Evolution and Diversity of Plants

Evolutionary History
• More than 98% of all biomass is plants
• Multicellular photosynthetic eukaryotes
monists
• 300,000+ known species terrestrial
rearrgmoaifications
.

vaudnagscihsnt coz
• Without plants No life on earth!
i
,

• Thought to have evolved from freshwater algae

(Charophytes - stoneworts) over 500 mya↳algae
From ctan bacteria endosymbiosis
-

• Cellulose Cell Wall

←

roots resist contain dbiwtf

• Apical Cells→ Plant
Ervin at fodiidefwocsnat
-tannin • Plasmodesmata lifetime -

water relates to

~ • Placenta meristem
Plants exhibit indeterminate fonts
fees 4904
Groohtcekitransfenktwehfromhapioidtodirn.sc zygote , .
 Evolutionary History of Plants
1.Brvonustes Nonvascular Plants 3. Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Nourishment of multicellular Went - Produce Seeds→ mostdrod.be seeds -

embryo within female plantpauper4. Flowering Plants

- Vascular Tissue
V-efmeanssfdisdegal-C.am.es
2. Seedless Vascular Plants - Attract pollinators that give rise to fruits
E.
fluid >
material 200 mya cabeeateuldisdesel
• Evolution of
common ancestor
flowers, double fertilization, endosperm,
fruit
plants marked by Around 400 mya seed Flowering plants
hats
µÉ
s S
4 events now megaphyll
ee
430 mya s
d

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Gymnosperms Va
• Each associated vascula sc

with a major r
tissue Ferns and allies
ul
ar
group of plants apical
interns C-
S
ee
growt microphyll
dl
h s transport
crank
unciticqeliirembrvv
Lycophytes es
s

¥ B÷¥
embryo
protection Mosses N
Br
500mya Hornworts
yo o
p nv
commo
hy as
n Liverworts
te cu
green
s la
algal
r
ancesto Charophytes
r
55 50 45 40 35 30 25
PRESEN
0 0 0 Million Years
0 Ago (MYA)0 0 0
 Alternation of Generations
TWO Muti cellar envoys in life Cine , one is 2 ;Phil ,
one is he Pbid
ftonarpes
Pollen carriesto ferran c- Multicellular individual
produces spores by
Zygote is a diploid cell meiosis chateau
that will become the femme
sporophyte Insanein

& may be many meiosis

shares Produced sporopollenin – prevents
den dessication
forests us meiosis
E.Pbioissoeq
Cin see d)
Gametes fuse in Container in
fertilization to bow of sporophyte
form zygote
9 Spore is haploid cell
that will become the
→ gametophyte
Multicellular individual noises
sperm and ears
that produces gametes
 Alternation of Generations
Appearance of generations varies widely Swim them
-7 f. dust
work
• In ferns, female portions = archegonia and are fertilized by flagellated
sperm - need
insists
• In angiosperm, female gametophyte (embryo sac), consists of an ovule
seen Proton
nets
Following fertilization, ovule becomes seed
Genuine
• In seed plants, pollen grains are mature sperm-bearing male gametophytes
prominor
asruvte

Donihas
Saheb%h
Other Terrestrial
form
Adaptations
stratum internet: see to Protea
Archegonium and Ovule dryness
a
egg

Vascular tissue transports

water and nutrients to the
body of the plant
Cuticle provides an effective
barrier to water loss
Stomata bordered by guard cells
that regulate opening, and thus
water loss
- Matri> transpiresto atmosphere
9 Phyla
of
Plants
Liverworts
Mosses
Hornworts
Lycophytes
Pteridophytes
Cycads
Ginkgos
Conifers 7-
nation of
life
1 Nh
→A Benge etch
Angiosperms -
 Distinctive features of land plants
• Represent early adaptations to land
• Bodies composed of 3-dimensional tissues
- Increased ability to avoid water loss
• Tissues arise from apical meristems at
growing tips Iroots and snoots
• Able to produce thick, robust bodies
• Tissues and organs with specialized functions
• Distinctive reproductive features
- Alternation of generations Protection
→ for gametes and embryo
- Dry air resistant reproductive cell
- Specialized structures to generate, protect, and
disperse reproductive cells
 Nonvascular Plants = Bryophytes
Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses
Lack specialized means of transporting water and
organic nutrients no tsien, no Phloem
-

