FRAC Code List ©*2023:

Fungal control agents sorted by cross-resistance pattern and

mode of action
(including coding for FRAC Groups on product labels)

Disclaimer

The technical information contained in this publication is provided to CropLife

International/RAC members, non-members, the scientific community, and a broader public
audience.

While CropLife International and the RACs make every effort to present accurate and
reliable information in the guidelines, CropLife International and the RACs do not guarantee
the accuracy, completeness, efficacy, timeliness, or correct sequencing of such information.
CropLife International and the RACs assume no responsibility for consequences resulting
from the use of their information, or in any respect for the content of such information,
including but not limited to errors or omissions, the accuracy or reasonableness of factual
or scientific assumptions, studies or conclusions.

Inclusion of active ingredients and products on the RAC Code Lists is based on scientific
evaluation of their modes of action; it does not provide any kind of testimonial for the use of
a product or a judgment on efficacy. CropLife International and the RACs are not responsible
for, and expressly disclaim all liability for, damages of any kind arising out of use, reference
to, or reliance on information provided in the guidelines.

Listing of chemical classes or modes of action in any of the CropLife International/RAC

recommendations must not be interpreted as approval for use of a compound in a given
country. Prior to implementation, each user must determine the current registration status in
the country of use and strictly adhere to the uses and instructions approved in that country.

FRAC Code List© 2023 Page 1 of 18

INTRODUCTION
The following table lists fungicides, mainly for use in plant protection, according to their mode of
action and resistance risk. The most important bactericides are also included. Grouping is considering
the biochemical mode of action, but a main driver is to identify cross-resistance patterns between
chemistries.

The Table headings are defined as:

MOA Code
Different letters (A to P, with added numbers) are used to distinguish fungicide groups according to
their biochemical mode of action (MOA) in the biosynthetic pathways of plant pathogens. The
grouping was made according to processes in the metabolism starting from nucleic acids synthesis
(A) to secondary metabolism, e.g., melanin synthesis (I), followed by host plant defence inducers (P),
recent molecules with an unknown mode of action and unknown resistance risk (U, transient status,
until information about mode of action and mechanism of resistance becomes available), and
chemical multi-site inhibitors (M). Fungicidal compositions of biological origin are grouped
according to the main mode of action within the respective pathway categories. A more recently
introduced category “Biologicals with multiple modes of action” (BM) is used for agents from
biological origin showing multiple mechanisms of action.

Target Site and Code

If available, the biochemical mode of action is given. In several cases the precise target site may not
be known, however, a grouping within a given pathway / functional cluster is still possible. Grouping
can also be made due to cross resistance profiles within a group or in relation to other groups.

Group Name
Where known, the `Group Name´ provides additional details on the mode of action (MoA). If limited
(or no) information on the MoA is available, the group name is based on the chemical structure of the
first important representative in the group and provides information on chemical similarity among
chemicals in that group (chemical structure as accepted in literature, e.g., The Pesticide Manual).

Chemical or Biological Group

Grouping is based on chemical considerations. Nomenclature is according to IUPAC and Chemical
Abstract name. Taxonomic information may be used for agents of biological origin.

Common name
BSI/ISO accepted (or proposed) common name for an individual active ingredient expected to appear
on the product label as definition of the product.

Comments on Resistance
Details are given for the (molecular) mechanism of resistance and the resistance risk. If field-
resistance is known to one member of the Group, it is most likely but not exclusively valid that cross-
resistance to other group members will be present. There is increasing evidence that the degree of
cross-resistance can differ between group members and pathogen species or even within species. For
the latest information on resistance and cross-resistance status of a pathogen / fungicide combination,
it is advised to contact local FRAC representatives, product manufacturer’s representatives or crop
protection advisors. The intrinsic risk for resistance evolution to a given fungicide group is estimated
to be low, medium or high according to the principles described in FRAC Monographs 1, 2 and 3.
Resistance management is driven by intrinsic risk of fungicide, pathogen risk and agronomic risk (see
FRAC pathogen risk list).

