a
financial hardship on them. Only five of the 146 nations examined received ratings better
than 0.80 for wage equality for identical employment, according to the Global Gender Gap
Report 2022 published by the World Economic Forum [31]. (A score of 1.0 indicates
complete salary parity.) In addition, 129 nations this year reported a decline in women's
involvement in the labor force when compared to men's [31]. According to the survey, one of
the most obvious elements causing total gender-based wealth inequality is the gender pay
gap. In order to ensure that women participate fully and equally in the economy, the United
Nations has urged nations all around the world to take action to end the pink tax [32]. The
price of products that women must buy but men do not, such as tampons, is another aspect of
the pink tax that researchers and decision-makers examine [33]. Advocates have long pushed
to lessen or eliminate these levies because they understand the hardship that taxes on tampons
and other feminine sanitary products place on women, particularly those with lower incomes.
Taxes on tampons and other feminine products have been eliminated in a number of
countries, including Australia, Canada, India, and Rwanda.

The purpose of mentioning the Pink Tax as a contributor to femicide is to identify the
policies stemming from ideologies that hinder women's social mobility and create unique
obstacles for them, which shape their place in society to be one that is difficult to
accommodate. It is important to tackle these problems at the grassroots level and aim for a
largely holistic approach since there is a myriad of contributing factors, and none can be
ignored.

 Climate Change

Fighting climate change involves more than just trying to preserve our planet's
viability. It may contribute directly to violence against many women.

As in many other nations, the effects of climate change are already being seen in
Uganda [34]. In two rural wetlands villages in 2019, the majority of the residents depend on

17
agriculture for a living. The inhabitants spoke of altered weather patterns, heavier rains,
protracted droughts, warmer temperatures, increased crop failure, animal losses, and rising
food insecurity. However, research revealed that perhaps unexpectedly, the effects of climate
change also increase the probability of violence against women. Long-term droughts expose
women and girls to an increased risk of sexual assault because they must go farther and more
frequently for food and water. Even attempts by women to negotiate to supply labor in
exchange for food are occasionally rebuffed, and these powerful men insist on sex. This is
especially true with food vendors, farmers, and landowners. It has been discovered that girls
who spend more time fetching water attend school less frequently and may even stop
altogether. Women said that because they had to expend more time and energy in order to get
food and water, they might not have enough time to accomplish their other domestic and
family duties. Or the added job made them too exhausted for sex, which some men react to
with violence. To better manage food scarcity, some families resorted to marrying off their
daughters. Women and children were left to fend for themselves in homes when males left to
pursue employment elsewhere, leaving them exposed to abuse and sexual exploitation. Men's
traditional role as providers is put under stress by poor harvests, animal losses, lower wages,
and food insecurity. They frequently abused alcohol as a coping mechanism and were prone
to violence, especially when arguing with their spouses. The essential connections between
climate change, livelihoods, and violence against women are amply demonstrated by this
qualitative study in the two communities. This study discovered that current initiatives to
reduce climate change and improve livelihoods may have unintentionally increased the risk
and incidental aspects of gender-based violence.

Women are more likely to experience rape, sexual violence and harassment, intimate
partner violence, early marriages, prostitution, and sexual exploitation after climate-related
disasters such as tropical storms, severe floods, and landslides. For instance, the Tanna
Women's Counseling Center in Vanuatu received a 300 percent surge in domestic violence
complaints in 2011 as a result of two severe storms [35]. Following Cyclone Sidr in 2007,
field research in Bangladesh found that the rate of trafficking had increased in the affected
areas [36]. Due to the lack of physical security, accessible infrastructure, and secure services,
women living in shelters, camps, or other temporary settlements are more likely to experience
18
rape, sexual harassment, and other forms of abuse. VAWG is made worse by the fact that
women and girls face higher barriers to reporting assault and obtaining essential services,
such as health and social services [37]. Law enforcement frequently fails, and resources that
were allocated to initiatives to stop violence may now be spent elsewhere. Women and girls
are more likely to face violence at home, at school, at work, and in public areas because of
their limited access to public services and social protection, their lack of finances, and
restrictions on their capacity to earn a living. Destabilization of family systems and
subsequent social isolation may create conditions that allow violence to happen covertly.

The Glasgow Climate Pact and the Paris Agreement under the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) do not specifically address VAWG,
despite the fact that they recognize the value of gender equality and women's empowerment
[38] [39]. The formation of cross-sectoral links between the ending VAWG and the climate
change sectors, as well as the tying of climate change and VAWG in research, policy, and
programs, still have significant gaps. The situation is made worse by a lack of knowledge and
research that would clarify the gravity
and breadth of the issue, the risk and
protective factors, and how VAWG
impairs resilience and recovery efforts
[40]. Such knowledge is necessary for
directing the development of effective
solutions. Several policies and
proposals stress the need for disaster
risk reduction, readiness, emergency
plans, and response in order to meet
VAWG in the context of global
climate change.

Recent data of climate-related spikes in VAWG [35]

19
 In order to properly address the complexities and necessitates of women and girls,
both in the setting of disaster risk reduction and in the contexts of slow-onset climate events,
more work is required to make sure closer cooperation of preventative measures and
responses to VAWG in adaptation and mitigation policies and interventions.

The ability to invest in climate solutions that would help stop and mitigate the short- and
long-term consequences of climate change on violence against women and girls, especially
those facing numerous, intersecting types of discrimination and violence, is severely
constrained as a result of the extremely limited access to climate funding for ending violence
against women and girls.

 Deaths related to human trafficking, drug trade, organized criminality, and gang-
related activities

Since the 1920s, women have participated in drug trafficking organizations (DTOs),
although generally, men have been in charge of these groups. Although female positions were
less prominent than those of their male colleagues, they have still taken on significant
responsibilities like drug mules or directors. Ignacia Jasso de González, also known as "La
Nacha," and Mara Dolores Estévez Zuleta, also known as "Lola La Chata," were important
figures in drug dealing and trafficking in the 1920s and 1950s, according to an interview with
Howard Campbell, professor of anthropology at the University of Texas-El Paso, conducted
by the Latin American Advisor. Only in the past twenty years have women started to become
more visible in the media, despite the fact that they have been engaged in DTOs for many
years and have even occasionally taken on dominant positions. It is patently false to assert
that women do not frequently engage in DTOs or are unaffected by them.