Do not have true roots, stems, and leaves→

Each forms a monophyletic phylum similar
strung yes
not
Share common structural, reproductive andsame
ecological features
Models of earliest terrestrial plants
Iton cake its to livein hash emon mens
Gametophyte is dominant generation
• Produces eggs in archegonia
• Produces flagellated sperm in antheridia
• Sperm swim to egg in film of water to make
zygote
Small in size (cms); harsh environments
Hornworts and Liverworts
• Hornworts have small
sporophytes that carry on
photosynthesis
• Resemble tiny green broom
handles
• Closest to Vascular Plants
• 100 spp.

i Collin Stratus for offspring Prodntm

• Liverworts have either flattened thallus or
leafy appearance (6,500 spp.)

1st to
 Mosses
limits >ire
COW
-

Fonteyn - ist environments

non rescuer
- -
,
no internal transport
• Usually have a leafy shoot, some are secondarily flattened
• Can reproduce asexually by fragmentation ltomefsr small animals
• Dominant gametophyte (larger, longer-lived)
• Dependent sporophyte consists of foot, stalk,
and sporangium cargo dormant
w/out
ate
-
Peat bog
• 12,000 spp.; Arctic to Antarctica I bog
• Damp shady locations (desert, bogs, streams)
• Store water; home for small animals
Piano
• Chemical lures for dispersal→
spores
bioluminescence

gfsgreachestwam
first-rate

Sphagnum
I Luminous moss
Copper moss
 Burning Peat releases

sfczabsordtim.NO
core important resource

Seedless plants transformed

Earth’s ecology continued
dem yrs ofhates also store co C sinks]
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•
 Vascular Plants transport
internal -

1. Xylem conducts water and dissolved network

minerals up from roots tireder photosynthesis
transpires
2. Phloem conducts sucrose and other from leaves
-

organic compounds throughout the plant

-
from Photo sun thesis felt
an food resources
3. Lignin strengthens walls of conducting
,

cells in xylem (tree evolution) Plants can be

←

Most seedless vascular plants are larger

homosporous spores insane
-

variety
• Windblown spores are dispersal agents
All seed plants are heterosporous and have
male and female gametophytes
• Seeds disperse offspring
→
lignin
Cooksonian
1st Vascular Plant Stems, Roots,
Sporangia Leaves
 Plant
Seedless Vascular Plants rbronhvtze
Lycophytes - Club Mosses Soon

• Typically, branching rhizome sends up

short aerial stems 1,000 species
• Leaves are microphylls (have only one
strand of vascular tissue)

• Sporangia occur on surfaces of sporophylls

[
tire
intohe wanes
Pteridophytes - Horsetails (12,000 species) 0kVoscar stray
Rhizome produces tall aerial stems fish
Equisetum Contains whorls of slender, green
branches Dovihasn Devonian Carboni Gory
are

Small, scalelike leaves also form

whorls at the joints BetterMan, Par
=

bisesiZe
Tough rigid stem with silica
Megaphylls – broad leaves with
several strands of vascular tissue
Seedless Vascular Plants
bedroom
zedo.it

Pteridophytes - Ferns
Whisk Ferns iii.ntarestmrareq
• Branched rhizome has rhizoids
• Mutualistic mycorrhizal fungus
helps gather nutrients
wind disposal Mcgann
NS sori
←

Putte ground
> Poro
Ferns fromgametophyte
Large conspicuous fronds
• Divided into leaflets
• Dominant sporophyte produces
windblown spores (sori)
Tlekibdom Planter is comprised of Lesean 2 varies brows of
Arson isvy with them all arising from the seen Elgar
( Charo Plants
,

photos) , this yr customs nor end b.

had to Mah certain edaltn 1- ion for Jin
life on land ce
,
ther en
Lsat .
Gametes vrcstrea on other than

hemming since swimming inside an option

on La
- 2
,
Senlisna is abundant, coz is reed is availesh
,
Swe thes einen
in se ten rems autism us }
.
altruism
A-generation
these organism on ,
memo air birth .