FRAC Code List© 2023 Page 2 of 18

Similar classification lists of fungicides have been published by T. Locke on behalf of FRAG - UK
(Fungicide Resistance, August 2001), and by P. Leroux (Classification des fongicides agricoles et
résistance, Phytoma, La Défense des Végétaux, No. 554, 43-51, November 2002).

FRAC Code
Numbers and letters are used to distinguish the fungicide groups according to their cross-resistance
behaviour. This code should be used to define the “FUNGICIDE GROUP” code, e.g., on product

labels. The numbers were assigned primarily according to the time of product introduction to the
market. The letters refer to P = host plant defence inducers, M = chemical multi-site inhibitors, U =
unknown mode of action and unknown resistance risk, and BM = biologicals with multiple modes of
action. Reclassification of compounds based on new research may result in codes to expire. This is
most likely in the U - section when the mode of action gets clarified. These codes are not re-used for
new groups; a note is added to indicate reclassification into a new code.

Last update: September 2023

Next update decisions: March 2024

* Disclaimer
The FRAC Code List is the property of FRAC and protected by copyright laws. The FRAC Code
List may be used for educational purposes without permission from FRAC. Commercial use of this
material may only be made with the express, prior, and written permission of FRAC.

FRAC Code List© 2023 Page 3 of 18

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL OR (ISO) COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE BIOLOGICAL GROUP COMMON NAME GROUP
CODE
benalaxyl
benalaxyl-M resistance and cross-resistance
(=kiralaxyl) well known in various Oomycetes
acylalanines furalaxyl but mechanism unknown
PA-fungicides metalaxyl
A1 4
metalaxyl-M High Risk
RNA polymerase I (PhenylAmides)
(=mefenoxam)
see FRAC Phenylamide
oxazolidinones oxadixyl Guidelines for Resistance
Management
A: nucleic acids metabolism

butyrolactones ofurace
resistance and cross-resistance
A2 hydroxy-
hydroxy-
bupirimate known in powdery mildews
adenosin- (2-amino-)
(2-amino-) pyrimidines
dimethirimol
Medium Risk 8
deaminase pyrimidines ethirimol
Resistance Management required
A3 isoxazoles hymexazole
DNA/RNA heteroaromatics resistance not known 32
synthesis isothiazolones octhilinone
(proposed)
A4 bactericide, resistance known,
DNA risk in fungi unknown
carboxylic acids carboxylic acids oxolinic acid 31
topoisomerase
type II (gyrase) Resistance Management required

A5
inhibition of
dihydroorotate DHODHI-
dehydrogenase fungicides
phenyl-propanol ipflufenoquin Medium to High Risk 52
within de novo
pyrimidine
biosynthesis

FRAC Code List© 2023 Page 4 of 18

 MO TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL OR (ISO) COMMENTS FRAC
A AND CODE BIOLOGICAL GROUP COMMON NAME GROUP
CODE
resistance common in many
benomyl
fungal species, several target site
carbendazim
benzimidazoles mutations, mostly E198A/G/K,
fuberidazole
F200Y in β-tubulin gene
thiabendazole
MBC-fungicides positive cross-resistance between
B1 the group members, negative
(Methyl 1
tubulin cross-resistance to
Benzimidazole
polymerization N-phenyl carbamates
Carbamates) thiophanate
thiophanates High Risk
thiophanate-methyl
see FRAC Benzimidazole
Guidelines for Resistance
Management
resistance known, target site
mutation E198K, negative cross-
B2 N-phenyl
N-phenyl resistance to benzimidazoles
tubulin carbamates
carbamates diethofencarb 10
polymerization High Risk
B: Cytoskeleton and motor protein