Today, women participate equally in all facets of drug trafficking, including crew
management and money laundering, which has led to an increase in detained and harshly
treated women. When women are associated with DTOs, there is a definite lack of answers to
these frequently dangerous conditions, an increase in criminality, as well as the difficulties
that drug trafficking invariably brings upon them.

20
 Government initiatives to combat drug cartels have an impact on women both
directly—as they may be used as bosses or mule workers—and indirectly—by leading to a
rise in prostitution and sex trafficking [42]. When governments increase their inspection of
DTOs, these sectors provide an alternative. The International Organization for Migration
estimates that just sex trafficking in Latin America can generate USD 16 billion in annual
earnings [43]. They are a logical choice to mobilize in the face of growing government
control due to their enormous earnings. Due to rivalry between opposing cartels, women are
also forced into joining DTOs. The large increase in women working for Mexican cartels
"comes in the context of the drug warfare raging between different trafficking organizations
and between them and the government," according to an article in The Guardian [44]. Most
frequently, someone related who was earning money from drug trafficking perished in these
violent altercations. When this happens, the woman in the association is frequently compelled
to assume the role of the primary provider. If the woman lacks education or experience, it
may be very difficult for her to obtain legitimate employment; in this case, she will probably
join the drug trade and pick up where the deceased member left off.

An increase in the proportion of women in prison and a rise in their crime rate are two
indications of femicide, a serious issue in Latin America. Femicide is a manifestation of the
hedonistic masculinity associated with the drug business. The government's efforts to fight
drug trafficking are frequently met with threats or retaliation, often using women as tools. In
May 2011, the severed skull of a 20-year-old woman and a note pleading with the
government to stop enforcing laws intended to curb criminal behavior was found in a phone
booth [45]. Drug trafficking seems to foster the impression that women in these nations are
easily disposable even though they typically keep the family together.

Femicides sever family bonds, forcing children to grow up in an unstable setting.

Additionally, the perception that violence against women is acceptable has increased.
Although femicide is still a problem throughout Latin America, it is more prevalent in some
regions of Central America. According to Mara Virginia Dáz Méndez of the Center of
Women's Studies in Honduras, "Honduras ranks second to Guatemala for the greatest
femicide rate," the number of killed women in numerous Mexican states grew by three times

21
between 2005 and 2009, from 3.7 to 11.1 per 100,000 [46] [47]. Despite growing worry over
the prevalence of femicide in the region, it appears that there are little to no consequences for
committing such crimes.

 Homophobia and transphobia

Anti-trans violence, particularly against transgender women, has increased along with
the exposure of the transgender community. Understanding the elements that contribute to the
overrepresentation of Black transgender women as femicide victims requires an intersectional
viewpoint. An intersectional perspective on victimization offers insights into how the lives of
transgender women are impacted by overlapping categories of identity. The analysis shows
that the existence of the several axes of dominance and oppression—racism, sexism,
classism, and cissexism—interact at many and varying levels and simultaneously contribute
to the disproportionately high number of Black transgender women who become victims of
femicide [48].

The Trans Murder Monitoring (TMM) research initiative found that there were 331
verified homicides of trans and gender nonconforming people between October 1, 2018, and
September 30, 2019 [49]. The majority of murders were committed in Mexico (63), the
United States (63), and Brazil (130 deaths) (30). According to TMM research, racism,
xenophobia, and prejudice towards certain occupations, such as sex work, regularly coexist
with homicidal violence against trans and gender-nonconforming people [49]. In the USA,
trans women of color and/or Native Americans account for the bulk of reported murders of
trans people (90%), and the majority of victims of this type of violence are sex workers
(61%) [49]. Trans women who were immigrants made up 65% of the reported murder victims
in France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain.

The condition of gender-based violence and femicide against lesbian, bisexual,

transgender, and intersex (LBTI) women is discussed, as well as how it relates to their sexual
orientation, gender identity/expression, and sex characteristics (SOGIESC) and the reasons
that contribute to it [50]. In order to eliminate prejudice-based violence from the social scene,

22
merge it with other types of violence, and downplay the significance of its systematic nature
and discriminatory intentions, the absence of public statistics on violence against LBTI
women is an exclusionary approach. Without a SOGIESC-sensitive strategy, initiatives to
address gender-based violence either fail to reach LBTI women or even cause them to
become victims again. The severity of the offenses committed against LBTI women is
minimized because of the stigma attached to them based on SOGIESC.

Transphobia is one of the main challenges to collecting data on femicide against

transgender women. Femicide against transgender women commonly goes unreported
because it is challenging to identify the perpetrators because they typically use their birth
name rather than their real or preferred identity. It frequently has the effect of making it
difficult to understand how the violence trans women encounter is caused by their gender or
gender identity [51]. Violence committed by a cis-male spouse against a trans woman can be
seen as "male-on-male" hostility. Due to the lack of legal gender recognition, trans women
frequently struggle to access gender-sensitive assault prevention and compensation programs.

Primary/Secondary Victims and how has the issue affected them

The impact of femicides varies among families. As aforementioned, it is often not a

cause for concern, depending on the context of the woman's death. Alternatively, the case of
Noor Mukadam demonstrates the butterfly effect of how families, friends, other victims, and
societies at large are affected.

