SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND YOUTH CRIME IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF

EBONYI STATE.)

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Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Background of the Study...........................................................................................................3
1.2 Statement of the Problem..........................................................................................................4
1.3 Purpose of the Study..................................................................................................................5
1.4 Research Questions....................................................................................................................5
1.5 Research Hypotheses.................................................................................................................5
1.6 Significance of the study..................................................................................................................6
1.7 Scope and Limitation of the Study:................................................................................................6
CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................................................7
LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................................................7
2.1 Overview of Drug Abuse...................................................................................................................8
2.2 Concept of Crime..............................................................................................................................9
2.3 Types of Crimes..............................................................................................................................10
2.4 Causes of Drug Abuse.....................................................................................................................11
2.5 Effects of Drug Abuse.....................................................................................................................12
2.6 Drug abuse prevention or control measures.....................................................................................14
2.7 Theoretical Framework....................................................................................................................15
CHAPTER THREE.................................................................................................................................16
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...........................................................................................................17
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN.............................................................................................................17
3.2 AREA OF STUDY...................................................................................................................17
3.3 POPULATION OF STUDY....................................................................................................17
3.4 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES........................................................................17
3.5 INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION.......................................................................17
3.6 VALIDATION OF INSTRUMENT.......................................................................................18
3.7 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION.................................................................................18
3.8 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS.........................................................................................19
REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................20

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Drugs are commonly utilized by individuals of all ages, including both the young and the elderly.
They serve not only humans but also animals for maintaining good health. When animals exhibit
signs of illness, humans administer drugs to them. Drugs play a crucial role in the well-being of
living organisms, aiding in the treatment of illnesses and promoting overall health. Although
drugs have positive therapeutic uses, particularly for maintaining good health, their misuse is
prevalent, especially among the youth. Illegitimate and unlawful drug use poses harm to the
body.
The impact of drug abuse among youths is widely recognized as a moral decline. It is evident
that young people form a substantial portion of the population in many countries, with Africa
experiencing an annual growth of over 3 percent. The youth population in Africa is projected to
reach 258 million by 2025, constituting about 20 percent of the total continent's population
(Fadayomi and Poukouta, 2009). According to the 2006 population census, youths make up
approximately 30% of the Nigerian population, holding a significantly influential position in the
demographic structure of Edo State. Youth are viewed as the active category expected to
contribute significantly to societal goals such as economic prosperity, political stability, and
social justice.
Drug abuse emerges as a significant problem affecting the creativity, mental capacity, and
productive potential of young individuals. It is characterized by a compulsion to consistently take
drugs for their mental effects, leading to emotional and sometimes physical states (Alagbe,
2014). Among youths, drug abuse is defined as the frequent use of alcohol or other substances
during their formative years, or the consumption of these substances in a manner associated with
problems and dysfunctions.
Research findings indicate an escalation in drug-related incidents since 1985 (Obot and Olaniyi,
2011). Ikwuagwu (2013) conducted a related study revealing that approximately 60 percent of
substance abusers are young individuals. The research observed a concerning prevalence of
young people seeking medical attention for alcohol and drug-related issues. The individual
consequences of drug abuse are, therefore, the foundation for its cumulative societal effects,
constituting a significant peril (Ayodele, Adeleke, and Gandonu, 2018). Despite overall declines
in the prevalence of nonmedical drug use, the abuse of alcohol and other substances during
adolescence and early adulthood remains a critical public health concern.
While drug abuse is a global health and social issue (Oshikoya and Alli, 2006), its impact is
palpable in the widespread undesirable activities of the youth throughout Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
Urban and emerging rural areas in the state are marred by drinking bars, ghettos, and numerous
unhealthy environments where youths are regularly seen consuming various illegal substances