Resistance Management required

benzamides toluamides zoxamide
B3 Low to Medium Risk
tubulin thiazole ethylamino-thiazole-
22
ethaboxam Resistance Management required
polymerization carboxamide carboxamide
B4
cell division phenylureas phenylureas pencycuron resistance not known 20
(unknown site)
B5 resistant isolates detected in
delocalisation of grapevine downy mildew
pyridinylmethyl- fluopicolide
spectrin-like benzamides
benzamides fluopimomide Medium Risk
43
proteins
Resistance Management required
resistance known in Fusarium
graminearum, target site
mutations in the gene coding for
cyanoacrylates aminocyanoacrylates phenamacril myosin-5 found in lab studies 47
Medium to High Risk
B6 Resistance Management required
actin/ myosin/ less sensitive isolates detected in
fimbrin function benzophenone metrafenone powdery mildews
(Blumeria and Sphaerotheca)
aryl-phenyl-
ketones Medium Risk 50
benzoylpyridine pyriofenone Resistance management required
Reclassified from U8 in 2018
B7
tubulin dynamics pyridazine pyridazine pyridachlometyl High risk 53
modulator

FRAC Code List© 2023 Page 5 of 18

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL OR (ISO) COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE BIOLOGICAL GROUP COMMON NAME GROUP
CODE
pyrimidinamines pyrimidinamines diflumetorim
C1 pyrazole-5-
complex I NADH pyrazole-MET1
carboxamides
tolfenpyrad resistance not known 39
oxido-reductase
Quinazoline quinazoline fenazaquin
benodanil
phenyl-benzamides flutolanil
mepronil
phenyl-oxo-ethyl
isofetamid
thiophene amide
pyridinyl-ethyl-
fluopyram
benzamides
phenyl-cyclobutyl-
cyclobutrifluram
pyridineamide
furan-carboxamides fenfuram
resistance known for several
oxathiin- carboxin fungal species in field populations
C. respiration

carboxamides oxycarboxin and lab mutants,

thiazole- target site mutations in sdh gene,
thifluzamide
carboxamides e.g., H/Y (or H/L) at 257, 267, 272
benzovindiflupyr or P225L, dependent on fungal
C2 SDHI-fungicides bixafen species
complex II: (Succinate- fluindapyr 7
succinate-dehydro- dehydrogenase fluxapyroxad Resistance Management required
genase inhibitors) pyrazole-4- furametpyr
carboxamides inpyrfluxam Medium to High Risk
isopyrazam
penflufen see FRAC SDHI Guidelines
penthiopyrad for Resistance Management
sedaxane
N-cyclopropyl-N-
benzyl-pyrazole- isoflucypram
carboxamides
N-methoxy-(phenyl-
ethyl)-pyrazole- pydiflumetofen
carboxamides
pyridine-
boscalid
carboxamides
pyrazine-
pyraziflumid
carboxamides

FRAC Code List© 2023 Page 6 of 18

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL OR (ISO) COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE BIOLOGICAL GROUP COMMON NAME GROUP
CODE
azoxystrobin
coumoxystrobin
enoxastrobin
methoxy-acrylates
flufenoxystrobin
picoxystrobin resistance known in various
pyraoxystrobin fungal species, target site
mutations in cyt b gene (G143A,
methoxy-acetamide mandestrobin
F129L) and additional
pyraclostrobin
mechanisms
methoxy-carbamates pyrametostrobin
QoI-fungicides triclopyricarb
cross-resistance shown between
kresoxim-methyl all members of the Code 11 11
C3 (Quinone outside oximino-acetates
trifloxystrobin
C. respiration

Inhibitors) fungicides
complex III: dimoxystrobin
cytochrome bc1 fenaminstrobin High Risk
oximino-acetamides
(ubiquinol oxidase) metominostrobin
at Qo site (cyt b orysastrobin see FRAC QoI Guidelines
gene) oxazolidine-diones famoxadone for Resistance Management
dihydro-dioxazines fluoxastrobin
imidazolinones fenamidone
benzyl-carbamates pyribencarb

QoI-fungicides Resistance not known, not

(Quinone outside cross-resistant with Code 11
Inhibitors; fungicides on G143A mutants
tetrazolinones metyltetraprole 11A
Subgroup A) High Risk
see FRAC QoI Guidelines
for Resistance Management