The noticeIlir had bite from Csa mess Muto) sires

rise to the mature/ in di F- biec sporophyte) th -

> Noroeste is not ✓ es noticeable in seedless plants rsvtrtn

in seeded Marts .

The sponsors te in Seales , may contain the snores auzths

,

or homosporous Samus Dhite dominus stores

,
Samonte ,
are

bi > Rom pollen.nl for Protection) In gamersMister .

Shen swim to egg twain water cell dividing is

-

increase thrown edict meristems crit ti cells

are tie Zone of cells on bottom oh noo tashsst 1- it
-
or how ett resources .

Vasan tissue thrown ✗ stem and Phloem ] allowed for

upward growth ,
totem transports wets Phnom
transports sugar/ me trients ) ✗ flan is . reinforces us
lignin cruise mats c-tick Prevents session Tim

Lanz Monts are divided into seedless non -

resew plants
vascular Plants , and Seed Vasan Plants .

Dr Jo Photos are easy terrestrial plants , then then in mash

Enron mug ,
20Mt Pro 2m Seeds 9 we are non resale -

Thes ha feet -1in stung are rhizoids cost - lie

Stntms these busy the games Dhole
) - eel to ,
Fet dis - tin is dependant on water, and tnsnoronnskl
> Morosini , nears noticeable .

The liver related to the ancestral

wars are most close is
vascular plant , this hour C- Le tene the / ly ar th ,

Mak Shen swim to the femur archegonia c ovaries in

met Procuring fertilisation am spores which are
, ,

dispersed by wins

Hornworts haran arrow spoon note

awithr moi, In
,

Soche Close by Storm a P Per on

.
the S Poro rusty and
tuples senenusfsubneetvuetrmsesenentb.rs .

Mosses arras nemesis awe actor across a viler

swath Geum marts Thes >b- dour erosion s 1-02
- .

moi I f-u am
pro nite boozy Semitic to conRr as Bluhm
,

.
,

Ganon pushes consist at

green fur stunting em or

↳ min am , meter awe nutrients are absorb ee by the

Samson note [ awe this an
onerous soil lbs rhizoids
to .

They also follow alternon se generators with

, spores
prodded .

vascw dominoes Plant tore, s ; na ther on

Plant) acts -

front-1hr ( competing for liswt) and mon eas.lv Estrin

resources than rescue tison -1-4 e- transports
veterans Serbs, tuples than lisnir cell van canon
'

for isidro am he isnt

-
,
while Nhloen transports
s uses other arsenite materials throws tuManti
any

Naseer Plants also con ten roots nhju armor tu Mas to 1-

soil and increase water contain .

Uascuw Plants also her tin

leaves hennig all hobsvntms .

mivgphsushnns.nu vein while mega ins tis her

mortar
,

veins and are man larger .

The first sees less Wesen Man wer tu Cwb mosses,
withe stem and microRNAs 7- leg Hohne Alterman oh
.

generation better spares 1- is more dominoes am

,

Thoresen be hours sports or heterosporous

,

Horsetails here for ", is id 7 term then aecsnnogessh

silica -1 whom store# needle Cia branches .

,
-
.

whisk faster stem or roots Cistus h - rhizoids!

4- fuse to satin nutrients
,
.

The ferns hare dominant Jilorodhete ul Ion condone

leans cuter fronds , from San photosynthetically
,
and
in renown Frond) her sporran In the andesite
.

shores Produce bi meiosis any windblown elsewhere ,

mosses 1 lirrwaos otter first to colonise era in

Primm / seconder succession , 1- her Pro it food / homes
-

for animals Both are sensitive to Gollum > Rhesus

.
.
i,

were as dried peatmoss for heating in Europe .

