r

Plant Kingdom • Vascular tissue is present

l for conduction
l
Cryptogams
Based on flow ers i
Phanerogams
• B e ar fl owers w ith essential
p arts (stam en and carpels)
fo r sexu al repro d uction
• Non-flowering with or • Flowering w it h v ascular ------+
• After fe rtilization fruit is
w ithout vascular tissue tissue
form ed b earing seeds
Based on vascular tissue
l
Gymnosperms

B ased on seed coat

1
Ang iosperms
(seed coat absent) (s eed coat present)
Thallophyta (Algae) Bryophyta Pteridophyta •Naked seeded
(Non-vascular. soft threads (Non-vascular thalloid fom1s) (Vascular non-flowering)
plants
aquatic)
• Amphibious •Terrestrial plants •Perennial, woody, ~ •
• Aquatic forms plants, shade lovers • Vascular evergreen trees or Dicoytedons Monocoty1edons
shrubs (Two c o tyledons) IQre coty1edor.)
• Non-vascular .• Non-vascular . • Plant-like form
• Bear male and
• Thallus- like form • Presence of root, • Plant bears seeds • Plant cears seeds
• Soft ttiread-like female flowers
• Absence of · stem and leaves w it h two wrtr s1r g ,e
form differentlation; roots, called cones
• Autotrophic cotyledons corf'edo r
stems, leaves • Do not form fruits .
• Absence of • Flowers rnay b e • =Jowers of :Jiants
absent; Presence -• Asexual Examples: Cycas .
differentiation; :"OOts. reproduction by tetra or ar& g en erally
of root-like Pinus and Cedrus . pentamerous
stems and leaves spores and sexual ~nerous
not found structures called reproduction by • Tap root sy st em • =;b re us r-oo1
rhizoids gamete formation
• Autotrophic • S tro ng st ens sy s :e r
• Autotrophic Examples: Pinus,
Selaginella, etc . bearing huge • 'Nea.x arc 7 0 , lo w
s Asexual branch es orccr a er-sec
• Asexual
reproduction by reproduction by • Leav es sho w srers
fragm entation. spore formation reticulate v e nau o n . • _ea1.1es snow
Examples: Spirogyra , Examples: • Leaves c o r.tair ::larai'e, ~era:::or-
Sargassum , Gelidium , etc. Marchantia , Riccia, etc. stock called pet io le . • _eaves co rot
Exam p les: Mango. CO'"'ta.lr StcL r'C . 3I'Se
beans, g ro und n ut. c ireccly "-or Ster'
2i<arr,c ,es_ r bce ,
-nai.:ze , Nnea1. e,c.
Figure . 3.40 Classification of plant k i ngdom
rahle 4.3 Chamcteristk ~1h11~s of P0rifern
~ racteristics
Description
Habitat Aquotic ,md mostly m<1ri11e '"' 1
Generdlly attached to rocks
For example. Leucosolenia, Sycon. Spongia
. Euspongia (bath spo nge )
Fe,v are fres h water forms
For exa mp le. Spongilla. etc.
Morphological Bod y shape is cylindrical, vaselike, rounde
d, sac-like or bran ched
t..tures Asymmetrical or radially symmetrical
Porous bod y with pores, called ostia
Single large opening, called osculum at
the top
Movement and Mostly sessile and stationary
locomotion Plant-like appearance
Anatomical Skeleton made up of siliceous spicules
(needle -like structures made up of silic
futures dioxide) or calcareous spicules (made on
up of calcium carbona te) or proteinace
spongin fibres ous
Interconnected network of channels called
canal system is present for circulation
No mouth and alimentary canal
No respiratory organs
No excretory organs
No nervous system
Metabolism Intake of water and food through ostia
Intracellular digestion
Food and oxygen are carried along with
wat er ente ring thro ugh ostia
Carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes are
thro wn out thro ugh oscul um by diffusion
Exc retory matter is ammonia
Nutritio n, respiration and excretion through
canal sys tem
Reproduction Both asexual mode and sexual modes
Asexual mode-Budding; gemmules (internal
buds)
Internal fertili zation
-
Habitat
AquatIr anl1 ('\< ,u·,,, t i,

Gener ally attached to rocks

11 ' " " '

F0r examrle. jelly fish and sen anemone.

On!\ one fresh water ani mal
For e, ami1le. Hydro .
Morphological Body shape-cylindrical, vaselike, sac-like
felltures Rad ially symmetrical
A number of slender. flexible, finger-like processes called tentacles are presert arourd iio,.,..
. . · - G;::-
Tentacles help in capturing food and are also used for defence
Some animals secrete calcium compounds around them which later form hard corals
Movement Sedentary or free swimming
and Animal exists in two forms (polymorphism). These forms are called zooids.
locomotion Asexual form (phase) is called polyp. Polyp leads sedentary colonial life.
Sexual form is called medusa. Medusa is a free-living form.
Anatomical Some organisms possess hard, calcareous exoskeleton. For example, Corals.
features Incomplete digestive tract
No respiratory organs
No excretory organs
Primitive nervous system with nerve cells and their processes
Sensory cells are present
Special stinging cells called cnidoblasts on the body and abundant in ter races. - "e, ~e:: -
paralyzing the prey.
Gonads (testes and ovary) are present without any ducts.
Metabolism Intake of water and food through mouth
Partly extracellular digestion in the coelenteron and partly intracellular digesI1or
Distribution of food through coelenteron
Respiration and excretion through b~dy surface .
Food and oxygen are carried along with water entering through ostia
Carbon dioxide and nitroge.nous wastes are thrown out through osculum by d1ffus1or
· mania
Excretory matter is am
I mode and sexual modes
.
Reproduc tion Both asexua - budding 1n polyp form
AsexuaI mo de .
form
d uction 1n medusa
.. .
Sexual repro
nternal fert1ltzat1on
ExternaI or 1
' d elops into larva called planula
Zygote envof generations with polyp form and medusa form is found
Altf::rnat10
 Habitat Mostly parasiti c animals
For example, liver fluke, tape worm, bl ood Hu ~e. t=:k
Some are free-living, may be terrestrial or man ne 0r fr~~ r t r:j+P,r
For example, Planaria (living in both marine and fr~ ~ ~ nat~ r; ~tc