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like cocaine, heroin, and cannabis. These youths often engage in violent outbursts, leading to
fights at the slightest provocation. Additionally, those under the influence may readily participate
in robbery, prostitution, or become part of rape gangs.
Against this backdrop, this study aims to explore the correlation between drug abuse and crime
among youths in Nigeria, particularly in Edo State. The rationale for examining this connection
lies in the highly reinforcing nature of stimulants, with drug users potentially entering the
criminal justice system due to substance-related offenses like possession or driving under the
influence. Given the strong association between stimulant use and criminality, investigating the
nexus between drug abuse and criminal behavior is pertinent at this juncture.
The connections and interactions among youths from diverse backgrounds manifest in various
ways, such as gatherings in beer spots and clubs. It is not uncommon for drugs to be consumed in
these locations. For instance, it's a common occurrence to witness youths drinking beverages
mixed with codeine, not to mention those consuming alcohol and Indian hemp. In such
situations, violence is frequent due to high levels of intoxication. Essentially, drug abuse can lead
to the formation of gangs, involvement in cultism, participation in armed robbery, and the
development of mental illness, among other consequences. Studies indicate that many youths
who become drug addicts initiated their substance use during adolescence, and as they age, they
seek new thrills, gradually progressing to harder drugs (Rodriguez et al., 2005).
In addition to explanations rooted in subcultures and lifestyles, it has been suggested that
individuals engaging in deviant behavior may use drugs either for self-medication or as a
rationale for their deviant actions. The question then arises: despite the evident detrimental
effects of excessive drug use, why do a large number of youths still engage in it? The
repercussions are evident in the widespread undesirable activities prevalent throughout Ebonyi
State, Nigeria.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The challenge at hand revolves around the pervasive issues of drug abuse and crime, impacting
the Nigerian economy and subsequently hindering its development. This problem has become a
serious developmental hurdle, consistently undermining the collective efforts of the Nigerian
government (Abang, 2006; NDLEA, 2008). Nigeria is not merely a passive recipient of drugs
from other global regions; it actively contributes to the cultivation, manufacturing, transit, and
abuse of a wide array of drugs. Unfortunately, the demographic most affected by this issue is the
youth, who represent the workforce and future of Nigerian society (Abdullahi, 1991). According
to the Federal Ministry of Youths and Sport in 2010, Nigerian youths aged 10-30 years make up
about 49% of the country's population. The National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (2010)
notes that over 38% of Nigerian youths engage in drug abuse. Abang (2012) further highlights
that in contemporary Nigeria, various youth categories, including primary and secondary school

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pupils, undergraduate students, servicemen, cattle rearers, the unemployed, nurses, pharmacists,
and even medical doctors, are entangled in the problem of drug abuse.
The drug abuse phenomenon in Nigeria has a historical context, with the 1960s marking the
onset of substantial drug abuse among young people. The substances of abuse have evolved over
time, encompassing marijuana, amphetamines, heroin, cocaine, barbiturates, mandrax, and more
recently, codeine, which has gained significant prevalence. Notably, this issue extends beyond
urban centers, as drug subcultures manifest in suburban and economically distressed urban areas.
Presently, these deviant youth cultures exhibit distinctive behaviors, including unconventional
clothing, unique hairstyles, non-conventional sexual practices, and the illicit or improper use of
drugs, adopting an international pattern (Kalunta, 2012).
According to Abdullahi (2005), the repercussions of drug abuse are manifold, leading to elevated
crime rates, fueling conflicts, promoting political thuggery, fostering religious intolerance,
increasing incidents of rape, domestic violence, suicide, and other societal maladies.
Additionally, the psychological and physical conditions of drug abusers are adversely affected.

1.3 Purpose of the Study

1. To unravel the history of substance abuse.
2. To identify the causes of substance abuse and youth crime.
3. To ascertain the reduction of substance abuse.

1.4 Research Questions

The following research questions was formulated to guide the study towards a thorough
investigation of substance abuse and youth crime in Nigeria.
1. Which drugs are frequently misused by young individuals within the research region?
2. What factors contribute to the occurrence of drug abuse and crime in Nigeria?
3. How does drug abuse impact the well-being of Nigerian youths?
4. What are the outcomes or aftermaths of drug abuse specifically for the youth population?
5. How is drug abuse connected to criminal activities among Nigerian youths?
6. What policies are suggested to tackle the issues of crime and drug abuse among the youth
in Nigeria?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

 Drug abuse does not have a substantial impact on Nigerian youths.
 Drug abuse has a noteworthy effect on Nigerian youths.
 There is no notable correlation between drug abuse and crime among Nigerian
youths.
 There is a notable correlation between drug abuse and crime among Nigerian youths.

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1.6 Significance of the study
This undertaking holds significance for the following reasons:

 The emerging pattern of substance abuse is transitioning from marijuana, cocaine,

alcohol, and amphetamines to codeine misuse. This research aims to furnish
comprehensive insights into codeine abuse, exploring the reasons behind the shift among
youths towards this form of substance abuse.

 It will unveil the prevalent drugs commonly abused by youths and identify the sources of
these substances.

 The research seeks to educate youths with precise and current factual information about
drugs, emphasizing the detrimental effects of substance abuse.

