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BONGA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL AND NATURAL RESOURCES
DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCIENCES

THE EFFECT OF INTER –ROW SPACING ON GROWTH AND YIELD

OF FABA BEAN (VICIA FABA L.)

BY : SISAY GIRMA.......... 1789/12

PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCIENCE

IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
BATCHLLOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN PLANT SCIENCE (PLSC
3105)

ADVISOR:

JANUARY, 2017

BONGA, ETHIOPIA

List of table
Table 1 WORK PLAN ..............

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Table 2 BUDGET ................

TABLE CONTENTS
TITLE............................PAGE
LIST OF ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS........................
1. INTRODUCTION .....................
2. LITERATURE REVIEW....................
2.1Crop description and origin .............................
2.2 Environmental requirement.....................
2.3 Nutritional value.................
2.4 Constraints and determents..................
3.MATERIALS AND METHODS.........................
3.1 Description of study area .....................
3.2 Experimental design and treatment..................
3.3 Data to be collected..................
3.4 Statistical analysis....................
4.WORK PLAN ......................
5. BUDGET..........................
5.1 Labour cost.....................
5.2 Material cost.....................
5.3 Summary table .....................
6.REFERENCES.......................

LIST OF ABREVIATION AND ACRONYMS

ANOVA.........Analysis of variance

CM..........Cent meter

RCBD...........Randomize complete block design

G..............Gram

M........Meter

M.a.s.l..........Meter above sea level

MM .......Millimeter

Qt/ha........Quintal per hectare

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SNNPR...............South nation nationality peoples region

1.INTRODUCTION faba bean

(vicia faba L.)is ranks among the worlds most important grain legume crops
considering the area under cultivation and the number of people depending on
it. It is also referred to as broad bean,horse bean and field bean and it is fourth
most important pulse crop in the world(sainte,2011).The crop has
amultipurpose use and is consumed as dry seeds,green vegitables,or as
processed food.Its products are a rich source of quality protein in the human
diet while its dry haulm and dry straw are used as animal feeds(sainte, 2011).

Faba bean is one of the most important winter legume crops for human
consumption in Egypt and also in our country as a protein source and
potential nitrogen fixing legume can also play an essential role in
enhancing soil ferti

lity used for animal feeding and industry aims(sharaanet,al,2002).Faba

bean seeds are used for human nutrition.The grain of faba bean contains
a high protein content of 24-33%(winch,2006). Ethiopia is the worlds

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second largest producer of faba bean next to China.Its share is only

6.96% of world production and 40.5% with in Africa(Chopra et al,1989).

In Ethiopia, The average yield of faba bean under small holder farmer is
not more than 1.6 ton per hectare (CSA,2013).despite the availability of
high yielding varieties (72 ton per hectre) (MoA,2011).faba bean has
strong tap root with an average rooting depth of 0.6 meter or 24
inches.Faba bean has compound leafs with two to six oval shaped leaf
lets,and flowers can be white,purple,or pink.A flower cluster may
produce one to six pods.The young pods are green and large.and 1.2cm (
0.4 to 0.8 inches) wide.

As the pod matures,it turns brown or black.Pods contains two to eight

oblong/oval seeds which weight between 400-700mg.Flowering occurs
in 45 to 60 days and maturity in 110-130 days.The bushel weight of
fababean is 60 pounds.Faba bean is best adapted to the moist area and
does best under relatively cool growing conditions .Hot,dry spells results
in wilting and way to reduce seed sets.Faba bean grows on well drained
loam or clay soils of pH 6.5-9.0.On light ,sandy soils faba yield can result
suffer as a result of drought stress in early summer.

Faba bean is tolerant of saturated soils than other pulses,it does not
perform well under conditions.Itdoes not perform on saline soils . The
maximum yield of a legume crop depends on its yield components , such
as,the number of branches,pods per plant ,seeds per pod and seed
weight.The production of faba bean is affectected by different factors
such as climatic conditions,soil fertility,water supply ,varieties(genotype)
and plant population density. For that is investigation aimed to study the
performance of some local faba bean varieties under differ row spacing
(20,30,40,and 50cm ).

Plant population density is an important factor in the new reclaimed soil

lands which depends on stand establishment. However, plant
competition for environmental resources affected by special
arrangement of those plants. This may be affected by plant density

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(number of plant per unit area) by the distance between rows.

Considering the effect of row spacing or plant population densities
reveled that increasing seed yield as row spacing decreases. So faba
bean considerably produced from long period of time by traditional
practice methods .