Morphological Body shape-Narrow, elongated and cylindrical

features Flat or ribbon-like appearance
Bilaterally symmetrical
Unsegmented body with anterior and posterior ends
Dorsal and ventral sides can be distinguished
Head at the anterior end
Alimentary canal with only one opening at the anterior end (mo1.1t~
There is no opening at the posterior end (anus)

Movement and Ciliated body surface

locomotion Cilia help in locomotion
!'CUW
...

'

~~-,- ..., ..... h .~ \ ,' ,\,' 1l't\''

· ,,~, ~t\.'h'(' l~'t\\\'t'n t,,ti\ \\ ,,II .\nd b('<N
t''~l ,\1"- f·llt' ci \,\ tt h '-C'l(.'u,11 co11n r• • ~ •
- " ' t' ~ , ,, <' \ ,"'..::. ~~ ,,t ·"' ''l't" \,, , \,1 I.H\W 11 , ('\w1.1, cr ll~ " ,th
Hwo nlkrl -;0a ~

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1
t' tu ,·t
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\ ,, '"', ,~-~!(\"\ \.w~xt·~
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suJ~ o • \ ~ - ,.
' '"~ --.,.'\-~~
\i...Y,'t-..is " :n ;.1t, -.":S -:>-.l{l ')9 ro u:':'ubt\ _~ organs are oresent

~,,.. ~:;._,~ ~, '$~ '- , , :-, flame ce-lls

- <2-~ ~ s ~~~..,_., c., '-"~:-...'"' -·2.::e-~h:-m :h :> ~""'-d\ 2."'d d scha-ce :--: .....::" :!\.::·;;·::

~ -a~ 5e.\.~ ~'"IN~

- e..,...·c.,::,"--.::c. :e .;:,.- :>--.Se\.....a

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, . .
-a~-:-:-: ~..,._.5 -.~ ... e - ~~ Ta...., J"'-e. "uS: -0'" ~ c co.,~~ e!'"~- C'.
'--~'-..a: ~..a: ,cr .s ,ess ~~-r-U ' T2>_,e5 ~~~ ~ ~ers e "SS,.,:-.,"'
~ne- o: ~ ~::.or
 I\ ., Ill,

111·1• 11, IIH I .1 111111 ,1 I•, /\!

/\!,,1..fl\ .i y l lt' 11•111 ••,!11 ,1 I CH n1. 11 1r1f• r11 'r
I ,...I) /1/ 111•1
"i 'IIH' ,lll' l'•" " '•" li
Ii •1 t· , .11111 ,11•. •\,,1,111•, (1n1111tlwl11 ,11) · ~ti! I 1111
. .
11u
(f
ilr1r 1, d wn, rn). r•I,

l{l,d \ ~h,tpt' Cyli11d11 {\ ll l>ncfy with r11 perinq <'fld (;

·
l 11111 thr r,,d ll"t' t1Pl'<\ llt111 cl'
l~d.1tr, ,1lly ~ymnlt'tr icnl
terior rnd ,;
l ln~t ~1111c·11h·d L>ociy with ,111terio, ,111d pos
cl
l\.''lr ~,,1,tnd w11 11 al siclts rnn be distl11g11ishe
the posterior end
f k,1d ,,t the 1111terlo1 enrl and ,1nus JI

fl4c.wltm•nt and t d1.1t <·d h l1dv ~:url,,r t·

t, d1 .1 ll<·lp 111 /t)CO llln l itl ll
loa>"'ot1on
AMtomlcal N0 s" elrt o11 ptd c
sh'-1pe. This i!:> called hydroskeleton. Com
t.tures 1 he f1u1d 111 pst>udo rol'10111 n1..1intains bod y
d,~w stiw t1,Jr t with mou th borrlered
with lips havi ng sensory papdl..1e
M11~rnl,u ph,11 ynx tor sur king the food
No resp11 '-1101y org,111s
No l' 1t\:'ul,1to ry syst t'lll
Gmd ls for excretio n
A µ,rn of glanduf,11 cells or Intracellular ,tuti1nc11
d the ph<.1rynx with dorsal and ventral lony
N~r vous system with J nerve ring roun
lll"'I\I'(! cord s f10111 the '-111te rior
end to posterior end
-ltvrn y torms
ot eye spo ts on dorsal side, only ,n fn::.'c"
Pr 111 utM• Sl"n::.e org(111s in the form of J pair
1119 ro cop ul,l t<YY 01yc111s ~ire.> p ,esenr
Gon,llh (tes t(":, ond ovur y) with ducts le,1d
U111SeAu,1I with sexual dl111orph1s 111
1
1111...ik.e ul w Jtt·r ,11 1d loud tt11 ot1vll rm urti
I >.tr Ju" llulJ r J191>:,t 10 11 rend
1 l)11 tt11 0LH:.,'h hoc.J y :,urt,trt' ,wt,Hir /.. cu e ,1.1t>tt'. , ~h 1/e 11011 p c1 rc1s1C1L worm!>
r·.
,t :,pllu 1
11.n e ,1 V 1.irll1ti'111
P,11 J•.111< wo , rr1:, tt>nd t u
()t rt'lt' 1:>1t lt/ 1, .1:.tt'
I II.JI t! t UUll I.II p 1lll r-:,:, •
tu I I.I\(- ' • I II llJt 1 II