 By shedding light on the causes of drug abuse among youths, this work aims to contribute
to knowledge, creating awareness and capturing the attention of law enforcement
agencies, the government, and society at large.

 The empirical data gathered will provide recommendations to mitigate or eradicate the
issues of drug abuse and crime in our community.

 This research project will serve academic purposes, enriching literature in novel areas
such as codeine abuse.

1.7 Scope and Limitation of the Study:

The focus of this investigation is confined to the examination of drug abuse and crime among
Nigerian youths, specifically within the context of Ebonyi State.
Financial Limitation:
A shortage of financial resources has the potential to hinder the researcher's effectiveness in
acquiring pertinent materials, literature, or information, as well as in the process of collecting
data through methods such as the internet, questionnaires, and interviews.

Time Restraint:
The researcher will be concurrently involved in this study alongside other academic
commitments. This, in turn, will reduce the amount of time available for dedicated attention to
the research work

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

Odejide (2000) suggests that substance or drug abuse occurs when the use of a substance is not
pharmacologically necessary, particularly when used in defiance of legal prohibitions or when a
socially acceptable beverage is excessively consumed. In the context of this discussion, a drug is
defined as a substance capable of inducing changes in biological functions through its chemical
actions (Okoye, 2001), altering perception, cognition, mood, behavior, and general body function
(Balogun, 2006). Consequently, any use of a substance beyond medical prescription is
considered drug abuse, and individuals, particularly youths, may engage in such behavior due to
factors like peer influence, unemployment, parental divorce or separation, poverty, stress, and
frustration (Amosun, Ige, and Ajala, 2010).

The chronic use of substances among youths can lead to severe and sometimes irreversible
damage to their physical and psychological development (Sambo, 2008). Although substance
abuse affects all age groups, adolescents and teenagers are particularly vulnerable. Numerous
studies have highlighted the extensive consequences of substance abuse, with Fayombo and
Aremu (2000) identifying the misuse of marijuana as reaching epidemic levels in Nigerian
society, correlating with a reduction in academic achievement or the complete cessation of the
academic process. Okorodudu and Okorodudu (2004) and Odejide (1997) emphasize in their
respective works that substance abuse poses a universal threat, hindering the development of any
society as it jeopardizes life, health, dignity, and prosperity.

The prevalence of substance abuse in Nigerian society is complex and multifaceted, and various
theories have been proposed to explain its roots. Bandura and Walter's social learning theory
posits that behavior is learned, and personality results from the cumulative effects of learning
experiences. Similarly, Sutherland and Cressey's Differential Association Theory explains how
individuals, initially obedient, can progress into deviant or anti-social behavior, including
substance abuse, through a series of successive events. This theory emphasizes how deviant
behavior is learned without significant biological or psychological defects (Siegel, 2004).

The influence of peers and the role of impersonal communication agencies, such as movies,
television, radios, and newspapers, are significant factors contributing to substance abuse among
youths. Broken homes and the associated tensions and unhappiness contribute to the prevalence
of substance abuse, as does the pressure from parents dictating career goals beyond a child's
natural abilities. Frustrations, emotional stress, and the differential opportunity for success, as
proposed by Merton, drive individuals, especially the poor, into anti-social behavior, including
substance abuse.

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The broken windows theory, developed by Wilson and Kelling (1982), suggests that effective
crime prevention should start with addressing seemingly "minor" offenses like substance abuse.
Ignoring such minor issues signals a lack of care and invites more serious crimes. This analogy
can be applied to substance abuse prevention among youths in Ebonyi State, emphasizing the
importance of addressing the root causes before the situation worsens in the future.

2.1 Overview of Drug Abuse

Drug abuse can be defined as the indiscriminate and excessive reliance on or misuse of a
specific drug, with or without a prior medical diagnosis from qualified health practitioners
(Lakhanpal & Agnihotri, 2007). According to Oluremi (2012), drug abuse constitutes the
harmful utilization of mind-altering substances, predominantly referring to issues with illegal
drugs but also encompassing the harmful use of legal prescription drugs, as seen in self-
medication practices.

