The Solid State

Let’s engage!

How Glass is Made?

How Glass is Made - YouTube
 Making-Glass Video

• Based on the two general types of

solids, how will you classify
glass?
Amorphous Solid
 Let’s connect!
Making-Glass Video

• What are the ingredients in

making glass?
Sand, soda ash, limestone
Let’s connect!
Trivia!
Sand, soda ash, limestone

1. Silica sand (chemical name – Silicon Oxide, SiO2) is the main

component in making glass
2. Soda ash (chemical name – Sodium Carbonate, Na2CO3) lowers the
melting point of the mixture, making it easier to melt and shape.

3. Limestone (chemical name – Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3) used to

introduce Calcium Oxide (CaO) into glass recipe, which is needed to
improve chemical resistance and durability.
 Making-Glass
Video

• What can you say about the temperature at

which glass melts? Is it definite?
Amorphous Solids

• do not have definite or exact

melting point
 Let’s discuss!

•What property is
exhibited by amorphous
solids when heated?

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

• When heated, amorphous solids turns
into soft, malleable state (candle
wax-like) before turning completely
into a liquid. This means it soften
gradually when heated.
• Upon cooling, amorphous solids turn
into a brittle glass-like state
from a flexible rubber-like
state. This is called glass-
transition.
 Glass-transition
Soft, malleable state Flexible, rubber-like state

Brittle, glass-like state

Very high temperature
(Above room temp.)
Amorphous solids, like glass, are also called
super-cooled liquids.
What does that mean?
It has been quickly cooled from its liquid state but
does not solidify when its temperature drops below
its melting point.

Glass-transition
General Properties of Amorphous Solids

•Wide range of melting

point
•varied hardness
Examples of Amorphous Solids
when heated…

•How do crystalline solids

differ from amorphous
solids?
• When heated, crystals become liquid at a SPECIFIC temperature.
This means, crystalline solids have sharp or definite melting
point. Ice

Diamond Copper wire

Sand

Sugar
Salt or
Sodium Chloride
 • Are these minerals/metals crystalline solids?
Quartz
Pyrite
(also known as fool’s gold)

Amethyst

Fluorite

Gold

Limestone

Graphite
General Properties of Crystalline Solids

•Well-defined edges
•Sharp Melting point
 Let’s elaborate!

Unit Cell in crystalline solids are of

different types.
1 atom/unit cell 2 atoms/unit cell 4 atoms/unit cell
(8 x 1/8 = 1) (8 x 1/8 + 1 = 2) (8 x 1/8 + 6 x 1/2 = 4)
 Let’s discuss!

or Primitive
 (8 x 1/8 = 1)

1 atom/unit cell

Empty at the center

 (8 x 1/8 + 1 = 2)

2 atoms/unit cell

Top View Side View

With atom at the center

 Empty at the center

(8 x 1/8 + 6 x 1/2 = 4)
4 atoms/unit cell

Shared by 2
unit cells
Shared by 8
unit cells
1 atom/unit cell 2 atoms/unit cell 4 atoms/unit cell
(8 x 1/8 = 1) (8 x 1/8 + 1 = 2) (8 x 1/8 + 6 x 1/2 = 4)
 4r
=
= 4r

r –radius of the atom

a – edge length
When silver crystallizes, it forms face-centered cubic cells. The
unit cell edge length is 409 pm. Calculate the density of silver.
m
d=
V
4 atoms/unit cell in a face-centered cubic cell
107.9 g 1 mole Ag
m = 4 Ag atoms x x = 7.17 x 10-22 g
mole Ag 6.022 x 1023 atoms

V = a3 = (409 pm)3 = 6.83 x 10-23 cm3

m 7.17 x 10-22 g 3
d= = = 10.5 g/cm
V 6.83 x 10-23 cm3
 Assignment:
1. Describe the following types of crystalline solids:
a. Molecular Solids
b. Covalent Solids
c. Ionic Solids
2. What does anisotropic mean? How does it differ from
isotropic?