l >,, 1eto r \ 111.itl l'I J:, Jll lllll) flkl

t hflh lt c~~1ul.1t 1llll

"-Produetion Onl y ~t>~ulll 111vd c

ln tt'I 11 .11 h•r t 1l11 ot11)11
11HJII ell Jev\'!lOf)II 1e111
P.u o:.11 it to," I:. involve? 1111, r e ti ,_.n v
Jlt! lil»t hµ th<' t omp lerio n of life cycle
,L ,
.A _j~
j
Tabll' 4 . Chnrncteristic fc.:it ures of Ann el ida

terrestrial (mo ist soil)

Hab itat Mostly free -living an imals. May be
ror exampl e, Earthw orm
Marine or fresh wat er
Few are parasitic
For example, Leech
tap erin g ends
Mo rph olo gic al Bod y sha pe- Cylindrical bod y with
features Bilaterally symmetrical
ts, called metamers
Bod y made up of rings or seg men
pos teri or ends
Segmented bod y with ant erio r and
ingw she d
Dorsal and ventral sides can be dist
at the pos teri or end
Head at the anterior end and anus chitin
or parapodia which are made up of
Mo vem ent and Loc om oto ry organs are call ed setae
locomotion
Anatomical features No skeleton .
shape. This is called hydroske/eton
The ftuid in coelom maintains body illae
bordered with !ips having sensory pap
Complete digestive tract with mouth
Muscular pharynx for sucking the food
animals
Gills as respiratory organs in some
Closed circulatory system
hre dia for excretion
Coiled tubular structures called nep
a solid ventral nerve cord with ganglia
Nervous system with a nerve ring and
(A ganglion is an aggregation of
nerve cells)
free-living forms
pair of eye spots on dorsal side, only in
Primitive sense organs in the form of a
ory organs are present
Gonads with ducts leading to copulat
orphism
Bisexual or unisexual with sexual dim
• •
MetabO I,sm
~
,,,1,.,kr
I

~
'ii w~1t .. , ~nrl f r r,d
v1 • ~r rlluli=3r d 1q<"st 1or,
t~ rnvJh

_,
mo i"r

qp,;.,rm r1110n throuqh body c;urf ,1ce or cy ils

Rl0od contains hemr,glob1n 1n plasma
0
1\Jep h rid 1a absor b excretory matter from the bod/ .:ir: r. rj1 r. ""ar
ducts
Excret ory matter is amm oni a

General ly sex ual mode

Reproductio n
Internal fertil ization
Ov,parity 1s seen
lr,d irect development 1
Asexual reprodu ction by regeneration in some, fo r examp1e :=::ar~ '"1worrn
 -·
B<"dv c;h~o_, ,; ar ab P
Mcr-r:,t, 0 tog,cal h Par j •hr v~t r3"'d abd o,r,f'!r
Bodv sec:rne r•_,d " ' 0
~ etu res Head and tho rar Ceoha lo·h
ora.,.
be d s:,r gu she d
Dorsa l and ventral s des can
ma de J O o' ch;tin
Body covered by hard eYOskeleto n
bos '<e leton has Join ts
ses
Compound eyes with many len
s
Mo vement and Locornoto ry organs -pa red leg
'. um ber of oa1rs 1ar able
locom oti on

Anatomkal features Hard chrtinous exoskeleton r s s ca ,,,.. eccys s •

odical ly dun n9 the hfe ~ 1c1e
The exoske leto n 1s shed oen
moulting
h blo od (ha em oco el)
Reduced bod y cavity fille d wit
movab le mo uth oa r~
D1st1nct d1ges t1ve system wrth
hea and boo k lun gs
Res oirator y organs --Gills. trac
Open circulatory system
tub ules as e..<cretory org ars
Green glands or Malpighian 1,; ~s :;:;~r
the ext erio r a'ld Malo,g n,ar :_0
Green glands open d•rectly to :::,,-:; . :~ ;an::
ring and a 5oll d ven tral "'er ,e
Ner vous system with a nerve
eyes
A pa1r of sim ple or com pou nd "a. e ~n c: ~,.,~ ~. ~
ses unlll(e s,m ole e 1 es M' er·
Com pou nd eyes have many len
A pair of antennae "Cr""'orc:5
system tg'ands wn en ·e ease
First anunals to have endocrine
copula tory organs are aresc:rc
Gonad s w,th ducts leading to
d1mo rph 1sm ,n some art,r"'lais
Usually unisexual wit h sexual
ugn moutn
Me ub olism lrta re of 11ater and food tnro
E.1trac e1ular a I9e st1on ._.rgs
e or gills or !rac f'eae or ooo i<
Respiration througn DOd J surfac
plasma
B,rJOd conta rs he1T1c,gtoo,n ,n
E.1 creL0< J ma ntr 5, arr,rror1a
el,ds
I , er .0 .1s s / Ste m s rr ar lCl arn
Cr at aat r zta r, I rr u5.a ~ . s or
Or •/ Se..(uaJ mooe
,, ~err .aJ fe, t zat 10r
S,-_,rr t e1lt r, llfx: tf J ,-,

opm cnt s na,rcc t arid r1.01

,es mctar10rDnOS s
Ir r;. i:,arc,_,., elf rr a - Jc ,c
i '.A t><1fr ;, c , ~c l'> cl''
C'
J ~If ; (11 ,, 4 - cl.ft , ' :..,at (;vS