A significant number of Nigerian adolescents unknowingly rely on various drugs for their daily
activities, including social, educational, political, and moral aspects. The substances involved
range from tobacco, Indian hemp, cocaine, morphine, heroin, alcohol, ephedrine, madras,
caffeine, glue, barbiturates, to amphetamines (Oshikoya and Alli, 2006; Oshodi, Aina, Onajole,
2010). Studies by Oshodi, Aina, and Onajole (2010) highlight that dependence and addiction are
major consequences of drug abuse among Nigerian undergraduates, leading to compulsive drug-
seeking behaviors and use persisting even in the face of adverse consequences. These behavioral
changes are considered maladaptive and inappropriate for the social or environmental setting,
posing potential harm to the individual.

Concerns about drug use among youths and adolescents in Nigeria extend to various
stakeholders, including the government, school administrators, religious leaders, and non-
governmental organizations. Experimentation with drugs during adolescence (11–25 years) is
common, driven by curiosity, the desire to assess a drug's effectiveness, seeking pleasure, stress
reduction, or a sense of maturity. Early use of alcohol and tobacco heightens the risk of
progressing to other, more harmful drugs later on. WHO and the World Heart Foundation data
indicate that 22.1 percent of Nigerian school youth aged between 12 to 17 years use tobacco,
raising concerns about potential health risks, including cardiovascular diseases, lung cancer, and
other tobacco-related illnesses (Abudu, 2008; Giade, 2011).

Despite efforts to curb drug abuse, reports from various parts of the world, including Nigeria,
reveal its severity. The British Office for National Statistics notes that 12 percent of pupils aged

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11–15 have used drugs. Amphetamines are used among students, while barbiturates may be used
by adolescents with suicidal tendencies rather than for addictive purposes. Cannabis (marijuana)
appears to be the most commonly abused drug among adolescents (UNODC, 2011). Drugs are
pervasive in Nigerian cities, found in motor parks, street corners, joints on campuses,
uncompleted buildings, and under flyovers, as observed in surveys of outlets in different
locations (Abudu, 2008; Oshodi, Aina & Onajole, 2010).

2.2 Concept of Crime

Crime, an age-old societal phenomenon, is a dynamic concept subject to chronological and

geographical variations, shaped by the social norms and values prevalent in a specific society at a
given time. The definitions, forms, and concepts of crime undergo transformation over time,
under different regimes, and in response to the evolving behavioral dimensions of society. Some
crimes become obsolete, while others take on new and broader dimensions.

From a normative standpoint, crime is perceived as deviant behavior that contravenes prevailing
norms and standards dictating normal human behavior (Matthew, 2018). This perspective
acknowledges the intricate realities surrounding the concept of crime, seeking to comprehend
how changing social, political, psychological, and economic conditions impact evolving
definitions of crime and the legal and penal responses from society. Various criminologists and
sociologists offer diverse definitions depending on the prevailing times.

Legally, any action by an individual that violates the law is deemed a crime. This violation could
involve either the commission of an act prohibited by law or the omission of an act commanded
by law (Gillian, 1954). However, legal definitions present challenges, categorizing both murder
and driving without a license as crimes, despite their vast differences in severity. In developing
societies, acts that were not considered crimes in the past may become so due to the enactment of
new laws.

Legal definitions evolve over time and vary across cultures. For instance, the sale and
consumption of alcohol may be considered a crime in some countries, while it is legal in others.
Debates and policy changes, such as the reclassification of cannabis in the United Kingdom,
illustrate the dynamic nature of legal definitions.

The social construction of crime is evident in the language used to describe criminal activities.
Terms like 'crime,' 'offense,' and 'theft' differ from softer words like 'fiddle' or 'perk,' which are
employed to describe and downplay criminal activities in the workplace. Certain activities are
excluded from the social construction of crime, reflecting societal biases.

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The issue of 'white-collar,' business, or corporate crime has been recognized since the early
twentieth century but continues to be neglected and under-researched by criminologists. Defining
white-collar or corporate crime has proven challenging, with varying perspectives on its scope.
Organizational crime is seen as illegal acts of omission or commission within a legitimate formal
organization, impacting employees, consumers, or the general public.

In examining various explanations or theories of criminal behavior, it becomes apparent that the
majority of criminological research has focused on lower socio-economic groups, reflecting
historical concerns about a perceived 'dangerous class.' The law and criminology have
predominantly targeted this group, marked by the shift from capital punishment to determinate
prison sentences.

2.3 Types of Crimes

 Crimes Against Persons

Crimes directed at individuals, also known as personal crimes, encompass murder, aggravated
assault, rape, and robbery. The occurrence of personal crimes in the United States is not uniform,
with a higher incidence among the young, urban, impoverished, and racial minority populations.