Naked seeds = bonuses Dems Flowering Plants = Angiosperms
Seed Plants - Spermatophytes
The most plentiful plants in the biosphere
Seed = Seed coat and stored food allow an
embryo to survive harsh conditions during
long period of dormancy Salles> tierto
• Heterosporous sees Protector

geom Drought-resistant pollen grains

1-
Pollen win blow
←Ovule develops into seed onto ovules
egg ,

forints ferthsctm

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

 Ecological advantages of seeds
• Seeds are considered to be a key adaptation
wateris limited
to reproduction in a land habitat
t
• Able to remain dormant in the soil – can wait
for favorable conditions
• Adaptations to improve
dispersal
• Can store considerable
amounts of food
(endosperm in angiosperms)
• Sperm can reach egg
without having to swim
through water
Remove defenseman waterfor fertilisation
 Major critical innovations
Shared by all seed plants
– Pollen allows seed plants to disperse
male gametophytes
– Ovules provide protection and nutrition
to female gametophytes and
embryos container in cones
-

or flowers
– Seeds allow plants to reproduce in
diverse habitats
– Wood strengthens plants,
allowing them to grow tall and
produce many branches, leaves,
and seeds
 Gymnosperms
Iaisaisabiomeadestmarbngypyucjre.PH Clorgeareawi similar climate ,

flora , fauna w/ common

Gymnosperms have ovules and seeds exposed on the
,

characters'm)
surface of sporophylls; “naked seeds” (no fruit) most importers
-

motmots svntutraes.ws
are taiga

introniuktrctil.ua/-es.,faiggreintorest&oPnecdlesryan2oceai
Conifers - 630 spp., cone-bearing trees and shrubs
pines, hemlocks, spruces, redwoods / larches
• Tough, needlelike leaves conserve water
with a thick cuticle and recessed stomata;
evergreen Doriot dromedaries
-

Considered a “soft” wood because it

consists primarily of xylem tissue
Taiga
Taiga
ominous

terrestrial
biome
c. Warthen forests
 Gymnosperms
Comin destines
Cycads - 300 spp. female euzmen
Plate out
Stout, unbranched trunk refrain ,

in Cartan

Large, finely divided leaves that grow2

in clusters at the top of the stem Liston
Pollen and seed cones on separate plants
Pollinated by insects
(flies cans Pollen
from males to
/ females)
(
die
-

ciao

All endangered because of

very slow growth; habitat
destruction
 living
Gymnosperms fossils

Ginkgos (maidenhair trees)

Dioecious ( unclean female“Silver apricot”
- Some trees produce seeds )
lived
- Others produce pollen cons
mediiiunronisn trees
One surviving species (Gingko biloba)
- fork-veined, fan-shaped leaves
- smelly, poisonous seeds (< 6/day)
- delicacy in China and other Asian countries
- may be extinct in wild; widely cultivated
- tolerant cold, heat, pollution
 Gymnosperms Welwitschia
Gnetophytes – 70 spp. - Namib desert, SW
Africa
Brown sun leaves
• Have similarly structured
xylem soils
Drs climate Sands
,
Gnetu
• None have archegonia
m
• Strobili have similar
construction canaccelerate
metabolism

Constricts ←
Green – Welwitschiablood
7
Ephedra
Blue – Gnetum vessels
,
Red – Ephedra
increases bloodresign
Purple – Gnetum and Ephedra range overlap
Seed Plants dominant spoons te generation win
hare
,
swim gumboPhs team heterosporous cinerea nd females .

mere Sanborn ten on

pry her grains, a
.

fertiliser ta
extent fenen sets et Ano te Con I vetoed
distances ) Charactersee 6s Sims s herm anhansio> Run
-
.

seeds [ Noller were evolution as clear ✗ toy to do land,

protectedfrom dessiatim
6 this
sperm
Chalked seeds) transects m2 eneioxe men
ares rather tires are Patens sheltered awe east
,
ius.be grown v1 b Thes wer odor to forest} ↳ climates
-
.

storage chore Cfc hero)

ciascsanemontjzrdioeeiascserahmarts.si are mono ②

more cones una Proceed Shea bowing

Protea pollen grains ,
Sarum pouiwh tenon cones which contraries au it
, ,
willbefvtilises forminor seed which is protectors
, ,
from the enronmarina com

Tledonihat www.spemisthconif-cuhialmueea.ie
d- events waterloss
-

1.Weaves - La Sharm Suen 1-us ,

sometureen include Nines spree fin, cedes Seasig
, ' , ,
soft ✓002 for f-Shanti she
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9 we wa
yeux
-

csccssiiaiumildciiuetss anchoring cannons teas,

masher case
coney O tturbhinetocys insects
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.