~ '-" t:1'<1'';... t: ::a.,...i J:, ct'

#_Ar ,r~, .;.), , , :... d.rr.,.J .,
.,.
 '--UlllfJUU IIU t: / 'c~

Cl2ssif1ccitmn of Arthrop oda

Thi~ phdum com prises huge number of animals and shows a wide range of variations in fo rm and func tionmg among
them. This phvlum is further classified into four important classes:
Crusta cea (For example, crabs, lobsters, shrimps, etc.)
: Mniapoda (For example, centipedes, millipedes, etc.)
:dysis or lnse-cta (For example, houseflies, ants, butterflies, grasshoppers, mosquitoes, cockroaches, etc. J
4 .A...ra chnida (For example, spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks, etc.)
Among all these. th e class insecta comprises the largest class of animals and the most successful land invertebrates. Hence.
11 1~ the most studied group of arthropods.

Characteristic features of class insecta:

Live on iand and in air
Body d ivisibl e into head , thorax and abdomen
to the gut Head bears o ne pairs of antennae A cockroach can
survive decap1tat1on.
~lia D1 ~tinct rype of m o uth parts
k..e ~pirari o n by trachea
s each Excre ti o n thro ugh Malpi ghi an tu bul es
l ) e\ c-lo pmenr in dud e:~ m e ta m o rph o sis
 Sna il and cuttl e fish
Tab;e 4 .r' Cha racte rist ic feat ures of Mo llusca
Hab itat r,-,1os tly aqu atic and marine habitat
!=or exam ple, octopus, etc.
Fe\\ !1ve in fresh wate r
For exam ple, snail , etc.
Mor pho logi cal Soft and unsegmented bod y
r foot and a dorsa., 1 sceraI .,...ass ~r
Bod y divid ed into anterior head , ventral rnus cula
1
features
hum p
Dor sal and ventral sides can be distingu ished
ory organ
Mov eme nt and Soft. muscular foot on ventral side as loco mot
locomotion
e in the form of shell
Anatomical features Hard exoskeleton made up of calcium carbonat
Visceral hum p on the dorsal side of the foot
or pallium. It scretes ~"e sre
It is covered by a thin fleshy fold called mantle
d mantle
It encl oses space betvveen itself and body, calle
rnc l!uscs
Mantle secretes a calcareous shell in most of the
oe!)
Reduced bod y cavity filled with blood (haemoc
orga n and chitinous teeth art..s
Com plet e digestive trac t with radula as rasping
rJ;:;r: ns into mantle cavity
tle cavity
1
---'F:'~p 1rato ry orga ns-G ills, ctenidia located in man
'F:'res tria! forms- lungs or air sacs
r.J?f: ;n circulator y system with dors
al hea n and few arteries wh ich open ,nrc s,rus;:,
) wh ich open into mamle cavny as
One or t·✓vo pairs of kidneys (organs of Bojanus
r.xcretor y organs
d by nerve connections
I k r 1ous syst em with a few pairs of ganglia joine
ocyst
~er,~e orga ns in cl ude eyes, tentacles and stat
A pair rA ante nnae
ns are pres ent
G0r,ad~ v,ith duct s leaciiny to copu lato ry orga
r)LR/
som e anim als
Usually unist:xua l with sexual dimo rphis m in
 ~ :-.,
L ='
CT: -
~A..i __,,.-.±"J;..A'·~,mcib,.c,e..=---= - ,~ .,,- ~- h-~ ",
Metabo Hsm ,,., ,;_;i!e nf \'V~ c, ?J'r1 1 0-')d th~n,,cr "1n11 l'h
f=t;,:t r a C-f-111, l.:::r. r '1 ccJ. "-r.
r, ·.,-
Rrc,p,r ;:;t 10n trro•;cJ-.. '; s
-· ....J
.Y r tp~ 'd
1 -=t
E' r retnrv matter «s 3r-r"·"' 0r'\ a
81r ,od cor ia ,ns haemo cyan;n ,n olc1smd
Reproduction Only :,Px ual mo de
Inter nal fc•rtd 1 ?at1on or e :-tern.3! rer -'c,1 1 ·,1t10n
G<;riCt dlly 0'1iparous
r e r t d17ed eggs develo o 1nro larvae-
Ir , sorne an1rt1dls, develo prnent may be direc t 'Nr"ile n ,urn~ ,t ... nc:1rec ..
 . : , ::,° © !W t § ·' + , "
. -': ' --
t! :i-· !et§ y-. . ·: , -'
-
- .-
· ''
, , MA
r·i n e h a b it a t
" ' ' , ..
j •'
Ex c lus ive ly m a
t
e s ea
H.tbitat e b o tt o m o f th
1 fe atures T h e y liv e a t th e ro u s s y m m
e t ry )
Morp ho lc g ka b o d y (p e n ta m
o r fl o w e r- li k e
Star- o r d is c - body
Unsegm e n te d
il
ess h e a d o r ta
Does n o t P o s s
t d is ti n c ti o n
N o left a n d ri g h
e r s u rf a c e