 Crimes Against Property

Offenses involving the theft of property without causing bodily harm, such as burglary, larceny,
auto theft, and arson, fall under property crimes. Similar to personal crimes, individuals who are
young, urban, impoverished, and belong to racial minorities tend to be more involved in these
types of crimes.

 Crimes Against Morality

Crimes against morality, often termed victimless crimes due to the absence of a complainant or
victim, include activities like prostitution, illegal gambling, and illegal drug use.

 White-Collar Crime

White-collar crimes are perpetrated by individuals of elevated social standing within the context
of their professional occupations. This category encompasses actions like embezzlement (theft
from one's employer), insider trading, and violations of income tax laws, including tax evasion.

 Organized Crime

Organized crime refers to illegal activities carried out by structured groups, typically involving
the distribution of illicit goods and services. While many associate organized crime with entities
like the Mafia, the term can encompass any group exerting control over significant illegal

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enterprises, such as drug trafficking, illegal gambling, prostitution, weapons smuggling, or
money laundering.

2.4 Causes of Drug Abuse

Individuals must take responsibility for their actions, recognizing that an understanding of
root causes is not an excuse to evade personal accountability. While individuals are obligated
to act responsibly and show respect for others, communities also bear the responsibility to
address conditions hindering healthy development that may serve as breeding grounds for
crime. The well-documented root causes of crime encompass various adverse social,
economic, cultural, and family conditions, which can be categorized into three main groups:

 Economic Factors/Poverty:

Poverty, beyond the lack of financial resources, manifests in limited educational

opportunities, a dearth of meaningful employment options, inadequate housing, a sense of
hopelessness, and prejudice against those in poverty.

 Social Environment

The social structure reflects our values and priorities, influencing citizens and communities.
Social root causes of crime include inequality, the withholding of power, insufficient support
for families and neighborhoods, perceived or real inaccessibility to services, a lack of
leadership, a low value placed on children and individual well-being, and excessive reliance
on television for recreation.

 Family Structures:

Families play a unique role in nurturing responsible members of society, but the
responsibility extends beyond families to encompass communities and society at large.
Dysfunctional family conditions contribute to future delinquency, involving parental
inadequacy, conflicts, criminality, communication issues, a lack of respect and responsibility,
abuse, neglect, and family violence.

Crime prevention efforts should target improvements in all three areas, addressing economic
factors, social environments, and family structures comprehensively.

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2.5 Effects of Drug Abuse

Substance abuse constitutes a significant aspect of health problems impacting both substance
abusers and non-users in various ways. Numerous health issues, whether related to physical or
mental well-being, are of paramount concern to governments and policymakers. This study aims
to investigate the effects of substance abuse on physical, social, and mental health. Continuous
and excessive drug intake often leads to dependence, with individuals persistently using drugs
regardless of prescriptions or recommended dosages, eventually resulting in addiction (Doherty
& Gaughran, 2014). This habitual drug use persists despite the psychological, physical, and
mental health problems it may cause.

 Physical Illnesses Caused by Drug Abuse

Individuals engaging in drug abuse may suffer from heart-related ailments such as high blood
pressure, stroke, heart attack, musculoskeletal issues, neurological disorders, and respiratory
diseases. Substance use not only affects the brain but also causes damage to various organs in the
body (Keaney et al., 2011). Drug addicts who inject substances intravenously are at a heightened
risk of HIV/AIDS, lung and throat cancer, stomach cancer, liver cirrhosis, hepatitis B and C, and
reproductive health problems. The adverse effects extend to impotence, low sperm count,
tuberculosis, diabetes mellitus, injuries from road traffic accidents, and complications during
childbirth, such as low birth weight and fetal alcohol syndrome (Ekpenyongi, 2012).

Psychoactive drugs like cocaine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and amphetamines can result
in sleeping disorders, poor appetite, restlessness, irritability, suicidal depressions, paranoia,
hallucinations, panic reactions, sensory disorientation, and even loss of life (Njoku et al., 2017).
The societal impact of psychoactive substances includes the recurrence of social unrest, criminal
activities, insurgencies, and terrorism, often committed under the influence of drugs. Substance
abuse is also linked to the prevalence of HIV/AIDS, with injectable drugs identified as a
significant mode of transmission (UNODC, 2010). Excessive alcohol use can adversely affect
the central nervous system, leading to sensations and depression similar to sleeping tablets, as
well as damaging motor coordination, altering vision, and causing erectile dysfunction, heart
failure, and hypertension (Butcher et al., 2004). Tobacco, when smoked or used in other forms, is
a major cause of heart diseases, cancer, tuberculosis, and reduced life expectancy (Cicchetti &
Handley, 2019). Second-hand smoke, or Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS), also poses
health risks, leading to heart diseases and lung and throat cancer in non-smokers.