FRAC Code List© 2023 Page 7 of 18

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL OR (ISO) COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE BIOLOGICAL GROUP COMMON NAME GROUP
CODE
resistance risk unknown but
cyano-imidazole cyazofamid assumed to be medium to high
C4
QiI-fungicides (mutations at target site known in
complex III: model organisms)
cytochrome bc1 (Quinone inside sulfamoyl-triazole amisulbrom 21
(ubiquinone Inhibitors) Resistance Management required
reductase) at Qi no spectrum overlap with the
site fenpicoxamid Oomycete-fungicides cyazofamid
picolinamides
florylpicoxamid and amisulbrom
binapacryl
dinitrophenyl- resistance not known,
meptyldinocap
C5 crotonates also acaricidal activity
dinocap
C: respiration (continued)

uncouplers of Low Risk 29

oxidative phos- 2,6-dinitro-anilines fluazinam however, resistance claimed in
phorylation Botrytis in Japan
(pyr.-hydrazones) (ferimzone) reclassified to U 14 in 2012
C6
inhibitors of fentin acetate some resistance cases known
organo tin tri-phenyl tin
oxidative phos- compounds compounds
fentin chloride 30
phorylation, ATP fentin hydroxide Low to Medium Risk
synthase
C7 thiophene- thiophene- resistance reported
ATP transport carboxamides carboxamides
silthiofam 38
(proposed) Low Risk

C8
complex III: QoSI-fungicides not cross-resistant to QoI
cytochrome bc1 fungicides, resistance risk
(ubiquinone (Quinone outside
triazolo-pyrimidylamine ametoctradin assumed to be medium to high 45
reductase) at Inhibitor,
(single site inhibitor)
Qo site, stigmatellin
stigmatellin binding binding type) Resistance Management required
sub-site
resistance known in Botrytis and
D1 Venturia, sporadically in
methionine AP-fungicides Oculimacula
cyprodinil
biosynthesis anilino-pyrimidines
D: amino acids and protein synthesis

(Anilino- mepanipyrim Medium Risk 9

(proposed) pyrimethanil
(cgs gene) Pyrimidines) see FRAC Anilinopyrimidine
Guidelines for
Resistance Management
D2
protein synthesis enopyranuronic enopyranuronic acid Low to Medium Risk
acid antibiotic antibiotic
blasticidin-S 23
(ribosome, Resistance Management required
termination step)
D3 resistance known in fungal and
protein synthesis hexopyranosyl hexopyranosyl bacterial (P. glumae) pathogens
antibiotic antibiotic
kasugamycin
Medium Risk 24
(ribosome,
initiation step) Resistance Management required
D4 bactericide, resistance known
protein synthesis glucopyranosyl glucopyranosyl
antibiotic antibiotic
streptomycin High Risk 25
(ribosome, Resistance Management required
initiation step)
D5 bactericide, resistance known
protein synthesis tetracycline
antibiotic
tetracycline antibiotic oxytetracycline High Risk 41
(ribosome, Resistance Management required
elongation step)

FRAC Code List© 2023 Page 8 of 18

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL OR (ISO) COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE BIOLOGICAL GROUP COMMON NAME GROUP
CODE
resistance to quinoxyfen known
aryloxyquinoline quinoxyfen
E1 Medium Risk
signal transduction aza-
naphthalenes Resistance Management required 13
(mechanism
unknown) quinazolinone proquinazid cross-resistance found in Erysiphe
necator but not in Blumeria graminis
E: signal transduction

E2 resistance found sporadically,

MAP/Histidine- PP-fungicides mechanism speculative
fenpiclonil
Kinase in osmotic phenylpyrroles
fludioxonil Low to Medium Risk 12
(PhenylPyrroles)
signal transduction
(os-2, HOG1) Resistance Management required
resistance common in Botrytis and
some other pathogens,
several mutations in OS-1, mostly
E3 chlozolinate I365S
dimethachlone cross-resistance common between
MAP/Histidine- dicarboximides dicarboximides iprodione the group members 2
Kinase in osmotic procymidone
signal transduction vinclozolin Medium to High Risk
(os-1, Daf1)
see FRAC Dicarboximide
Guidelines for
Resistance Management