biwhsdw tu hen f- snake leaves these resists

,

to Rowton, come more/ femur organ produces on

separate trees items Smu bitt .
 Angiospermsru
lrtoteir

Yeti
-

environment'T flown
n
Flowering Plants - An exceptionally large and
successful group of plants; 240,000 spp. koalas
Dominus
T
Duckweed Eucalytpus
Plant> on

Wolffia sp. Earth 100 m

Seth CEP Lemass Aftra , >

Ovules are always enclosed within diploid tissues

Flowers and Endosperm (nutritive seed tissue w/ incr storage efficiency)
genetic
Became dominant group of plants in the late Cretaceous and
attracspogy.ws#ners:tvese1-tive9rowmi-reProdetin
early Paleocene periods Platz Flower
sftgrgpnste
Archaefructus liaoningensis
Amborella trichopoda dispense)
Most closely related to earliest flowering plant
125 my old - earliest fossil
 Angiosperm
Phylogeny
Both 95mn sperm
-
0 I
aulangio sperms
Mostdivesot
Prozeeseeasy -

Plants entslerosin
seeds home letters of unsusuncwousssw
# 's when two species
then Sulley ,
Morse
, ecsohorizantelgene
transfer
 Angiosperms most
successful
Two classes of flowering plants
✗
Monocots ⑤ 8 aaarteioy
Eudicots→
if
One cotyledon -
seas
leaf
Two cotyledons
Flower parts in 3’s
or multiples of 3 Big KA
Flower parts in 4’s or 5’s
or multiples of 4 or 5
Usually herbaceous µ¥¥ Woody or herbaceous F¥I¥¥
enter
Usually parallel venationcveivs) Usually net venation→
leaeltraencs
-

them rue phloem at

Scattered bundles in stem Vascular bundles in a ring

⑧ Fibrous root system Taproot system

Corn, wheat, oats. Tsuen,
lilies, grasses, dates, now.in
bananas, orchids, roots
roses, apples,
snapdragons, On
outside
Xvlenns Phloem
Most trees/shrubs,
laseroot
Irises, tulips daisies, cherry, pear, ,

etc. ucbraehes
Flowers devices for attracts
Pollinators
Peduncle (flower stalk) expands
at tip into a receptacle Angiosperms
• Bears sepals, petals, Srem
stamens, and carpels, all c-
attached to receptacle in emese
,
whorls delivery
to
• Calyx (collection of sepals)
protect flower bud before it ess
opens
• Corolla (collection of petals)
Each stamen consists of an → framers
anther and a filament (stalk) ewcin
Carpel has three major antw
)
grains
regions ⇐Pollen
• Ovary - Swollen base;hiubedisilelee
Fruit
• Style - Elevates stigma
• Stigma - Sticky receptor of pollen
grains Cbettr if
Somnath self fertilize from otherPlants )
-
 Life Cycle of Flowering Plant
Ganusrnste
beneath
intemiis.ee

deliver
→
Shem
to
oven

=
Tuan
Fait >

means
-1
← effete
provide awcenssslem
seer nutrients cl-idb.ie )
dispersal
somssudromesorevestisnt.name Pollinateplant
Pollination Syndromes
-

c-

Brighamia insignis
“Cabbage on a stick”
45 to 65 left – Hawaii
Agave Hawk moth extinct
peanut -
etccsiu Pollinator
Flower characteristics, or traits,
that may appeal to a particular
"iuetss
type of pollinator
↳
Carstens / freewaysreturn Produce
Abiotic (20%) – wind (98%), water (2%)→
-

no troller
cvshhm >

iutwenulvohtrow Biotic (80%) – birds, bees, bats, butterflies, moths,

Patman flies, etc. Playhouse foszc.neeter.pro/-eis/liRib)
-

Traits - flower shape, size, color, odor, reward type and amount,
nectar composition, timing of flowering
 ptroormsrsdecierevowesfatminresds.ie to
Pollination Syndromes another

Animal Features Coevolved Flower Features

Bees C. C. N Often blue, purple, yellow, whiteClub
'

Color vision (UV)
good sense of smell
Require nectar + pollen
cobrusim)
Fragrant, Nectar Guides
Provide nectar and abundant pollen
Some w/ ”blue halos”→ Gcibebeesfo Pollen
bees guides , enhances fertilisation
-