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Marijuana smokers may experience anemia, dry eyes, dry mouth, increased appetite, and
hypertension, posing a danger to individuals with cardiovascular problems. Cannabis use is
associated with a higher risk of lung cancer and can impair brain functioning, leading to poor
academic performance, memory loss, and decreased attentiveness among users (Freeman et al.,
2018). Heroin abuse can result in central nervous system damage, respiratory depression, nausea,
vomiting, and organ damage, with the additional risk of HIV/AIDS transmission through shared
needles. Cocaine use is linked to paralysis, cardiac attacks, sexual dysfunction, and mental
disorders such as anxiety and depression (Craig and Baucum, 2001). Methamphetamine, known
for inducing a strong desire for continued use, can lead to euphoria, wakefulness, decreased
appetite, irritability, aggression, anxiety, and heart attacks (Shehu and Rao, P.D., 2020c).

 Mental Illnesses Caused by Drug Abuse

Drug abuse is associated with various mental disorders, ranging from mild neuroses to severe
psychoses. Substance use disorders can lead to insomnia, restlessness, hallucinations, and drug
dependence. Overdosing on drugs may result in premature death, increased crime and violence,
cultism, insurgency, terrorism, family and job loss, school dropout, and a collapse in the social
system (Link et al., 1999). Alcoholic drinks and sleeping-inducing tablets can cause depression,
and withdrawal from these substances can affect mental health by inducing nervousness, anxiety,
headaches, fatigue, and other symptoms (Rice and Dolgin, 2008). Tobacco withdrawal may also
lead to mental health problems such as nervousness, anxiety, lightheadedness, headaches,
fatigue, constipation, diarrhea, dizziness, sweating, cramps, tremors, and palpitations. Tobacco
smokers may display antisocial and deviant behavior, especially when the supply of products is
reduced or stopped. Marijuana use can result in memory loss, distorted perceptions, trouble with
thinking and problem-solving, and drug-induced psychoses, hallucinations, delusions, and
schizophrenia. Cocaine abuse can cause nervousness, irritability, restlessness, paranoia, physical
exhaustion, and mental confusion, loss of weight, and fatigue or depression, leading to severe
mental disorders. Excessive cocaine use may result in cocaine psychosis, a severe mental
disorder due to cocaine addiction, with symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and the
sensation of insects crawling under the skin.

 Social Effects of Drug Abuse

Persistent drug abuse among students may lead to dropouts, reduced investment opportunities,
and riots in universities or colleges, disrupting academic calendars and contributing to poor

13
academic performance (Yusuf et al., 2013). Drug abuse is closely linked to crimes such as theft,
burglary, rape, sodomy, lesbianism, commercial sex work, and pickpocketing (

Mohammad & Yusof, 2014). Ethno-religious conflict and political violence may also arise under
the influence of drugs, with youth often being major contributors to social unrest in Nigeria.
Political violence is a significant threat to the peaceful coexistence of Nigeria, with a majority of
political hooligans under the influence of drugs (Siro, 2014). Over 60% of people participating in
political violence and drug abuse in Nigeria are youth (Siro, 2014).

2.6 Drug abuse prevention or control measures

Crime and its connection to the well-being of children in our community are intertwined.
Reducing the risks and fostering resilience in children plays a pivotal role in crime reduction.
Challenges arise when broader social, political, and economic systems impact the resources of
families, placing stress on the family unit. Ensuring appropriate care and essential resources for
all children holds significant importance for their long-term physical, intellectual, and emotional
well-being, facilitating their growth into independent, healthy adults.
Tomorrow's offenders often emerge from today's vulnerable children. Vulnerable children are
those at risk of enduring social, emotional, or behavioral issues, often relying on public
resources, such as child welfare, social assistance, corrections, or mental health services
throughout their development. All children, susceptible to potential vulnerability, may develop
emotional or behavioral problems when their internal resources cannot meet the challenges of
their environment.
Three levels of prevention exist:
1. Primary Prevention
Primary prevention focuses on ensuring overall community health by preventing adverse
conditions from emerging. Programs addressing parenting, family support, and adequate housing
qualify as primary prevention if universally accessible before difficulties arise. It proves cost-
effective by reducing long-term costs, with effectiveness reliant on inclusivity and support for at-
risk populations.
2. Secondary Prevention
Secondary prevention intervenes after "warning signs" appear, attempting to halt a crime
before it occurs. Programs targeting specific problems or groups, addressing early signs of anti-
social or delinquent behavior, aim to prevent escalation into serious criminal activity.