FRAC Code List© 2023 Page 9 of 18

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL OR (ISO) COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE BIOLOGICAL GROUP COMMON NAME GROUP
CODE
F1 formerly dicarboximides
edifenphos
F2 phosphoro- resistance known in specific fungi
phosphoro-thiolates iprobenfos (IBP)
thiolates
phospholipid pyrazophos Low to Medium Risk
6
biosynthesis, Resistance Management required
methyltransferase Dithiolanes dithiolanes isoprothiolane
if used for risky pathogens

AH-fungicides biphenyl
chloroneb
(Aromatic resistance known in some fungi
aromatic hydrocarbons dicloran
F3 Hydrocarbons) quintozene (PCNB) Low to Medium Risk
F: lipid synthesis or transport / membrane integrity or function

(chlorophenyls, tecnazene (TCNB) 14

cell peroxidation nitroanilines) cross-resistance patterns
(proposed) tolclofos-methyl
complex due to different activity
spectra
heteroaromatics 1,2,4-thiadiazoles etridiazole

F4
iodocarb Low to Medium Risk
cell membrane Carbamates carbamates propamocarb 28
permeability, fatty prothiocarb Resistance Management required
acids (proposed)
F5 formerly CAA-fungicides
F6
microbial formerly Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains (FRAC Code 44),
disrupters of reclassified to BM02 in 2020
pathogen cell
membranes
F7 formerly extract from Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil)
cell membrane and plant oils (eugenol, geraniol, thymol)
disruption FRAC Code 46, reclassified to BM01 in 2021
amphoteric macrolide
F8 antifungal antibiotic resistance not known,
natamycin
Polyene from Streptomyces
(pimaricin)
agricultural, food and topical 48
ergosterol binding natalensis or medical uses
S. chattanoogensis
OSBPI- resistance risk assumed to be
F9 fungicides medium to high (single site
lipid homeostasis oxysterol binding piperidinyl-thiazole- oxathiapiprolin inhibitor) 49
and protein isoxazolines fluoxapiprolin Resistance Management required
transfer/storage homologue (previously U15)
inhibition
F10
interaction with
lipid fraction of the
cell membrane, protein fragment polypeptide
polypeptide
ASFBIOF01-02
resistance not known 51
with multiple
effects on cell
membrane
integrity

FRAC Code List© 2023 Page 10 of 18

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL OR (ISO) COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE BIOLOGICAL GROUP COMMON NAME GROUP
CODE
piperazines triforine
pyrifenox
pyridines
pyrisoxazole
fenarimol
pyrimidines
nuarimol
imazalil
oxpoconazole there are big differences in the
imidazoles pefurazoate activity spectra of DMI
prochloraz fungicides
triflumizole
azaconazole resistance is known in various
bitertanol fungal species, several
bromuconazole resistance mechanisms are
cyproconazole known incl. target site mutations
difenoconazole in cyp51 (erg 11) gene, e.g.,
diniconazole V136A, Y137F, A379G, I381V;
G1 DMI-fungicides epoxiconazole cyp51 promotor; ABC
etaconazole transporters and others
C14-demethylase (DeMethylation
in sterol Inhibitors) fenbuconazole 3
fluquinconazole generally wise to accept that
biosynthesis cross-resistance is present
flusilazole
G: sterol biosynthesis in membranes