M outh on lo w
r s u rf a c e
Anus on u p p e
''-
, 6 J4 ) l ti art•• •
► ► •
Movement and lo co mo
tio n So ft and re tractable tub
e feet as locornotory 0r9
Anatomical features ans
Hard exoskeleton wi th
spines or projections
Complete and simple dig
estive system
Body cavit y mo dif ied int o wa te r vascular system with
Tube feet help in food tu be feet
collection
Respiratory or ga ns -G ills
Terrestrial forms -Lungs
or air sacs
Reduced circulatory syste
m without heart
No excretory organs
Primitive nervous sy stem wi th a ne rve ring and rad ial ner1e c,:,
absent rds Bra ,r ,s
Unisexual without sexual
Metabolism dimorph ism
Food intake by tub e fee
t
Extracellular digest ion
Respiration through gil
ls or ctenidia
Excretor y matter is am
Reproduction monia
Asexual mode by regen
eration
External fertilization
Oviparou s
Development ind irect
Fertilized eggs develop
into larvae
~·~ / ' l(r t Pr •,t r,r h
~ • t • ◄
}'I .111 '
,, I
11
1 111 111 1 11
1 ,t ·11o·l 1.11, ·, ' • ,., .ill " h 11 ,q · •' •· ~1111\lvi- ly ,11 111,1 11, , l' 11 111•1 l1 n l1 w,111·1 111 111.1111 11· All f,,,i, J•"',\r',' '
1•11111.1 " , '11,,.,11 11 ,rl1ou11 l111 tl ,, 1111· n .., k,·11·11111 1, i•.1·111•1.,ll y 111 ,11 !,·
111
"I' ,,, ".,!, ,, f lwy ,...,. ..,., '"" , ,d 111•1• 111,,r wl t,,r
11 11 11
1111 11 1 11 1II I 'I f I I I
1111111
.,'1 1111 "" ll1·,1•11 .111o " I'I '· ' 1 .
t' ' 1, ·1· I'"'"'" ., rw1o , l1.111d w11"d 111·.,11 ll r,1111 I" ""'''""',,! .H r11ry " ,,.., ·"''
1 111 , 11 .1,1•11 1, ( >r dy 1111 r n 1.d ,·.,r, .1n · pw·,1·111 l'r"'"'"''
., ;' -1111111 · 1, ' ', \\1th 1'' 11 , 1.1111.111 11 ·1v,·, A p .111 111 •·v, ·, .111d 111,, 1111, ,11t· 1 J
.,:,11',, ' '1"" I . " '"" ' ,11 )\,111 " rl 11· , l,.11 .1, lt' l l\11, k ,11111 ,· ,,) rl11·, 1 1.,~, l'l wy ,Il l' 11111 w x 11,,l ,111 d , 111,w "·x11.d d r11 11,rplmr11 I 11 '•
' 1llr ,l 111111 rl11,·,· \1 11,, I,""'' 1111 ihl' l,.,i l\ 111 11·11.1111 d " " ' " 11 w k .,11 11 1·,
' 11•' '\ I ·htll Ih., ,l1"
Plac419
l
Cydusto111at11
l
Chondrlr.hthyes
l
Osiolchthyos An cleclric eel can
(-lmvh1ss lish) (Cortilnnonrnis li~h) (Bony fish) d,~charge a currenl
of 600 V
I i11,11 ~ ,, 11 Classificallon of pi secs
Gill lil;unonls
Op,1rnilum ,,., .--- Gill l1lamenls \ / Operculum
'"11,ovrd ><_.
10 show g,I~ / {t"' (j Gill ba1
Waler goes ~~
-
•
1_ 1
,
in mouth ;i ~-
1111 ~ ·1 -1. 1.,,_, ~
v '(,
¼ '\\"'"
G,11 bar
r,gun• 4 J.: Illustration of fish gills

..._____ Waler
pas ses out
Tobie 4 .11 Comparison of distinguishing features of thrt,e subclasses of Pisces
Cyclostomate Chondrichthyes • · Osteichthyes
Ol1111cteristlcs (Jawlass fish) (Cartllagenous fish) (Bony fish)
Origin of name Cyklos-circular ; Chondron-cartilage ; ichthyes- fish Ostein- bone; ichthyes- fish
stome-mouth
Habitat Hagfishes- Marine Mostly marine Both fresh water and marine
Lamprays- Freshwater Few sharks and rays are fresh water
Feeding habit Ectoparasites on fish Swimming predators or scavengers Swimming predators
Body shape Long eel-like body with Laterally compressed Generally spindle shaped
compressed tail Spindle shaped CJ( flattened disc shaped
Morphologlu,1 Soh. smooth and slimy Exoskeleton with placoid scales Exos~eleton with cycloid
t.atures skin without scales scales
Paired fins
Cart ilagenous Clear demarcrltion into head.
Tail fin with two unequal lobes
exoskeleton trunk and tail
External nares on tl1t, ventral side of
Jawless ci rcular mouth Paired fins
head
(suctorial 111ou1h) Tail fin with equal lobes
A pair of eyes without eye lids on the
A pair of eyes and nostrils
head
Mouth on ventral side of head
Mouth on ventral side of head
Well-developed movable jaws
Well-developed movable i aws
~~ -1l '
 ' .. ~ ) ,,..,,., . • ••
"" '
Characteristics
Cyclostomata
(Jawless fish)
Notochord as a
cylindrical rod
of cartilage