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3. Tertiary Prevention
Law enforcement efforts, categorized as tertiary prevention, aim to prevent crime
recurrence after a known offense. Sentencing individuals to prison ensures a period of non-
criminal activity, but it does not reverse the effects of the original crime.
Crucial to prevention is a commitment to providing adequate care for all children. The CS&CPC
collaborates with the Alliance for Children and Youth of Waterloo Region, focusing on
strengths-based approaches. Preventative efforts aim to reduce long-term emotional and
behavioral issues, promote optimal development in high-risk children, and enhance community
responsiveness to families in need.
Successful prevention programs share common characteristics:
- Enhancing children's mental health and fostering a healthier environment.
- Offering free accessibility to all children.
- Avoiding singling out or stigmatizing individuals, families, or communities.
- Emphasizing education, competence-building, and skill development.
- Actively involving families and communities in development and implementation.
- Maximizing positive outcomes and cost-savings compared to treatment.

2.7 Theoretical Framework

Theories explaining drug abuse among youths suggest that certain individuals resort to drugs for
survival due to various factors. As elucidated by Eze and Omeje (1999) in Oluremi (2012), these
theories encompass the Socio-cultural, Biological, and Social Learning perspectives of drug
abuse. The Socio-cultural theory posits that drug abuse is influenced by the socio-cultural values
of a community, where some cultures permit the use of substances like alcohol and marijuana,
especially during specific cultural events. The Biological theory asserts that an individual's
biological or genetic makeup determines vulnerability to drug abuse. The Learning theory views
drug abuse as stemming from an individual's learning process, which could be instrumental,
conditional, or social.
When exploring the implications of youth drug abuse for national security, scholars have
employed various theories. This study adopts the Securitization framework, introduced by Ole
Weaver (1993) and further developed by the Copenhagen School. According to this theory,
national security involves identifying security issues to be addressed through routine politics and
those requiring urgent action, such as youth drug abuse. The securitization theory expands the

15
security agenda beyond traditional threats to encompass non-traditional issues related to societal
needs.
Securitization, as rationalized by Weaver (2000), involves framing issues like drug abuse and
illicit trafficking as national security threats through labeling and discourse. Buzan and Hansen
(2009) distinguish between politicized and securitized national security threats, emphasizing the
emergency measures justified by the need to ensure state survival and citizen protection. In the
context of Nigerian youths' drug abuse, the securitization theory identifies it as a non-traditional
security threat that could escalate into a significant national security challenge if not promptly
addressed. Urgent responses are deemed necessary from Federal, State, and Local Governments,
the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA), the United Nations Office on Drugs and
Crime (UNODC), and other relevant stakeholders at both local and international levels.

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 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The research was conducted in Abakiliki Town, located in Ebonyi State, which is one of the 36
states in Nigeria and is part of the five states comprising South Eastern Nigeria. The majority of
the State's population are engaged in farming and trading activities.

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

A research design employing a two-phase multi-method approach was utilized. In the initial
phase, a quantitative baseline survey was conducted to assess the actual prevalence of adolescent
substance use in the community. The subsequent qualitative case study concentrated on
formulating an action plan for the prevention of adolescent substance use.

3.2 AREA OF STUDY

The study covers the Abakaliki metropolis, situated in the southeastern region of Nigeria within
Ebonyi State. Abakaliki is bordered by adjacent areas, and the research was specifically
conducted in this city, which also serves as the capital of the state.

3.3 POPULATION OF STUDY

The research participants comprised the civilian residents residing in the capital city of Ebonyi
State. Our investigation centered on the youths, those in University, Secondary Schools and
those doing Menial Works.

3.4 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

With a focus on the residents of Abakaliki Town as the target population, the researcher
deliberately selected individuals who frequently engage with the police in their day-to-day
activities. Employing random sampling, members of Abakaliki Town were chosen at random for
the study. In total, data were collected from 385 individuals.

3.5 INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION

In the initial stage, the Substance Use Involvement Test (SUIT) was utilized to gauge the extent
of substance use among youths in the community. Additionally, input was gathered from chosen
community residents and youths through focus group conversations and interview guides.