Few femicide cases in Pakistan make headlines, but the beheading of an ambassador's
daughter will put the country's legal system to the test, which critics claim has frequently let
down victims of violence and requires urgent change. Noor Mukadam, 27, reportedly passed
away on July 20 after being allegedly tortured and assassinated by a friend, Zahir Jaffer, 30,
the son of a powerful family and a dual citizen of Pakistan and the United States. This
information comes from a police record seen by CNN [52]. If it weren't for Mukadam's status
and Jaffer's family connections, as well as the wealthy setting off the killing in block F7, one

23
of Islamabad's most affluent areas, Mukadam's death, might not have been recorded in
Pakistan's crime statistics. Pakistanis called for justice for Noor in the days following her
passing on Twitter. A GoFundMe page set up to help her family with legal costs reached
almost $50,000 before being closed at the family's request, according to a note on the site.
Zahra Haider, a feminist activist and close friend of Mukadam, told CNN that Mukadam
"was the kind of person who went the extra mile for her loved ones" and enjoyed "dancing on
the roof in the rain." Said friends and online supporters continue to bring up her death, and
this is a reflection of how the issue is one that can not have reparations.

Similarly, the couple's children become the victims who go unnoticed as attention is
focused on the victim and the perpetrator of the crime. None of the awful experiences a child
can go through can compare to watching one parent be murdered by the other. In addition,
children who witness parental homicides may occasionally be left alone with their mother's
dead body and may need to seek assistance or make an effort to protect her. Some of them
may be the only ones who can provide the police and social services with information
because they witnessed their father's suicide and his subsequent death. Numerous research
has discussed the maladaptive and regressive reactions that go along with these stressful
occurrences [53].

In August 2021, the grandparents of the one-year-old daughter of the twenty-year-old

Caroline Crouch fought for the girl's custody after Caroline was killed by her husband,
Charalambos Anagnostopoulos, 33. Caroline's journals showed that she had been in a
controlling, abusive relationship. Now, it is likely that the young child will spend her
formative years on the island of Alonissos, where her maternal grandparents currently reside,
rather than in Athens [54]. She is one of the countless kids who lose their mothers to femicide
every year, their plight veiled by news stories about murders. Families and friends who are
suddenly faced with a loss and an additional obligation will find it difficult to assume the role
of caregiver.

24
 Their tales are just a few of those that the Observer is now highlighting as part of its
partnership with the Femicide Census, a database that has a 10-year analysis of all female
homicides [55]. The census was started by Karen Ingala Smith, CEO of the sexual and
domestic violence organization Nia, and activist and former lawyer Clarrie O'Callaghan [56].
The government should, at the very least, determine how many children are impacted and
create an action plan to address their needs. That is not happening at the moment, according
to O'Callaghan.

She and Ingala Smith believe that femicide leaves at least 80 children in the UK
without a mother each year. “When your father commits an act of violence, it has an even
greater effect on you as a child,” Ingala Smith says. “In addition to the trauma of
bereavement, there are issues with allegiance, identity, and genetics.”

Little to no attention has been given to children whose mothers were killed. These are
challenging situations for child psychiatry teams, and only a small number of professionals
have ever worked with such youngsters. It is important to think about and debate issues like
where children should live and with whom they should attend the funeral, and whether they
should visit their father in jail. Instead of relying solely on subjective norms, judges, police,
social workers, or offices that aid victims should base their decisions about whether to offer
protection on empirical data. The best placement for these kids, as well as the greatest
psychological interventions and assessments of their relationship with their father (where he
is the killer), require extensive long-term research to be determined what happens to these
kids (particularly as they become older).

Past UN action and frameworks

2020 Regional
Snapshot for
IPV Asia
Pacific [79]

25
 The two central bodies responsible for past actions that have been taken by the UN to
curtail the prevalence of femicide are the United Nations Human Rights Council and the United
Nations General Assembly. Both have been responsible for passing various resolutions and
conventions which have been ratified by a substantial number of countries in the UN. However,
it must be highlighted that most of these conventions are not legally binding. Mostly, what they
aim to do is define an international standard that all states who have ratified such resolutions
must build towards through social, legal, and cultural changes within their own systems. The
following is a general list of the major UN frameworks and actions that have been taken to
tackle violence against women. This list, however, is not exhaustive nor in any specific order
of importance, and delegates are expected to bring forth any other actions/frameworks which
are relevant to the topic area.

a. Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women: Passed and

eventually adopted by the UNGA in 1992, the primary focus of DEVAW was
the setting up of a defined international standard of the legal frameworks that
are to be developed in countries all around the world to better protect women
against gender-based violence. Articles 1 and 2 of the DEVAW are the most
widely recognized definitions of violence against women [57]. Article 1 defines
gender-based violence as ‘any act of violence that results in, or is likely to result
in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including
threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether
occurring in public or in private life Article 2 builds upon this by describing
various forms of gender-based violence which also includes femicide [57].
Since the time the DEVAW was adopted, it has had a certain influence on the
efforts that have been taken to safeguard women. For example, The United
Nations Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women and Girls was first
established after the DEVAW was adopted. The main purpose of this body is to
analyze data from state and non-state actors and to respond to the problems the
reports suggest. Furthermore, the DEVAW also asserts that states should not
only refrain from partaking in initiatives that promote gender-based violence

26
 but should also do their best to take affirmative action to help curtail the
prevalence of this form of violence [58].
b. Resolution 18/47: This places a particular emphasis on domestic violence in
resolution 58/147, which is entitled “Elimination of Violence Against Women.
Under this action, the UNGA presents domestic violence as a long-standing
threat to the dignity of the human race and recognizes the effects it has had in
the past and the present and what implications it could hold for the near future.
Furthermore, it also recognizes several other definitions pertaining to gender-
based violence while placing a particular emphasis on domestic violence.
c. UN Statistical Framework to combat Femicide: Adopted by the UN in Vienna
in 2022 on the basis that, unlike other forms of GBV, femicide is an anomaly in
regards to not having a global statistical framework that can help develop a
metric for gender-related killings, especially in third-world countries. This
framework aims to not only juxtapose one country’s conditions to another in
terms of the statistics of femicide but also the characteristics of major forms of
femicide present in the country (e.g., what is the relationship between the victim
and the offender [59]. It has been adopted by the UN under a joint committee
of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and United Nations Women
and aims to help policymakers and executives better gauge their standing next
to other countries and look to those countries above them for actions they can
take to curtail femicide.
d. United Nations Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women and Girls:
Established in 1994 due to the influence of the DEVAW, the mandate of this
body is to analyze data from different countries and act respectively to the
reports that are presented. The mandate changes from person to person each
year, with the current holder of the position being Ms. Reem Alsalem from
Jordan [60]. Central to the establishment of this body is the solid belief that any
human rights framework which does not take into account GBV is incomplete,
and it is the Rapporteur’s social control through societal norms and principles
like "chastity," "decency," "pureness," and "self-restraint" in order to protect
their family's dignity. Women are seen to inflict disgrace on the family by
failing to "safeguard" their sexuality and breaking societal conventions,
harming the family's reputation among other community members. Following

