Chondrichthyes

 Exoskeleton of all chondrichthyes is the placoid scales, also known as denticles placoid scales originates
from epidermis and dermis (that contains melanophores)
 Presence of five pairs of naked gill opening
 These scales are also known as denticles which consist of two compartments:
1- Outer spine, the spine composed of dentine and coated or covered by enamel.
2- Inner basal plate. Composed of dentine only.
 Placoid scales regenerate and arranged edge by edge or side by side in which spine directed posteriorly.
 The dermis contains Melanophores.  The epidermis contains many layers

 Skin is rough and tough

Urogenital system
1- Left ovary of dog fish disappeared (reduced).
2- The excretory organs in the male consists of
A. Paired kidneys B. Paired ureters C. 1 urinogenital sinus.

3- The kidney is differentiated into anterior and posterior portions.

A. Anterior portion is slender shaped and non functional
B. Posterior portion is thicker and functional
C. The (excretory part)called opisthonephrosill
D. Anterior portion is connected to testis by vasa efferentia which lead to vas deferens that forms
epididymis that transport gametes
E. There are 2 vesicula seminalis (storage of sperms) present at posterior part of epididymis and opens into
urinogenital sinus
F. Each kidney opens in common duct called ureter → opens in urinogenital sinus → opens in cloaca
3. The excretory organs in the male consists of
A. 1 ovary  2 oviduct  2 uteri.
B. Each oviduct after short distance make enlargement to form shell gland that surrounds the fertilized
ovum, the oviduct then narrowed and enlarged again to make uterus
C. The 2 uteri united to form short vagina which opens into cloaca.
D. Fertilization is internal and occurs between oviduct funnel and shell gland, the fertilized ovum moves to
the uterus then out from the body
E. Dog fishes ovoviviparous.
F. In excretory system in female: There is no direct connection between kidney and genital system.

Classification of class osteichthyes

Class osteichthyes is divided into two subclasses depending on the nature of fins:-

 Subclass 1: Sarcopterygii:
- The fins of fish are fleshly without any internal support. This subclass includes two different orders:-
A- Order 1: grossopterygii in which the fins have lobed shape.
B- Order 2: Chaonchthyes or lung fish which considered as the only fish that has lungs and internal nares.
 Subclass 2: Actinopterygii
- The fins are supported with radial bony fin rays.
- This subclass includes three different orders depending upon the component of their endoskeleton
(bone and cartilage):-
A- Order 1: Chondrostei, their endoskeleton is formed of cartilage.
B- Order 2: Holostei, their endoskeleton is formed of bone.
C- Order 3: Telestei (bony fishes e. G. Tilapia nilotica) which presents the most advanced bony fishes as well
as it includes the majority of surviving species of bony fishes.

Urinary System:
- It consists of :
1) Two elongated very thin kidneys (mesonephros) which lie very close to vertebral column.
2) Each kidney has a very short mesonephric duct
3) The two ducts unite after leaving the kidneys to form a common mesonephric duct (ureter) which open
outside.
4) The common duct (ureter) dilates to form the urinary bladder.

Genital System:
- Sex are separated
- Fertilization is external.
- In male :
1) Two elongate testes and each one connected by vas deferens.
1) The two vas deferens unite with each other and open in urinogenital papillae which open in common
opening (urinogenital opening).
- In female :
2) Two elongate ovaries and each one connected with oviduct.
3) The two oviducts unite with each other and open in urinogenital papillae which open in separate
opening (genital opening).

The respiratory system in bony fishes

- Composed of 4 pairs of gills arranged in both sides of the pharynx.

- Each gill supported by a bony gill arch that carry in front gill rakers and posteriorly two rows of
holobranch gill filament.
 Lung fishes
- It is the link between protochordates & fishes on the one hand and amphibia on the other.
- It characterized by:
1- The air bladder change into lungs to draw oxygen from the air.
2- Mutation of the fins to a structure similar to pentadactyl limbs where the beginning of the phalanges to
enable the fish to walk in the floor of the river
3- During the dry season the fish is surrounded with a cocoon of mucus followed by a layer of mud and
remain in a latency status until returning back of the rainy season.
4- The heart consists of 4 chambers including conus arteriosus.
 It is partially divided into right and left chambers. So, the heart receives both oxygenated and
unoxygenated blood and it is the beginning of the emergence of double circulation.
5- The presence of exterior and interior olfactory opening.
6- The body covers circular bony scales