So if it is true the space between plant and rows should be considerably

recommended and optimize growth and yield .So, yield were estimated
by plant geometry . Many investigation , osman et al,(1),kagab, et al(5),
silim and saxena(6),philbeam et al(7)and stutzed and authocmer(8)
reported significant differences among faba bean.Bianch ,A.A
1979,Result of three years of experimental trails on the cultural
techniques of the horse bean for seeding (vicia faba Minor Beek),2,
plant densities and distance between the row .Riv, agron ,13;201-
206.Bonari and macc his(9) constraints that contribute to low
productivity of faba bean in its traditional area include; lack good seed
qualities and improper cultural practices.

Thus, it is more frequent to obtain unsatisfactory stands inspite of

prevalence of congential climates and hence replanting adds additional
costs. In order to extend and improve the production of the crop in
Darfur (zelingei), aresearch works have to be done on various agronomic
traits such as seed grading in the terms of seed size and sowing depth as
fact or determiningseeed germination. The depth of sowwing seed is
important as it contributes to achieving agood crop stand and
establishment and higher yieids.Too shallow sowing resultsin poor
germination due to in adequate soil moisture at the top soil layer
(Desbiolles ,2002). On the other hand,deep sowing can also significantly
reduce crop emergence and yield.(Aikins et al,2006).

1.1 Statement of the problem

Most of our farmers are using broadcasting rather than row planting.
This causes low in productivity. But now a days research centers are
working to solve such problems.So that may study would help those
farmers by using the exact and proper designed and spacing to be fruit

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full and productive,the past trend ,the present practices and also what
will newly born is the issue of the study.

1.2 Objective of the study

The objective of this study will be :

-To evaluate the effect of spacing on growth and yield of faba bean

-To determine the optimum spacing

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Crop description and origin

Globally faba bean (vicia faba L) is the third most important feed grain
legume, after soybean ,glycine max) and pea (pisum sativum L.) with
total production of 4.87MT and harvested area Of 2.63Mha , as reported
by mihailovic et al (2005). Razia ak –bar(2000) reported the practice of
cultivation and soil enhancing properties of faba bean in India. China is
currently world leading producer with 60% of the total yield followed by
northern Europe, Mediterranean, Ethopia ,central and East Asia and
latin America (FAOSTAT,2009). Faba bean is a winter growing pulse , or
food legume crop . It originated in the middle east in the pre-historic
period , and has since spread throughout Europe , North Africa and
Central Asia. It spread to China over 2,000 years ago via traders along
the silk road ,to south America in the Colombian period, and more
recently to Canada and Australia.Faba bean will be first grown
commercially for grain in the south Asia in the early 1980’s and is now
cultivated in Victoria, new south wales and western Australia . Small
area are grownin Tasmania and southern queens land. It is cool season
crop in Ausralia , planting in autumn and harvested in late spring up to
early summer. According to the agriculturalist professional. Ihad viewed
a very large amount of written documents that main and relevant for
time being one:

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-The field crop II ATVET.T college 1998 E.c states that the spacing
between plant 6-24cm could yield about 10-12quantal per hectare (Field
crop II ATVET college 1998 E.c).

-FTC manual of 1998 E.c states that the spacing between plant is 5cm
and row is 40cm could yield up to 18q/ha/ETC manual 1998 E.c .Recently
finding of scaling up program of model farmers states that between row
40cm and between plant 8-10cm could average 16q/ha and individual
model farmers get 34-36q/ha(scaling up program).

2.2 Environmental Requirement of Faba Bean

Faba bean (Vicia faba ) is well adapting to the range of an altitude

between 2400-3300 m.a.s.l and in areas with annual average rain falls
900mm-1100mm. It is not drought resistant ideally needs moist soil
throughout growing period. However, rain fall towards the end of
growing period soils are best preferred. Faba bean grow best on well
drained loam or clay soils of PH 6.0-9.0. On light , sandy soils faba bean
yield can suffer as result of drought stress in early summer . Faba bean is
more tolerant of saturated soils than other pulses , it does perform
under these conditions . Faba bean does not perform well on saline
soils .Faba bean production can be successful under both minimum and
no till soil management.

2.3 Nutritional Value of Faba Bean

Faba bean is considering as health people’s meat instead of meat for

poor people’s and only to grains in supplying calories and protein to the
word’s conception.

2.4 Constraints and Determents of Faba bean Production

Despite its wider use and high food value,there are many problems,
which limits its production and productivity in the field as well as after
harvest in storage . In the field the most production constraints is the
wide rang of insect pest attacking ever parts of crop.In the store,faba
bean burchids ,acathoseelids obctus and zabrotus nad zabrotes

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subfaseiatus are themost important ones. The cause uo to 100% seed

damage with in three months of storage period.