27
 such violations, men's honor crimes are frequently perpetrated. It's significant
to note that people in such cultures often do not consider honor killing as violent
but rather as a means of regaining one's honor, social standing, and ability to
engage in social activities. Such an activity reinforces the ties that connect the
community and strengthens the sense of belonging among its members. People
are believed to merit punishment, such as expulsion from society permanently,
if they have not committed honor killing when tradition says that they should.

Pakistan:

Femicide within Pakistan has escalated in the past few years, with a large portion of the
violence coming from the prevalence of honor killings in this part of the world. A survey
conducted by the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan estimates that over 470 cases of
honor killings (or Karo-Kari as it is referred to in Pakistan) were formally reported last year
[61]. However, to call this an accurate depiction of the number of cases would not be accurate,
given that most cases of honor killings are not reported [62]. (Anees, 2022). Of the few cases
that do come to the international spotlight, a few significant examples are the murders of
individuals such as Qandeel Baloch, Samia Shahid, and Farzana Iqbal, all of whom were
murdered by their families under the pretense of having brought shame to their households
largely because of a violation of imposed social norms. While awareness has grown since the
inception of the Me-Too movement within Pakistan, the effects this has are still only limited
to the general public in urbanized settings and are largely absent from rural areas. Furthermore,
most public services, such as the police or most public emergency health services, are also
oblivious to the requirements of dealing with cases related to femicide or other forms of gender-
based violence. An example of this can be found in the words of the Chief Police Officer
handling the motorway rape case in 2021, who went on to blame the victim for having traveled
‘alone on a dark road’ [63]. Furthermore, while legislative bills such as the Zainab Alert Bill
and the Honor Killing Act have been passed by the government in an event to curb the
prevalence of femicide through assault and honor killings, they seem rather inefficient in
catering to the situation due to wide variety of reasons ranging from loopholes within the
legislation to a lack of proper training and prejudice within those responsible for enacting these
bills on a national, provincial and district level.

28
India:

According to a survey conducted by the Thomas Reuters Foundation, India tops the list
of countries where violence against women is the highest in the world [64]. Having conducted
the survey during a time when violence against women in India hit an all-time high (the
2012Delhi gang rape case), India ranked fourth in the survey for the most dangerous countries
for women in the world, coming third to only Afghanistan, Congo, and Pakistan. However, a
more recent survey is a better indication of how worse the situation has become since then,
with India ranking as number one for the most dangerous countries in the world for women.
While the reasons behind this vary, the main source of this violence in the form of femicide
comes from three main sources: honor killings, female infanticide, and female feticide. Female
infanticide and feticide are largely indigenous to India, particularly within the rural and semi-
rural settings. Described as the killing of female infants between the ages of zero and one (under
article 350 of the Indian Penal Code), female infanticide within India is among the highest in
the world. Although largely economical, the reasons behind this also have sociocultural
dimensions to them. The strong belief that sons extend the lineage and the burden of having to
pay dowry are some of the socio-cultural factors which interplay to ensure that protection
against GBV is included within all presented frameworks.

29
 General Stakeholders/ Bloc Positions + Contentions/Stances (Continent wise/
regional)

Comparative regional rates of femicide [65]

Regional Positions:
North America:

USA:
The most severe type of gender-based violence is femicide. Despite the fact that 70%
of femicide instances in the high-income world occur in the United States, more than half of
American males still believe sexism is passé. The data contradicts this, with 1 in 4 American
women reporting serious physical abuse at the hands of their partners. For every 1000 rapes
that occur in the U.S., 995 of them go unreported and/or result in no charges, making it
difficult to collect data on sexual violence. According to estimates, 40% of women in the
country have experienced sexual violence, and 20% will be raped in their lifetimes [66].
Strangely, though, the rising incidence of femicide and violence against women gets almost
no attention. The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) failed, and as a result, the U.S.

30
Constitution still does not sufficiently protect people from sex discrimination, placing
American women in a vulnerable position with a judicial framework that was never intended
to do so. The United States appears to have fallen short when it comes to policy and
legislation safeguarding women from abuse. The prosecution of femicide is made more
challenging by the fact that thirteen states' criminal codes currently do not even define or
penalize domestic violence.
The FBI said that reported on January 22, 2022, according to a journal found beside
his death in a Florida marsh, the lover of murdered cross-country tourist Gabby Petito
confessed to killing her. Although Brian Laundrie had always been the main suspect, it was
the first time the authorities entirely placed the responsibility for Petito's killing on him [67].
According to a statement issued by the FBI in Denver, investigators revealed that Laundrie,
23, had sent texts to purposefully mislead individuals into believing that Petito, 22, was still
alive after he battered and strangled her in late August. "The investigation did not identify
any other individuals other than Brian Laundrie directly involved in the tragic death of Gabby
Petito." In northwest Wyoming, close to Grand Teton National Park, a campground was
where Petito's body was discovered on September 19. She had passed away approximately
three weeks earlier from "blunt-force injuries. Early in September, Laundrie returned to
Florida, but he vanished shortly after. Laundrie died from a self-inflicted gunshot wound,
according to the medical examiners. The report criticized investigators for not interviewing a
911 caller who saw the couple outside their van and a guy striking a girl and pointed to
indicators that Petito was probably a victim in their relationship overall. The ultimately fatal
Petito hunt gained international attention, sparked social media sleuthing, and conversations
on dating violence, and brought attention to the disproportionate media attention given to
missing white women in the U.S. compared to other missing people.

