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Agilent - AmplitudeAccuracy-SpectrumAnalyzers
Agilent - AmplitudeAccuracy-SpectrumAnalyzers
Our thanks to Agilent Technologies for allowing us to reprint the following article.
Spectrum analyzers are among the most versatile of from Hewlett-Packard Co. (now Agilent Technologies)
RF/microwave measurement tools, with signal power among the most accurate and popular instruments of
among the most common measurement made with the that time. They featured digital displays and digital
instruments. Traditionally, the combination of a power marker readouts for improved accuracy.
meter and power sensor has been the measurement tool
The signal at the end of the analog chain was the filtered
of choice for its well-characterized traceability path back
(and unipolar) result of detecting the intermediate
to reference standards at national standards
frequency (IF) signal level and therefore directly
laboratories. But modern spectrum analyzers have made
proportional to the amplitude of the signal in the selected
dramatic improvements in amplitude accuracy, with
resolution bandwidth (Fig. 1). It was called the “video”
levels approaching (but not exceeding) the power meter
signal because it had driven the Y-axis video deflection
and sensor. Understanding the error terms associated
plates in previous all-analog spectrum analyzers. As the
with a spectrum analyzer’s relative and absolute
block diagram shows, the analog signal was processed
amplitude accuracies can help an engineer interpret the
by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for storage and
analyzer’s specifications when selecting a measurement
display without using cathode-ray tube (CRT)
tool and balancing price/performance tradeoffs.
persistence, allowing for communication with remote
The earliest spectrum analyzers were fully analog, and users. Because of this architecture, and the fact that a
even an operator’s skill in reading and recording the user no longer needed to interpret the results on the
measurement results impacted amplitude accuracy. The display, improved accuracy was possible compared to
first digital display spectrum analyzers were introduced the all-analog spectrum analyzer architecture.
in the 1970s, with the HP 8566A and HP 8568A models
There are good reasons for statistical specifications in good for such comparisons between different
place of warranted specifications. A statistical manufacturers. They represent the performance of the
specification, such as the 95-percent interval with 95- instrument without distraction from the tradeoffs between
percent confidence, is the standard for ISO-compliant yield and specification tightness. One disadvantage is
manufacturing processes. Such specifications are tighter that no individual instrument is warranted by the
(the error bands are narrower) than warranted manufacturer to be within such a specification; in fact,
specifications. They are good for comparing different almost 5 percent of all instruments produced are
instruments from a single manufacturer and could be expected to be outside the specification.
The delta environment term describes how the Statistical accuracy (the 95/95 statement of absolute
performance changes over a “laboratory environment” of amplitude accuracy) can be improved by using more
±5°C. It cannot be assumed that the ambient calibration points across the RF region. Adding more
temperature is a Gaussian random variable. As a result, points increases the manufacturing cost by increasing
it is prudent to be conservative and directly add the test times, however. For spectrum analyzers produced
absolute value of the delta environment to the by Agilent Technologies, the statistical and cost factors
intermediate result, making the 95/95 statement equally have yielded the relationships shown in the table and in
applicable at any ambient temperature in the range of Fig. 5.
+20° to +30°C.