Chondrichthyes
(Cartllagenous fish)
Endoskeleton made up of cartilage
with calcium carbonate coating
Endoskeleton made up Gills generally not enclosed in gill

Endoskeleton part!
-
made up of bone y or "'ho!~
Presence of gas-iue
pouches or not covered by any covers bladder or
Brain with large cerebellum and 10
air sac bd 5"'Ini
alimentary canal a ove
Gills enclosed in gill
pairs of cranial nerves .
Gill slits covered b 9111
pouches y
Poorly developed head Paired gonads with gonoducts covers called operc 1
B . u urn
and brain rain with .large cerebellun,
Gonads without and 10 pairs of cranial
nerves
gonoduct
Paired gonads with
gonodu cts
Attaches to host fish Well-developed circulatory system Well-developed circulator
Metabolism Y
system
with mouth Ammonotelic
Ammon otelic
Ureotelic
Internal fertilization External fertilization
Reproduction External fertilization
Development is direct Development is direct
Development is
Mostly oviparous; Ovoviviparous Generally oviparous
indirect
(rays) Sometimes ovoviviparous or
Viviparous (sharks) viviparous
Primitive form of parental
care seen
Sharks, rays, etc. Labeo (Rohu) , catfish, etc
Diversity Petromyzon, Myxine
(hag fish) , etc.
Class Amph ibia
bia' originated from two te rms 'amphi '
These are the first land vertebrates. T he term of ·amphi
these animals can live bo th in water and
meanin g bo th and ' bios' meanin g life. That means, The largest ampr ~
or moist places. They are usually noctur nal
o n land. They are generally present in fresh water ian 1s the Ch,nese
during day time. They exhibit hiberna tio n
animals as they are active during night and inactive Giant Salamande<
structu ral features o f these animals are such
(winter sleep) and aestivation (summ er sleep). The
that they adapt to both the habitats.
of Amphibia
Table 4 . 12 Structural and functional features
Description 'j · _,R:-1.,-
Characteristics
Morphological Smooth or rough moist skin
(chromatophores)
features Skin possesses mucous glands and pigment cells
Body without scales
Distinct head and trunk (some may have tail)
Eyes with movable eyelids
Eardrum on skin
Lateral line sense organ may be present
actyl)
Four limbs with 5 fingers each (tetrapodus and pentad
t Toes without claws and nails, but may possess webs
(-bbed feet)
___......
 LE
~

•,,,;cal features
I ~
EndoskelP ton ,c; rr,oc;t l/ bw1y
Resp1rat1on by lungs or c;k1n 1n adult st.:igP ;inrJ
3-chambered heart (two auricles and one 1Pntnc
'Jill,; r .,r ,~I sr ,V1P
lPJ
Blood with biconvex. oval and nucleated RBC
A pair of kidneys and urinary bladder
Brain not well-developed
Males without copulatory organ
External fertil1zat1on
_,,,-odu<tion
Indirect development
rh,s class )
Metamorphosis 1s seen (characteristic feature of
Life cycle includes fish-li ke aquatic larva (tadpole)
Oviparous
ls
Primitive form of parental care seen ,n some anima
Frogs, toads, salamanders, etc.

, .r G'c;- 1 1li;i
llll"<llllng to crcq, Th.It th 1,
llll"ll l,. 1 I
The name· 'rrptilia· 011gin atcd from th r word ·rcpt:i rc ·
d1t· ti r~t ro111pktd,· rart·, m.11 n:rtc brJtt:, I• ''
elm mdudc, creep ing n-rtcb ratcs. The rcr tilc~ art·
in .1q11.tt1c h.1b1t,1t. rhn ,m: !!cnnJlh.
ori~ma tcd on the c::irth . Hmn-vcr. ,omL' rt·prilc, h\"t' '-'cs: ::rcr"O ...-.
,l co lw the do111111.111t ~mup or or~.101,111, srai<e " ;;c,1 ,nc:,c:
~d.iptt·d to hw m warm cli111:1tt·,. R eptiles ,,·e1T bdil·w
dunll)! tlir Juras~,c period of Mesozoic c·r:i.
Tl11s w.1~ hencc. c.dlcd .1~c or" rcpt1k, ~ or11t· llC. the 3r c crc:;c:-,: x :;or-
.1rt· the pre,t·nc d.1v l.ir~c·,t II\ Ill!{ rq,ol c,. oi..s-, ~d"c: ~,re
lt'f'Ub 0 ( tl1:11 pt'T1o d ,lfl' called dinosaur,. Pytho n,
1on. wry I('\\ .ire lwrb1,·ort>U , f crrl·, tnJI ...corJ
Mo~, of tl1t· rqmlc~ ~how c:1rn1,·orom lllOd l· of 1111trtt
elic.
rrpuln .err uncu trh r wh1 k .1q11at1c reptik , ,in· urt·1,1
es
Tablt 4.13 Structural and functional features of reptil
)
• •,; ii i,ffiii!i- snore arid oroaa
Morphological Usually elongated and low-statured body. Few are
and ca,1.
feltum The body 1s d1fferent1ated into head, neck trunk
A pair of eyes. a pair of nostrils and a pair of
ear openings Jre oreSc"t .;>r :nc "'c .;:J

daCC\ O cacr j191: " d.:> J ~ .w.