Mexico:
Between 1986 and 2009, Amnesty International calculates that 34,000 female
killings occurred in Mexico. Only 49% of the 800 incidents of women slain in Mexico
between June and July 2017 were examined as femicide, according to the National Citizen
Observatory on Femicide. 93% of crimes in 2018 either weren't reported or not looked into.
2019 was the most violent year o recorded in Mexico, with close to 35,000 murders [68]. The

31
highest monthly total of femicides in Mexico during 2019 was 108 in August 2021. the most
common method of death in both male and female killings was guns. In Mexico, over the past
seven years, weapons have replaced other forms of killing for both men and women. For
femicide victims, however, it cannot be stated the same because they are more likely to die by
"other methods." These incidents include suffocation, drowning, and strangling, yet official
statistics do not offer any more information. Twenty-three percent of femicides included
knives, while twenty-one percent involved weapons.

Brazil:
Anyone who would be categorized as gender non-conforming who presents as a
gender other than their biological gender falls under the general definition of transgender
(trans) [69]. According to data, the number of transgender persons assassinated in Brazil this
year has increased by 70% from the previous year, highlighting that the South American
nation is the deadliest location in the world for trans people. Women make up the bulk of
trans femicide victims. 96% of all homicides worldwide include trans women, and 58% of
these deaths were sex workers. 24% of the killings happened inside the victims' homes, while
36% happened outside on the streets [70].
Because of who they are, LGBTQ persons in Brazil experience disproportionate
harassment and victimization. The strong social conservatism present in Brazilian society is
one factor. The country has the greatest absolute number of killings in the world, including
many that are the consequence of hate crimes, which is another reason why Brazil is so
violent.

African countries
According to Kenya's most recent official statistics, which were released in 2014,
41% of women nationwide said they had ever been physically or sexually abused by their
partners [71]. Two-fifths of those women claimed to have suffered physical harm as a result
of the abuse. In the nation, a woman is killed every three hours, and South Africa, with 132.4
rapes per 100,000 people, has the highest rape rate in the world [72].

32
Cape Town:
On August 24, 2019, despite the post office shutting at 1 pm, Mrwetyana was
informed by a post office employee and the person who would later murder her, Luyanda
Botha, that her package was not ready for pickup and that she should return later in the
afternoon [73]. Botha had organized his assault beforehand, coordinating the early departure
of Soraya Abdullah, a coworker at the post office. Before she passed away, Mrwetyana was
last seen in Claremont exiting a minibus cab near Clareinch Post Office. She went gone for
nine days, which attracted a lot of media attention and general public interest in Cape Town.
During this time, the hashtag #BringNeneHome began to gain popularity on social media.
Mrwetyana's body was discovered in the Khayelitsha settlement of Lingelethu West. It was
found on the 26th, but it wasn't until just a few days later that it was recognized as hers.

Ethiopia:

The case of rape victim Woineshet Zebene Negash, commonly known as Woineshet
Zebene, led to a reform in Ethiopian legislation. She was the first Ethiopian woman to
successfully contest a bride-kidnapping in court. In rural Ethiopia, it is customary for men
who wish to marry women but lack the funds to do so to kidnap and rape the woman. As a
result, the woman is expected to marry the guy since she is now deemed "ruined" and is
unlikely to find another man who will agree to marry her. Woineshet was abducted when she
was 13 and sexually assaulted. The perpetrators' leader was momentarily detained, but after
being freed on bond, he once again abducted and held Woineshet until she was able to flee
after more than a month, but only after he had made her sign a marriage license under duress.
According to Ethiopian law at the time, if a guy married the victim, he could not be accused
of rape. Woineshet's case was the first in which co-conspirators were also charged and found
guilty of kidnapping. On July 22, 2003, the leader of the men who was involved was
sentenced to 10 years in prison without parole for rape and kidnapping, and his four
accomplices were sentenced to 8 years in prison without parole. The police in Woineshet's
case made the rare decision to detain, charge, and hold responsible the rapist and his co-
conspirators in the kidnapping.

33
Tigray's Civil War:
Since November 2020, a civil battle between ethno-regional militias, the national
government, and the Eritrean military has been taking place in Ethiopia's furthest north,
Tigray. This conflict has drawn the attention of humanitarian organizations and outside
parties.

According to a recent study from Amnesty International on the continuing conflict in

Tigray, combat forces allied with the Ethiopian government have targeted women and girls in
Tigray for sexual assault and rape. Assault. It is obvious that in Tigray, rape and sexual
assault have been employed as a tool of war to cause long-lasting physical and psychological
harm to women and girls. Hundreds have endured cruel treatment intended to diminish and
dehumanize them. Amnesty International spoke with 63 victims of sexual assault and medical
experts. Twenty-eight survivors said that the Eritrean military was the only one responsible
[74].

Asian Countries
An honor killing, also known as a shame killing, occurs when a person kills another
person, either an outsider or a family member, in an effort to uphold the honor and dignity of
both themselves or their family. Religious affiliation, caste, and other types of social
hierarchy, as well as sexual orientation, are frequently factors in honor murders. It most
frequently includes the killing of a female family member by a male relative who believes the
victim has brought disgrace or dishonor to the family name, reputation, or status. Honor
murders are frequently defended and supported by many cultures despite being prohibited by
international treaties and human rights organizations.
Reasons for Honor Killing:
1. Refusal of a forced marriage
2. Seeking Divorce
3. Victims of Rape
4. Homosexuality
5. Outside the caste relations
6. Renouncing or changing religion

34
Women’s sexuality as an object of honor systems

Infographic for elements and measures of femicide [75]

In systems of honor, women's sexuality is a significant object of control. Women's

sexual "integrity" is seen as a significant source of family honor. Women are expected to
protect their sexuality and maintain the economic dimension of the issue. Due to growing
public pressure, however, female infanticide and feticide are both considered penal offenses,
but because there is no particular infrastructure within the police system designed to deal with
such cases, alongside a complete absence of sensitivity training and the mistrust engendered
by the police, most cases are not registered and only a numbered few come to a national or
international spotlight.