(erg11/cyp51) (SBI: Class I) between DMI fungicides active

flutriafol
hexaconazole against the same fungus
triazoles
imibenconazole
ipconazole DMI fungicides are Sterol
mefentrifluconazole Biosynthesis Inhibitors (SBIs)
metconazole but show no cross-resistance to
myclobutanil other SBI classes
penconazole Medium risk
propiconazole
simeconazole see FRAC SBI Guidelines
tebuconazole for Resistance Management
tetraconazole
triadimefon
triadimenol
triticonazole
triazolinthiones prothioconazole
aldimorph decreased sensitivity for
G2 dodemorph
morpholines powdery mildews,
14-reductase fenpropimorph cross-resistance within the
Amines tridemorph
and group generally found but not to
8→7- (“morpholines”) other SBI classes 5
fenpropidin
isomerase piperidines
piperalin Low to Medium Risk
in sterol (SBI: Class II)
biosynthesis see FRAC SBI Guidelines
spiroketal-amines spiroxamine
(erg24, erg2) for Resistance Management

G3 KRI-fungicides
hydroxyanilides fenhexamid Low to Medium Risk
3-keto reductase, (KetoReductase 17
Inhibitors) Resistance Management
C4-demethylation
amino-pyrazolinone fenpyrazamine required
(erg27)
(SBI: Class III)
G4 resistance not known,
thiocarbamates pyributicarb
squalene- fungicidal and herbicidal activity
epoxidase in sterol (SBI class IV) 18
biosynthesis naftifine
allylamines medical fungicides only
(erg1) terbinafine

FRAC Code List© 2023 Page 11 of 18

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL OR (ISO) COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE BIOLOGICAL GROUP COMMON NAME GROUP
CODE
H3 Formerly glucopyranosyl
reclassified to U18 26
antibiotic (validamycin)
H: cell wall biosynthesis

resistance known
H4 peptidyl pyrimidine
polyoxins
nucleoside
polyoxin Medium Risk 19
chitin synthase
Resistance Management required
dimethomorph resistance known in Plasmopara
cinnamic acid amides flumorph viticola but not in Phytophthora
pyrimorph infestans
CAA-fungicides cross-resistance between all
H5 benthiavalicarb members of the CAA group
(Carboxylic Acid valinamide
iprovalicarb 40
cellulose synthase Amides) carbamates
valifenalate Low to Medium Risk

mandelic acid amides mandipropamid see FRAC CAA Guidelines for

Resistance Management
MBI-R isobenzo-furanone fthalide
I1
(Melanin resistance not known
I: melanin synthesis in cell wall

reductase in Biosynthesis pyrrolo-quinolinone pyroquilon 16.1

melanin Inhibitors -
biosynthesis triazolobenzo-
Reductase) tricyclazole
thiazole
MBI-D cyclopropane-
carpropamid
I2 carboxamide resistance known
(Melanin
dehydratase in Biosynthesis carboxamide diclocymet Medium Risk 16.2
melanin Inhibitors -
biosynthesis Resistance Management required
Dehydratase) propionamide fenoxanil

I3 MBI-P
resistance not known
polyketide (Melanin trifluoroethyl-
synthase in Biosynthesis carbamate tolprocarb additional activity against 16.3
melanin Inhibitors - bacteria and fungi through
biosynthesis Polyketide induction of host plant defence
synthase)

FRAC Code List© 2023 Page 12 of 18

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL OR (ISO) COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE BIOLOGICAL GROUP COMMON NAME GROUP
CODE

P 01 benzo-thiadiazole benzo-thiadiazole
acibenzolar-S-methyl resistance not known P 01
salicylate-related (BTH) (BTH)

probenazole
P 02 benzisothiazole benzisothiazole (also antibacterial and resistance not known P 02
salicylate-related antifungal activity)

P 03 thiadiazole- thiadiazole- tiadinil

resistance not known P 03
salicylate-related carboxamide carboxamide isotianil
P: host plant defence induction

P 04
polysaccharide natural compound polysaccharides laminarin resistance not known P 04
elicitors
complex mixture,
P 05 ethanol extract
extract from Reynoutria
anthraquinone plant extract
(anthraquinones,
sachalinensis (giant resistance not known P 05
elicitors knotweed)
resveratrol)
bacterial Bacillus mycoides
Bacillus spp. isolate J
P 06 microbial cell walls of resistance not known P 06
microbial elicitors fungal
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces spp.
strain LAS117
few resistance cases
ethyl phosphonates fosetyl-Al reported in few
pathogens
P 07 phosphonates P 07
phosphonates Low Risk
phosphorous acid and salts
reclassified from U33 in
2018
activates SAR both up-
P 08 isothiazolylmethyl P 08
isothiazole dichlobentiazox and downstream of SA,
salicylate-related ether
resistance not known