Four limbs with hve hngers. (tetrnpodus and oenta
snal\eS
However, some reptiles are limbless ~or r,an1ple.
Dry and non-gl<lndular sl...in
Exoskeleton wnh bony ep1cie1 mal scalc>s
Some reptiles shed therr scales pcnod1call) This
,s .. ..11leu moulting
I o, e>.dmplc ~nal...t's dnd lizards
I drge mouth \\Ith 1110\ablt' Jdl\S
lungue rn.iy or 111d\ nut be p,011 usrble

I Anato...ical feature• Fndos"-eleton consists of bony sl...ull and ribs

Rel>p11 atron by lungs
3-chambered hea, t (t,,o au, icles and one rn("omplecel} d1v1ded \cmtrrcle)
Crocod,l
es have d 4 chambe,ed hea, t
I Blood with b1eon ve:1., oval dJld nu~lcdted RBC
A i>a•r or k,dfle.,.., d
,~ an u11na,y bladde1
Bi au, wrth 12 pa,r-s ot o ·aru 1
Males gen~ ~ly a ncn es
P<>ssess CQpulatory organ
Reproduction Internal fertilization
Oviparous. Some are ovoviviparous
Presence of shell and embryonic membrane for egg
Embryo lies in fluid filled sac (amnion)
Direct development
Primitive form of parental care is seen in some
Diversity Terrestrial forms: Snakes and lizards
Aquatic forms: Crocodiles, tortoises and alligators
Largest living reptile-Python

The an:s (birds) possess some unique morphological features and hence, are mmt easil y recognizable ,1111mal\ \! t . ,
unique features include wide variety of body colours and presence offeathers. They show some bch,1v1on r·.,t ,- ,
are not found in other groups of animals. The most interesting habits such as singing. nest building, par ·:n,1 ,:· ••
tendency of migration make them the most studied group of animals. The study of birds is knovvn ,15 nrr.:c·. · £ - •
birds can survive in variety of habitats and hence, are omnipresent. Birds are homeothermic or warm-blool.'.~.: ,r;;:-"

Table 4 . 14 Structural and functional features of Aves

Characteristics . . . ;·-
-
. D
-
escription-
'

Morphological Streamlined body divisible into head, neck, trunk and short tail
features A pair of eyes, a pair of nostrils and a pair of ears openings are present ori the ~eac
Two pairs of limbs. Forelimbs modified into wings. Hind limbs covered with 1:or",
epidermal scales. Their digits end in claws
Exoskeleton made up of feathers
Skin thin and dry with preen gland at the tail
Jaws modified into beak
Large and powerful eyes
Anatomical features Endoskeleton made up of fused and hollow bones. It also includes bony skt..11
Alimentary canal ends in 3-chambered cloaca
Spongy, inelastic lungs connected to air sacs
Breast muscles attached to large breast bone
Pharynx without vocal cords
Special organ, syrinx present at the base of trachea which produces sound
A pair of kidneys. Urinary bladder is absent
4 -chambered heart w ith two auricles and two ventricles
Blood with biconvex, oval and nucleated RBC
Large brain with optic lobes and cerebellum
1 2 pairs of cranial nerves
Female bird has only one ovary and oviduct (left side)
Reproduction Internal fertili zation
Oviparous. Some are ovoviviparous
Eggs contain yolk and are enclosed in calcareous shells
Embryonic membranes are present (amnion, chorion, yolk sac, allantois)
Development is direct
Hatching of eggs at constant temperature by female bird in the nest
Large extent of parental care seen even after hatching
Diversity Peacock and crow;
Flightless birds: Ostrich, Penguin, Kiwi and Duck
 / /

r .;Ji;,;
.. 15 swctural and functJonal f~re s of marrir
ri,ble .,.
()laf3a,eristics
~v3; 111:r

The ood; ,s d,tttr<:r ,-3i'::<J nto r <:.ad. ·i:;r::--. -.: y ,. :;-rj::

;

thora / ,3!Jd abdorrn

Skin is covered b; '::toslrel<:10n r;f r ar
ar a a ~ r ,;;: et:'::" ~ ~-: ::. --~e ~-'=
A pair of eyes 111th mr.Naole lids, a 0-3,r rf --:OSTJ 11s
prese nt on the h<;ad
Mouth bounded b; mo ,able lips
- nis s cai ea theco dont dent ition
Movable jaws possess teeth embedded ,r %C1,,.ets
Dentition is the characteristic feature of mamm
als
Mammals are characterized 'oy the developm-:: m of two sets of tee:"i ,.. ::--e :e :;re - ,.
teeth; permanent teeth) This is called diphyodont denti
~-=
tion. Direr e": :-1 :)es o: :ee::'"'
called heterodont dentition
developed to suit their var ; ing feeding habrts. Tn·s 1s
may be o rr:y-1 -:ea 11 : , "e r- 1 : a1,s
Two pairs of pentadactyl limbs are prese nt. The digits
nails and hoofs
(oil) glands. wa:t. glands. s-Nea: g a"os
...,,.
Anatomical Skin is glandular. The skin glands include sebaceous
and milk glands
vertebral column. ribs and g ra es
Endoskeleton made up of bones. It includes bony skull.
Alimentary canal ends in anus
diaphragm seoarates chest ca 1rt'J :, 'Jr
Spongy and elastic lungs for respiration. A muscu lar
abdomen
Larynx is the sound-producing organ
y bladder
A pair of bean-shaped kidneys. Ureters open into urinar
4-chambered heart with two atria and two ventricles
es lymphatic sysrem
Well-developed blood vascular system which includ
Blood with biconcave, circular and anucleated RBC
cerebel!um
Large and well-developed brain with cerebrum and
Sensory centres in cerebrum
12 pairs of cranial nerves
Unisexual with sexual dimorphism
Paired gonads in males and females
atory organ called penis
Testes descent into scrotal sacs. Males possess copul
Females possess well-developed mamm ary glands
ff.production Internal fertilization
Eggs are small and microscopi c without any shells
t
The eggs retain in the uterus of female for developmen
Embryonic memb ranes are present
MoSt of th e mammals are viviparous
Young ones are fed by mother's milk .
Greatest extent of parental care b m .
Y eans of feeding, protection from enemies
and training
to lead the life independently
 ► ' •