35
Afghanistan:

Following the Taliban take-over of 2021, violence against women has seen a new
resurgence in Afghanistan. According to a report by Amnesty International, incidents of
violence against women are increasing on a monthly basis in terms of their ‘scope, magnitude,
and severity [76]. Having seized power in the midst of the country recovering from the
devastating effects of the pandemic, the Taliban promised to revamp the government in order
to better provide legal, financial, and social security to women. However, reports published by
international agencies portray a completely different story. According to a 98-page report
which took into consideration the accounts of over 100 women, girls, and staff members in
Afghanistan, the government has increasingly infringed the rights of women over the past year
or so, from limiting their access to basic public services to torture and state-sanctioned
executions in confinement [77]. Furthermore, a dramatic increase in the number of child
marriages and marital rapes has led to deteriorating health conditions for women, and the lack
of proper medical infrastructure means a greater mortality rate for women who suffer from
these conditions. As far as the legislature is concerned, the most important framework that
looks to cater to this situation is EVAW (Elimination of Violence Against Women). However,
because the implementation of the framework is limited to only certain urban areas, it has a
very limited role in providing girls and women a pathway to justice.

Iran:

Honor killings constitute over 39 percent of all murders that occurred in Iran between
2013 and 2017 [78]. While the concept of ‘qisas’ which is defined as when the state intervenes
and punishes the murderer for what they have done to the victim on behalf, does exist within
the Iranian justice system because most cases are considered to be ‘personal’ and ‘family
matters’ a large portion of such cases are never formally reported. Honor killings aside, one
particular incident which has gained some highlight in the past few months is that of the state-
sanctioned murder of Mahsa Amini on 13 September 2022. What is suspected to be a case of
police brutality, the details of the case study are substantial evidence of the declining condition
of Iran in terms of how well the state is able to protect the rights of women and other individuals

36
on the gender spectrum. Violence against women has seen a particular rise due to the frequent
protests that have been held in retaliation to the compulsory hijab law, with the state often
resorting to the shelling of peaceful protestors alongside the passing of controversial statements
such as that of government leader Ali Khamanei who said, “improperly veiled women should
be made to feel unsafe” [79].

Femicide of Sex workers:

Of all the groups of women that have ever been evaluated, prostitutes have the
greatest victimization rate for homicide. Compared to women of the same age and ethnicity
who do not work in prostitution, sex workers have a nearly 18-fold higher risk of being
homicide victims. According to other, less cautious estimations, women participating in
prostitution have a 60–120 times higher mortality risk than other women.
Prostitution frequently occurs in a setting that is very violent; thus, not all murders committed
in this industry are gender-related. According to research, purchasers murder the great
majority of women. Conflicts over fair compensation, hate crimes, and robberies may also be
driving forces. Prostitution is linked to elements that raise the likelihood of violent crime,
such as housing insecurity, substance abuse, and mental illness.
According to a study, 303 men were accountable for the 330 occurrences of femicide that did
take place in North West Italy between 1970 and 2020. Women who were not prostitutes, as
well as prostitutes, were among the victims. Around the world, there are an estimated 40–42
million prostitutes, 75% of whom are young women between the ages of 13 and 25 who are
frequently the subjects of human trafficking [80].

Perpetrators:
1. Violent customers and pimps are two such examples of perpetrators. Patients
frequently want to establish a power dynamic that puts them in the lead over prostitutes. This
is frequently accomplished through several forms of violence, including sexual, emotional,
and physical. Pimps are the ones who inflict violence on sex workers—half of the sex
workers in one study claimed that violence at the hands of pimps is a severe concern.
2. Sex workers frequently have to provide services to customers in secluded and
remote locations where they have a lower chance of being identified by the authorities. Sex
37
workers are more susceptible to client attacks as a result of their solitude. A survey of 130
street sex workers in San Francisco found that 82% had experienced physical abuse, 83% had
been blackmailed with a weapon, and 68% had experienced rape while working as prostitutes
[81].
3. Sex workers are hesitant to disclose violence committed against them due to
they fear being imprisoned because sex work is outlawed in nations like the United States.
Anti-prostitution laws in several jurisdictions contain a mandatory minimum penalty that,
after several offenses, can be upgraded to a felony charge, making it difficult to get housing,
work, and social services. Police are less inclined to look into assaults against sex workers as
a result of the stigma associated with the profession. Violence against prostitutes is frequently
committed by police personnel themselves.
4. Hate crimes are ones that target someone because of their ethnicity, color,
sexual orientation, gender identity, religion, socioeconomic status, or physical or mental
health. The act of hostility is committed to harm the victim's group and to express the
intention to eliminate or exterminate that group.
5. Aside from being simple victims and less likely to be overlooked, sex workers
are occasionally attacked by serial murderers who exploit the social and religious stigma
associated with sex workers as an excuse for their death.

Transgender Sex Workers

Due to prejudice and intersectional factors, transgender sex workers and trans
women—especially those of color—tend to experience greater rates of violence than
cisgender women.
The societal stigmas that surround transgender women, which force them into
prostitution as a way of survival, are only one of many contributing causes. Among these
include the high rate of unemployment frequently brought on by legislated discrimination, a
lack of educational or professional prospects, and mental health problems brought on by
transphobic experiences from youth through maturity. One research found that transgender
women preferred to carry on working in the sex industry despite the dangers of assault and

38
HIV transmission in order to obtain the social and financial support that society in general
lacks.
This is particularly evident with consequent pressure to visit more customers, raising
their probability of being subjected to violence.
While transgender sex workers have developed a feeling of solidarity, they continue to
experience prejudice, which frequently manifests as street violence. Prostitutes frequently run
the risk of being raped and robbed by their customers, but transgender prostitutes also have to
deal with transphobic acts of aggression and discrimination.