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The SUIT, a succinct seven-item screening questionnaire created by the researcher, was
employed to identify the use of psychoactive substances like alcohol, cigarettes, cannabis,
cocaine, amphetamine-type stimulants, sedatives, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, and other
drugs. It is divided into two sections, A and B. Section A, comprising 5 items, focuses on
personal characteristics, while Section B, with two items, explores respondents' substance use.
The first item in Section B lists ten substances adolescents might engage with, and the second
item validates their responses to substance use.
For the Key Informant Question Guide, in-depth interviews were conducted with key community
residents (stakeholders) identified by the researcher using an interview guide. The guide, with
two parts, addressed substance use issues, perceived consequences of youth substance use, and
opinions on approaches to address this issue in the community.
Regarding the Interview Guide for Focus Group Discussion, discussions aimed to engage
community residents in creating local Prevention Action Plans (PAPs) for youths and
establishing collaborative systems to address research objectives. One sample question focused
on community members' perceptions of challenges in preventing adolescent substance use.

3.6 VALIDATION OF INSTRUMENT

The instruments' validity was established through a critical examination of their content
relevance and clarity of statements by two experts. Items deemed unacceptable by the experts
were either eliminated or revised based on their suggestions. To ensure data quality, the
researcher employed the thick description strategy, gathering detailed contextual descriptions of
the data and presenting them with precision to allow readers to judge transferability. Credibility
was reinforced as the researcher invested ample time in data collection, gaining a comprehensive
understanding of the norms, language, and perspectives of the investigated group while also
screening for misinformation. Building trust and rapport through engagement with informants
enabled the researcher to acquire valuable, accurate, and comprehensive information.
Additionally, the reliability estimation from pilot testing the instruments resulted in a correlation
coefficient of 0.81 for two sets of scores.

3.7 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

The study utilized a cross-sectional survey approach to select 400 participants from the town. A
questionnaire was employed to collect quantitative data. The sampling technique employed was
probability-based stratified sampling, with a focus on students in the chosen schools. However,

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only 385 out of the 400 distributed questionnaires were returned and included in the analysis, as
15 were incomplete.

3.8 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

The prevalence of substance use, as gathered through quantitative data, was depicted using
frequencies and percentages. Conversely, qualitative data obtained from interviews and focus
group discussions underwent analysis through a six-phase thematic analysis approach (8). The
themes identified through this method constituted the foundation of evidence upon which the
conclusions of this study were derived

A total of 400 surveys were distributed among adolescents, with 385 respondents, resulting in a
response rate of 96.25%. Simultaneously, data collected from interviews with twelve adolescents
and input from eighteen community stakeholders were analyzed and presented based on
identified themes related to preventing adolescent substance use through community-based
programs in Abakiliki Town, Ebonyi State.

SUBSTANCE MALE FEMALE TOTAL

ABUSE
(%) (%)
Ever Used Substance Total N = 385
Yes 128 (59.5%) 87 (40.5%)
No 43 (25.3%) 127 (74.7%)

The Substance Used. Total N = 215

Tobacco Product 27 (100%) 0 (0%) 27 (12.6%)
Alcoholic Beverage 82 (49%) 85 (51%) 167 (77.7%)
Cannabis 8 (88.9%) 1 (11.1%) 9 (4.2%)
Cocaine 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
Amphetamine 2 (100%) 0 (0%) 2 (0.9%)
Inhalant 1 (100%) 0 (0%) 1 (0.4%)
Sleeping Pill 3 (75%) 1 (25%) 4 (1.9%)
Hallucinogens 3 (100%) 0 (0%) 3 (1.4%)
Opiods 2 (100%) 0 (0%) 2 (0.9%)
Others 0 0 0

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Among the participants, females (214, 56%) outnumbered males (171, 44%). Analysis by age
range revealed that a majority of respondents fell between 15 to 19 years old, comprising 64.4%
of the participants. The prevalence of substance use among adolescents in Abakiliki Town is
outlined in Table 1. Those who had ever used substances included 128 males (59.5%) and 87
females (40.5%). The data showed that the majority used alcohol (77.7%), followed by tobacco
(12.6%) and cannabis (4.2%). Notably, none of the female respondents had ever used tobacco,
and cannabis use was reported by only 1 female (11.1%) compared to 8 males (88.9%).
However, the pattern of alcohol consumption showed a similar distribution between females (82,
49%) and males (85, 51%). This suggests that alcohol serves as a social drink in most
communities, with no significant gender-based differences.

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