._ , 4 J'J ) ( t npl 1 "

MtJnkry!.i, ( l1hnp.ir11CC'1
1lurnon,,, 1•lo pt1o nl.!i, corrlc
/\rl 1u1e.1I ,,111r11019
l..orucnr rnornrnrJI Ull ,c wh ulu
,
, 111,w w 1d, 111,1,, ,,f .,,, 1,, 1 1
111111.1 1111 11.d , .111 d d1 t·11 v.11 1l'd 11.11 111.11 ,. il ll'y
1111 , 1, 1 11 11 l.11 g,· 1'''1'1 ,l.1111111
'111 11, .111d < l11ld , .11 t·, 111.11,111 1.,I,
.,r, , .,,, ,,,,, 1 1111 ,,,
1
· h.1, 1\ , ii lit<' 11 11111 !' 11f r ltdd
I, 111 11, , /\ 1. 111 11~ 1111 111,

' 11,, "" '" h,·1, Ill

Brrd Mamma l
Amphibian Reptile
Fis h
y in diff ere nt ver teb ra tes
F19uro. 4.33 He art 's ana tom

Di ver sit y in Placen tal Ma mma ls

l'ltc pl.1 n·111.d ,11.1111111.11,
,lfl' ril l' IIIO Sl ~uc rns firl gro up or 111a111111ak Th l'y C.111
li w in Wltk
b.1~i, of 111a11y 1no rpholog1c
.il
---
A blue .vra;e,
• l

ir ron dit ior K Th l'y .1rl' fi1r thn categorized 011 thl' thl' 1110 ,t
r.111 gt· or rli111.11 tes i11cl11dl' tongue we1grs ;s
of li.'l 'din g. An 1<111 g the var iom groups, pri ma
lude~ k·111uf\,
-
r h.1r.1r tl'ri~ti rs and 111o dl's
m· pril ll,ll l'S nll'ans forl'111osr in r:111 k. Th is gro up inc ITTJcn as an ~-E::r<i'"
l'Vo lw d 111.1111111:ils. T hl' n.11 'lligc11t n1:1111111al~ l'V<>lvcd ,o
l'lt'., .,lo ng wit h l111 1n.1 11s. H11111ans arl' th l' 111ost intl
111<111kt·y,. ,ljll' ~.
hy. h11111:111s arc ar thl' pl':t k.
1:1r. In l'Vo l11tion:1ry hin.1rc
Mammals

Placen tal
Marsupial
Egg-laying mammals
mammals
mammals
Thl 'sl' .l rl' ,·1v1p.m 1u,
or T hcs,· .ire viviparous
( :h.1r.1ct as rl'ptill'~ arl' ~l'l'
II
' hin m rl·1n .1111, 111 urn u,
Youn~ om·s arl· small .111d till)
Thl '~l' .m· ovip.1rom (wo mh) 11II .111 .,d, ·.111"·,I ,t.1;:<
'
whcll horn
L:1y ,·gg~ <'lll-lo~,·d in hard 11,hrJ :"
Wh ile ill \\'tlllfh. ti>l'lll' 1, 11,,u
Th l')' arl' pm ll'<'ll·d ill .1 Sj)l'Ci.il , 111rr, 11!,\?
,hl·ll, 1110tlll'r through .1 ,pn·1.il ,m1
pouch Oil llH>rlll'r\ ahdollll'll
Ali l'f' h.11ch111g. you ng onl'~ pla cen ta
(m arsupi um )
.m· il·,1 011 11101ha·~ milk k T hi~ gro up ot' .11 >ll» .1I, ·" '' ,,uh
Th ey ,ll'l' feel on n1111hl'f'·~ lllll .1, rh,,
For n,.11ll pk , plll)' .1111 ron~i(krl'd .i- trul' 111.1111111.11, 1
l ill the pouch
,•.1tl'f'. (/:',/111/11,1). I )u,·k- hi lln po'-"'" .1II dH· , l1.1r.K1,·n,u , tl'.IW fl'' ·'

pl.rt ypu ,
For ,·x.11llp l,·, k.ll1g.1mll, kol.1
this .-1.i-~
he.1 r, ,·1.-. , ., 1tuu1Jlf
• l'.\,11 11plc. .-.1r. I1,111. 111,111M •
For
l'lt .

ma mm alia
Fi!Jure 4 34 Cla ssi fica tion of