Efforts made by state + non-state actors to solve the issue

a. States
i. Canada:

The Canadian government has made steps to safeguard the most

vulnerable women in Canadian society, including girls and women from
aboriginal communities, women from low-income households, and
women who live in immigrant communities. Recognizing that women
and girls make up the majority of victims of human trafficking, the
Canadian government recently unveiled a thorough National Action
Plan to Counter Human Trafficking to protect women and girls across
Canada who are the targets of violent traffickers for sexual exploitation.
Canadians of Aboriginal descent are most likely to experience violence.
The Canadian government unveiled a new five-year strategy to improve
how law enforcement and the legal system handle instances of abducted
and murdered Aboriginal women. For the first time, Canada is adopting
an innovative strategy by directly sponsoring initiatives that include men
and boys in ending violence against women and girls because it thinks
that gender-based violence is a problem that all Canadians must solve.
Recognizing that girls are our future, Canada was a successful UN
advocate for the International Day of the Girl, which was observed for
the first time on October 11, 2012. The Canadian government has made
39
 it clear where it stands on the issue of violence committed in the name
of alleged "honor" by strongly denouncing the practice in our new
Citizenship Guide and being the first to provide funding specifically for
immigrant women's organizations across the nation to address this
extremely complex issue. The nature, scope, and effects of violence
against women and girls, as well as its financial implications, have been
actively studied and collected in Canada. A number of initiatives to stop
and address the problem will continue to get funding from Canada [82].

ii. Denmark:

Denmark will give violence against young women special attention.

We'll start a national conversation about how to stop condoning
violence's attitudes and behaviors, deal with its underlying causes and
risk factors, and concentrate on preventing "dating violence" by
addressing gender stereotypes, encouraging respectful relationships, and
educating girls and boys, women and men. In an effort to change
attitudes, norms, and behaviors, we have started a new research that will
track successful strategies. In Denmark, 1.4% of women are victims of
domestic abuse[83]. One out of ten young women under the age of 24
has experienced partner abuse, and up to 28,000 children may reside in
households where domestic violence is present. Denmark pledges to
maintain its efforts and carry out specific initiatives to reduce the
number of victims of domestic abuse. Denmark has started a project that
will last until the end of 2013 to raise awareness of family violence and
train public servants and front-line staff in municipalities to recognise
the signs of violence and deal with them [83]. This project is being
carried out through Denmark's new Equal Futures Partnership program.
Denmark is dedicated to ensuring inclusive policies and strategies to end
other types of violence against all women and girls, including crimes
involving honor, crimes against women with disabilities, crimes against
native women, crimes against immigrants, crimes against migrant
women, and crimes against adolescent girls. We will keep working to

40
 achieve legal and regulatory changes, provide the required institutional
frameworks, and protect those who are victims of human trafficking.

iii. European Union:

The elimination of violence against women is a priority for the European

Union. EEAS, in collaboration with the European Parliament and the
Council of the European Union, will adopt a number of concrete actions
to support the COMMIT initiative and state policies that prevent gender-
based violence. The Commission and EEAS will run a public
consultation to assist the shaping of the internal and external facets of
EU policy in this area in order to eliminate female genital mutilation
(FGM) [84]. The Commission will also carry out and assist national and
EU-level awareness-raising initiatives in 2013. Through the next rights,
equality, and citizenship program, which will run from 2014 to 202, it
will continue to fund grassroots transnational programs that aim to end
violence against women[84]. It is intended to propose a "European
Protection Order '' to safeguard crime victims. When it is enacted, it will
complement current criminal and civil justice legislation efforts to
combat human trafficking, sexual assault, and child sexual exploitation,
as well as to increase the rights, protection, and assistance of crime
victims. The Commission's strategy for gender equality between men
and women has presented detailed actions for the promotion of gender
equality, including policies to promote gender balance in decision-
making, address the gender pay gap, promote women's employment, and
reconcile work and private life. The EU pledged to advance these
initiatives in 2013.

iv. Japan:

Along with the Third Basic Plan for Gender Equality, which includes
legislative measures to stop and prevent violence against women and
girls, Japan pledges to implement specific initiatives. The Plan urges
relevant Ministries to undertake specific policy measures with the goal
of "eradication of all kinds of violence against women." Along with

41
 awareness-raising and instructional campaigns, Japan has put the
following tangible steps into place in accordance with the plan: the
creation of a help desk service for victims of sexual crimes and access
to female police officers in such cases; the creation of Juvenile and
Women Aegis Teams in police stations across the country that are solely
responsible for identifying people exhibiting possible signs of sexual
abuse, such as accosting and stalking and to lessen such incidents;
funding for survivors of sexual assaults to obtain the immediate
contraception they need, as well as building a network of police and
obstetricians-gynecologists; if necessary, questioning those who were
convicted of serious sex crimes against minors, served their sentence in
jail, and were then released from custody in order to avoid a repeat
occurrence; the establishment of a "Women's Rights Hotline," as well as
human rights counselling services offered by the Ministry of Justice's
Human Rights Organs [85]. The automated voice response system will
direct victims of domestic violence to the nearest consultation service or
Spousal Violence Counseling and Support Center. Japan also
participates in bilateral and multilateral programs that attempt to combat
violence as part of international collaboration in confronting diverse
concerns.

v. Korea:

In an attempt to prevent and combat violence against women and

children, the Republic of Korea pledges to adopt the following activities.
It will continue to research GBV and incorporate the results into
developing national action plans to prevent GBV and protect the victims
in accordance with the law. The Republic of Korea will enforce
education programmes to prevent sexual violence in public
organizations in 2013. It will establish human rights education for kids
and implement education programmes to prevent sexual harassment and
prostitution. It further commits to make constant efforts for the
prevention of sexual crimes by toughening punishment of such crimes,
expanding rehabilitation programs, and by enabling police officers to