FRAC Code List© 2023 Page 13 of 18

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL OR (ISO) COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE BIOLOGICAL GROUP COMMON NAME GROUP
CODE
resistance claims described
cyanoacetamide-
unknown
oxime
cyanoacetamide-oxime cymoxanil Low to Medium Risk 27
Resistance Management required
formerly phosphonates (FRAC code 33), reclassified to P 07 in 2018

tecloftalam
unknown phthalamic acids phthalamic acids
(Bactericide)
resistance not known 34
(U numbers not appearing in the list derive from reclassified fungicides)

unknown benzotriazines benzotriazines triazoxide resistance not known 35

benzene- benzene-
unknown
sulfonamides sulphonamides
flusulfamide resistance not known 36

unknown pyridazinones pyridazinones diclomezine resistance not known 37

U: Unknown mode of action

formerly methasulfocarb (FRAC code 42), reclassified to M 12 in 2018

phenyl- resistance in Sphaerotheca

unknown
acetamide
phenyl-acetamide cyflufenamid
Resistance Management required U 06

resistance known in
cell membrane Venturia inaequalis,
disruption guanidines guanidines dodine Low to Medium Risk U 12
(proposed) Resistance Management
recommended
resistance in Sphaerotheca and
cyano-methylene-
unknown thiazolidine
thiazolidines
flutianil Podosphaera xanthii U 13
Resistance Management required
pyrimidinone- pyrimidinone- resistance not known
unknown
hydrazones hydrazones
ferimzone
(previously C5) U 14
complex III: not cross-resistant to QoI,
cytochrome bc1, 4-quinolyl- resistance risk unknown but
unknown binding acetate
4-quinolyl-acetates tebufloquin
assumed to be medium U 16
site (proposed) Resistance Management required
resistance not known,
unknown tetrazolyloxime tetrazolyloximes picarbutrazox not cross-resistant to U 17
PA, QoI, CAA
resistance not known,
unknown
glucopyranosyl glucopyranosyl induction of host plant defense by
(inhibition of
antibiotic antibiotics
validamycin
trehalose proposed U 18
trehalase)
(previously H3)

FRAC Code List© 2023 Page 14 of 18

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL OR (ISO) COMMENTS FRAC
AND CODE BIOLOGICAL GROUP COMMON NAME GROUP
CODE

specified mineral oils,

organic oils,
resistance not known
Not

unknown diverse diverse inorganic salts, NC

material of
biological origin

inorganic copper also applies to organic copper

(electrophiles)
inorganic
(different salts) complexes M 01

inorganic
(electrophiles)
inorganic sulphur M 02
amobam
ferbam
mancozeb
maneb
dithiocarbamates
dithio-carbamates metiram
and relatives
and relatives propineb M 03
(electrophiles)
thiram
zinc thiazole
zineb
ziram
M: Chemicals with multi-site activity

captan
phthalimides
(electrophiles)
phthalimides captafol M 04
folpet
chloronitriles generally considered as a low
(phthalonitriles) chloronitriles risk group without any signs of
(unspecified (phthalonitriles)
chlorothalonil resistance developing to the M 05
multi-site mechanism) fungicides
contact sulfamides dichlofluanid
activity (electrophiles)
sulfamides
tolylfluanid M 06
bis-guanidines
(membrane guazatine
disruptors,
bis-guanidines
iminoctadine M 07
detergents)
triazines
(unspecified triazines anilazine M 08
mechanism)
quinones
quinones
(anthraquinones)
(anthraquinones)
dithianon M 09
(electrophiles)

quinoxalines chinomethionat /
(electrophiles)
quinoxalines
quinomethionate
M 10

maleimide
(electrophiles)
maleimide fluoroimide M 11

thiocarbamate
(electrophiles)
thiocarbamate methasulfocarb reclassified from U42 in 2018 M 12

