INTRODUCTION TO DBMS

Q1: Explain SQL and the history of SQL?

Ans:Structured query language (SQL) is a popular query language that is frequently used in all
types of applications to store data. Oracle,formerly known as relational software became the
first vendor to commercialize SQL relational database.Data analysts and developers learn and
use SQL because it integrates well with different programming languages.SQL was invented in
the 1970s based on the relational data model. It was initially known as the structured English
query language (SEQUEL).

Q2: Discuss the DBMS languages.Elaborate it with their command types?

Ans: A DBMS provides necessary database languages that allow users to express database
updates and queries, which are requests for data. There are different examples of database
languages available, including SQL, which is the standard programming language for many
databases.

1. Data Definition Language (DDL):

DDL stands for Data Definition Language. It is used to define database structure or pattern.It is
used to create schema, tables, indexes, constraints, etc. in the database.Using the DDL
statements, you can create the skeleton of the database.Data definition language is used to
store the information of metadata like the number of tables and schemas, their names, indexes,
columns in each table, constraints, etc.

Create: It is used to create objects in the database.

Alter: It is used to alter the structure of the database.

Drop: It is used to delete objects from the database.

Truncate: It is used to remove all records from a table.

Rename: It is used to rename an object.

Comment: It is used to comment on the data dictionary.

2. Data Manipulation Language (DML):

DML stands for Data Manipulation Language. It is used for accessing and manipulating data in a
database. It handles user requests.Here are some tasks that come under DML:

Select: It is used to retrieve data from a database.

Insert: It is used to insert data into a table.

Update: It is used to update existing data within a table.

Delete: It is used to delete all records from a table.

Merge: It performs UPSERT operation, i.e., insert or update operations.

Call: It is used to call a structured query language or a Java subprogram.

Explain Plan: It has the parameter of explaining data.

Lock Table: It controls concurrency.

3. Data Control Language (DCL):

DCL stands for Data Control Language. It is used to retrieve the stored or saved data.The DCL
execution is transactional. It also has rollback parameters.Here are some tasks that come under
DCL:

Grant: It is used to give user access privileges to a database.

Revoke: It is used to take back permissions from the user.

4. Transaction Control Language (TCL):

TCL is used to run the changes made by the DML statement. TCL can be grouped into a logical
transaction.Here are some tasks that come under TCL:

Commit: It is used to save the transaction on the database.

Rollback: It is used to restore the database to original since the last Commit.

Q3: Discuss the datatypes that we have used in the SQL?

Ans:SQL supports various data types that help define the kind of data that can be stored in a
table column. Here are some commonly used data types in SQL:

3.1 Numeric Types:

INT: Integer type, used for whole numbers.

Example: age INT

DECIMAL or NUMERIC: Fixed-point number type, used for decimal numbers with exact
precision.

Example: price DECIMAL(10, 2)

FLOAT or REAL:

Floating-point number type, used for approximate precision.

Example: temperature FLOAT

3.2 Character String Types:

CHAR: Fixed-length character string.

Example: first_name CHAR(50)

VARCHAR:

Variable-length character string.

Example: last_name VARCHAR(255)

3.3 Date and Time Types:

DATE: Represents a date (year, month, and day).

Example: birth_date DATE

TIME:

Represents a time of day.

Example: check_in_time TIME

DATETIME or TIMESTAMP: Represents a combination of date and time.

Example: order_timestamp TIMESTAMP

3.4 Boolean Type:

BOOLEAN: Represents true or false values.

Example: is_active BOOLEAN

3.5 Binary Types:

BLOB (Binary Large Object): Stores binary data like images or documents.
Example: profile_picture BLOB

3.6 Miscellaneous Types:

ENUM: Represents a set of predefined values.

Example: gender ENUM('Male', 'Female')

JSON: Stores JSON-formatted data.

Example: user_data JSON