Butterflies Blue, purple, deep pink,

Good color vision orange, red colors
Sense odor w/ feet Light floral scent, Nectar Guides
Need landing space Provide landing space
Feed w/ long tubular tongue Nectar in deep narrow floral tubes
csirwouiy center) - strain
Moths Open at night; white or visibleatnight
-

Active at night bright colors more

Good sense of smell Heavy, musky odors substantive flown
,
Feed w/ long thin tongue Nectar in deep, narrow floral tubes wears
← Matheis it
 Pollination Syndromes
Animal Features Coevolved Flower Features
Birds
Color vision, includes red Often colored red
Often require perch Strong, damage resistant structure
Poor sense of smell No fragrance
Feed in daytime lersr Open in daytime
→
High nectar requirement
animal
Copious nectar in floral tubes
Hover (hummingbirds) Pendulous (dangling flowers)
-
Jrultonerthctcufljbacre
Bats Light, reflective colors ( seein BAD
Color blind Strong odors that attract bats
Good sense of smell Open at night
Active at night
Copious dilute nectar and pollen
High food requirements
Pendulous or borne on tree trunks
Navigate by echolocation
Ex: bananas, mangoes, guava agave
-

senzatsxnsme.ve ,
 Others
→
first
insects

Beetles – among 1st plant pollinators, attracted to strongly

fruity or spicy scents, large solitary flowers
(magnolia) or clusters of small flowers (goldenrods)

Flies – Pale, dull to dark brown or purple flowers, Putrid

order, like rotting meat, carrion, dung, humus, sap and
blood; No Nectar guides, produce pollen feelon
-

pollen
Unusual Pollinators
Lemurs (Madagascar) – traveler’s palm, 40’ high
Honey possum, sugar gliders (Australia) – eucalyptus
→
Lizards, geckos, skinks
✓
jcmn bar tree to tree
hi snorers
Plantcan become c-tint rear we
men b

-
lather toner pollinator
 Fruits
moves> eedliniints
Designer mechanism

•
+ sees dishes" now habitats
Drupe - A fleshy fruit surrounding a single hard
stone that encloses a seed. metersideal
→
Ex: coffee, mango, coconut, almond, cherry, peach, plum,
True berry - a fleshy fruit produced from a single
ovary; seeds embedded in flesh
Ex: grape, tomato, citrus fruits, cucumbers, melons
Animal > Seein -010 Cb isnt fleshes frwb
)
- -
,

Pome - Core separates seeds from ovary; Ex: apple, pear

somseedsmcstpeythoman.int It to germinate
Aggregate fruit - many small fruits from single flower
Ex: strawberry, raspberry cdesisneforsiouan.vn to
dispose mans seen
)
Multiple fruit - aggregation of small fruits into one large
Ex: pineapple ( attract lose animal)
Legumes - dry pod that splits open on 2 sides
rdrt frit .
Ansi sperm are the most dominant Martine, most is
-

due to f- lower 9 we fruits whim Ins Poli nation ,

-

so attractive Dominators - and protect teens-01 assist

in its disheson .

Flower vans i na Meeee but these all

contain tussah
,

structures 3 Seney CP hits south til organs 7

Petey ,

collection the corolla Lorttrat Pollinators) sting :) - me

the sik t Pollen zejbsitrm or we tudou.am/eaantn

-

,
over cwni on noise, the seed thrown 1- Stile .
stamens
on
composer - tan anther [ Pollen Producer) sues -
Martin
C- Norman .

A- ↳ isgPerm Prader microspores chou en) ,

- hier fertilize
megaspores covers ) . Wham Palm Srem teeny th
ones a
Roller tube gas dam tests} 1- mom when
,

>Ramswin through .

Dougie fertilisation occn

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nhetns Man
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,

fooctsrembros.co/-u1e2sustranSntnctrienbtoembrvs
e uss spare contains

speak Nominate : Most , cross -

C- ansett -

pollinates

Joneseen a street fruit which u be flesh orbs

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cil-hrzisr-s.ec bo animus or wins .

Monash contre si by cotyledon n, veins rennin

,

Perella f- Ios leave, Peterson 3) or GS most is hernias

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Sutton Vasan paths , actor root

F- Uzicstlm zests ladon vein fromer uetvsrrm leaves

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