42
 arrest an offender of domestic violence without a warrant. The Republic
of Korea is committed to continuously promoting policies for the
protection of victims through the provision of medical and legal services
and by extending the stay in shelters for survivors [86].

vi. Qatar:

The State of Qatar pledges to put into effect international conventions

on preventing violence against women and human trafficking, to link
domestic legal frameworks with CEDAW and other international
agreements, and to undertake targeted domestic violence prevention
programs. The Qatar National Vision 2030 encompasses a variety of
future initiatives aimed at developing a sound social structure based on
effective State institutions and active civil society organizations as well
as, under the intermediate output of the relevant national strategy, to
reduce domestic violence and establish a system for the protection of
survivors. This is in addition to the effort to raise public awareness about
women's rights and their protection from violence. The Family Cohesion
and Empowerment of Women Strategy calls for the implementation of
the following measures: adoption of legislation criminalizing domestic
violence through a penal code and a penal sanctions system;
development and adoption of legal mechanisms for the protection of
informants and survivors in cases of violence; adoption of a follow-up
mechanism in coordination with the police to protect victims; and
creation of centers/units for offering protection services; creating a
program on gender-based violence and establishing an official reporting
and monitoring system; updating and consolidating the data on violence
and adding the definition of violence against women; developing
adequate secure housing for victims of violence, special units, a hotline
service, and a family-friendly police system, as well as continuing to
support initiatives aimed at rehabilitating and reintegrating victims of
violence back into society [87].

vii. Russia:

43
The Russian Federation's main area of attention is eradicating violence
against women. For many acts of violence, such as indecent assault,
murder, battery, torture, physical and psychological abuse, defamation,
and humiliating or degrading treatment, Russian law provides penalties,
including criminal penalties. Every documented infringement of the
rights and legitimate interests of women is the subject of appropriate
investigations. To avoid and preempt violence, extensive precautions are
being taken. Campaigns for public education and social rehabilitation
fall under this category. Russia emphasizes the prevention of domestic
violence and the provision of aid to survivors through social services.
Support centers for men and women, women-only crisis centers that are
structural parts of family and children's social services organizations,
and refugees for women and vulnerable minors offer specialized help in
crisis circumstances. To various types of women who have experienced
violence, as well as to men and boys who have experienced abuse, they
offer psychiatric, legal, medical, educational, and welfare assistance.
Non-governmental groups actively contribute to the delivery of social
assistance to women who are victims of domestic abuse. A working
group has been established to create a federal law, "On the prevention
of domestic abuse," as one of the most recent actions taken as part of the
strategy to implement the recommendations of the Committee to
Eliminate Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) [88]. In May
2012, a meeting of its coordinating council looked at theoretical
perspectives and reaffirmed the working group's membership. A
National Crisis Center Network, including state and civic crisis centers
established by women's organizations, has been established; a Russia-
wide support line for domestic abuse survivors has been launched.

44
Non-state actors

Program Daphne 1, 2, 3:
The Daphne program was established to prevent violence against women, children, and
young people across Europe, as well as to assist victims and lessen their susceptibility to it.
The Daphne initiative is one of the pillars of the European Commission's priority program to
create a zone of freedom, security, and justice in its battle against crime. The program pioneered
new ground in research and action in support of Europe's most vulnerable citizens by
combining the expertise of hundreds of people and organizations. Daphne has grown to play a
significant role in European NGO and public authority activities since the inaugural project in
1997 [89]. The overall goals of Daphne III are to achieve a high degree of health protection,
well-being, and social cohesion while also helping to safeguard children, young people, and
women from all types of violence. These goals help shape Community policies, particularly
those pertaining to public health, human rights, and gender equality, as well as initiatives to
safeguard children's rights and against human trafficking and sexual exploitation [89].

Amnesty International:
According to Amnesty International's study, abuse against Indigenous women occurs
both in Canada and Mexico. The 2003 publication Intolerable Killings: 10 years of Abductions
and Murders of Women in Ciudad Juárez and Chihuahua by Amnesty International focused on
a ten-year cycle of kidnappings and femicides—the gender-based killings of girls and
women—in northern Mexico. The research listed more than 370 instances of women being
murdered in Chihuahua and Ciudad Juárez. According to research, at least 137 of the victims
in those incidents experienced sexual violence, and at least 70 of the total number of killed
women were still unidentified [90]. After being formally reported missing, at least 70 additional
women or girls were still missing. Amnesty International urged officials from the federal and
state governments of Mexico at the time to act swiftly and decisively to achieve justice in
Ciudad Juárez and the city of Chihuahua. They also urged the state and municipal authorities
to fully support these efforts. Amnesty International also demanded an impartial judicial

45
examination of the matters looked into or brought before the courts in Chihuahua by the
Procuraduría General de Justicia del Estado (PGJE), the State Prosecutor's Office [90].

Solution Approaches:

The primary consideration to be kept in mind when solutions are being devised is that
every aspect of every problem mentioned above can be solved. It is well within the
stakeholders' abilities to tackle the matter effectively, which inherently includes all countries.
All issues have been linked to a number of factors, and there are clearly outlined root causes.
This serves to facilitate the recognition of how, where, and to what magnitude solutions are to
be implemented. Secondly, there is to be little emphasis on contentious bloc positions;
delegates are expected to be creative and diplomatic when forming alliances. These can be
created on an ideological basis as well, which should ideally provide for easy negotiations,
especially since it is holistic governmental action that can be an integrated enough approach.
Integration here refers to the coming together of a number of actors that can contribute
positively and develop solutions together. It is suggested that committee members spend a
good majority of committee time suggesting, discussing, and amalgamating solutions. Plus,
the reference to social sensitives and sentiments is abundant. Thus, solutions must be
apparent in their feasibility. This extends to measures to ensure implementation and success.
Delegates must not overlook any element or force that has been proven to have a role in
femicide cases, so legislative approaches must not be undermined. Given the range and
nature of the topic, resolutions must be extensive and thorough.

46
Infographic about what kind of solutions are needed [91]

47
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