FRAC Code List© 2023 Page 15 of 18

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL OR (ISO) COMMENTS FRAC
BIOLOGICAL GROUP COMMON NAME GROUP
CODE
BM: Biologicals with multiple modes of action: multiple effects on
extract from the
ion membrane
cotyledons of
transporters; plant extract polypeptide (lectin) resistance not known
lupine plantlets
chelating effects (previously M12)
(“BLAD”)

affects fungal
phenols,
spores and
sesquiterpenes, extract from
germ tubes, plant extract resistance not known BM 01
Plant extracts

triterpenoids, Swinglea glutinosa

induced plant
coumarins
defense
extract from
Melaleuca
alternifolia
cell membrane (tea tree oil)
disruption, cell terpene hydrocarbons, resistance not known
wall, plant extract terpene alcohols and (previously F7)
induced plant terpene phenols plant oils
defense (mixtures):
mechanisms eugenol, geraniol,
thymol

FRAC Code List© 2023 Page 16 of 18

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL OR (ISO) COMMENTS FRAC
BIOLOGICAL GROUP COMMON NAME GROUP
CODE
T. atroviride
strain I-1237
strain LU132
strain SC1
strain SKT-1
strain 77B
fungal T. asperellum
Trichoderma spp.
strain T34
strain kd
Microbial (living microbes, or extracts from microbes or metabolites)

T. harzianum
strain T-22
T. virens
strain G-41
BM: Biologicals with multiple modes of action:

C. rosea nomenclature change from

fungal
strain J1446 Gliocladium catenulatum to
Clonostachys spp.
strain CR-7 Clonostachys rosea
multiple effects fungal C. minitans
described Coniothyrium spp. strain CON/M/91-08
(examples, not all fungal H. uvarum
apply to all Hanseniaspora spp. strain BC18Y
biological groups): T. flavus resistance not known
fungal
microbial Talaromyces spp. strain SAY-Y-94-01
competition, S. cerevisae
mycoparasitism, (strains of living fungal
antibiosis, microbes or Saccharomyces spp. strain LAS02 BM 02
strain DDSF623
membrane extract, B.
disruption by metabolites) amyloliquefaciens
fungicidal strain QST713 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
lipopeptides, strain FZB24 reclassified from F6, Code 44
lytic enzymes, strain MBI600 in 2020
induced plant bacterial strain D747
defence Bacillus spp. strain F727 synonyms for Bacillus
strain AT-332 amyloliquefaciens are Bacillus
B. subtilis subtilis and B. subtilis var.
strain AFS032321 amyloliquefaciens (previous
strain Y1336 taxonomic classification)
strain HAI-0404
bacterial
Erwinia spp. PHC25279
(peptide)
bacterial G. cerinus
Gluconobacter spp. strain BC18B
bacterial P. chlororaphis
Pseudomonas spp. strain AFS009
S. griseovirides
bacterial strain K61
Streptomyces spp. S. lydicus
strain WYEC108

FRAC Code List© 2023 Page 17 of 18

 MOA TARGET SITE GROUP NAME CHEMICAL OR (ISO) COMMENTS FRAC
BIOLOGICAL GROUP COMMON NAME GROUP
CODE

sources, or synthetic versions of these metabolites

BM: Purified metabolites from plant or microbial

inhibition of beta
(1,3) glucan
synthase and
chitin synthase
and resulting cell purified
wall biosynthesis, metabolites from nature-derived or
disruption of plant or microbial nature-identical single
membranes and sources, or molecules originally cinnamaldehyde resistance not known BM 03
membrane synthetic versions derived from plants
function, of these (or other organisms)
destruction of metabolites
mitochondria and
disruption of
oxidative
processes

FRAC Code List© 2023 Page 18 of 18