3. MATERIALS AND METHODSMETHOD

3.1 Description of study area

The experiment will be conducted in wachemo university

agricultural research field from January to june 2017 the area is
situated in hadiya zone of south western region of Ethiopia
located 232 km from Addis Ababa also an altitude of 236 meter
above sea level. The area receives an annual rain fall of
1331.6mm. The annual temperature of an area are
14.4 degree centigrade. The soil of an area is characteristically
clay/loam soil with PH range from 5.5 to 6.0 (BPEDORS,2000)

3.2 Experimental Design and Treatment

The experiment will be laid out in RCBD(Randomize Complete Block

Design) with four treatment spacing (T1=20, T2= 30, T3=40 and T5=
50cm) and three replications to evaluate the effect of different spacing
on faba bean (on local variety). The size of each experimental unit will be
1.2 x 2.5(3meter square) having four rows . Each contains different
numbers due to enter row spacing. A distance of 0.5 m and 1m were
left between plots and blocks respectively. One seed pair hole were
sown at the recommended plant depth or 5-6 cm with spacing (20,30,40
and 50 cm) between row and 10cm between plants. DAP fertilizer are
used as a source of phosphorus and full does were applied as side
banding at sowing time.

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3.3 Data To Be Collected

In order to evaluate the effect of inter-row spacing on the growth of
fababean at different level of spacing . Data will be collected . The parameters
are date of emergency , plant height (cm), number of leaf per plant ,leaf areas
(square paper) and number of tiller per plant .Such kinds of data will be
collected from ten pre- tagged plant per plot and the collected date will be
recorded every day after sowing.

3.5 Statistical analysis

The collected data will be subjected to analysis of variance with RCBD. Mean
separation will be necessarily carried out using least significance
difference(LSD)at 5%.

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4. WORK PLAN

Schedule of activities in month

No Activities Jan Feb March April May June

1 Proposal x
writing
2 Site selection x
3 Land x
preparation
4 Soil analysis x
5 Planting X
6 Field X
management
7 Data X X x
collection
8 Data analysis X x
9 Paper write X x X
up
10 Paper X
submission

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5. BUDGET

5.1 Table 1 labour cost

Description Unit Quantity in Unit price Total cost

of cost item quantity days
1 Land No 2 15/day 30
preparation
2 Planting No 2 15/day 30
3 Weeding No 1 15/day 15
4 Harvesting No 2 15/day 30
5 Data No 1 15/day 15
collection
Total 120

5.2 Table2 material cost

No Item unit quantity Unit price Total

price
1 N fertilizer Kg 50 10 500
2 P fertilizer Kg 40 6 240
3 FYM Tone 100 10 1000
4 Communication card 8 8 64
Total 1804

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5.3 Table3 summary table

Labour cost 120

Material 1804
Total 1924

6. REFERENCES

Aikins SHM . Afuakwa JJ and Baidoo D(2006) . Effect of planting depth on maize
stand establishment. Ghana institute of engineers4 (2): 20-25 .

Bianchi A.A. 1979 .Results of 3 years of experimental trails on the cultural

techniques of the horse bean for seeding(vicia faba minor beek). Plant
densities and distance between rows Riv Agron .13,201-206.

Caballero,R,1987. The effect of plant population and row width on seed yields
and components of faba beans Res,Dex. Agric 4:147-150 .

CSA(Central Statistical Agency),2013.rport on area and production of major

crops or private peasant holdings mehar season . statistical bulletin ,1:10-14.

Desbiolles J(2002). Optimizing seedling in the poddock .

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FTC (Farmers Training Center) manual 1998 (hawassa). Me EwenJ D.P Yeomon
and R.moffifi 1988. Effect of seed rates sowing dates and methods of sowing
on autumn sown field beans (vicia faba L.) J.Agric sci camb110:345-352.
MoA(Ministry of Agriculture),2011. Animal and plant health regulation
director. Crop variety register ,ISSUE No 14. Addis Ababa Ethiopia. Pp 71-73.

Osman A.A.M.S.O Yagoub and O.A.Tut ,2010.performance of faba beans (vicia

faba L) cultivars grown in new agro –ecological regions of Sudan or south
Sudan .Australia.J.basic and appl sci 4(11):5516-5521.

Philbeam C,J.P,D.Hebbleth waite H.E rickets and T.EN yongera ,1991. Effect
plant population density of determinate and indeterminate forms of winter
faba bean (vicia faba L). Yield and yield components J. Agric sci
camb ,116:375-383 .Ragab A.A.A Eman,Taniday and Sh. M.Abd-El-
Rasaul,2010 . Acomparison between traditional and recent bioinocuia on
growth and productivity of faba bean (vicia faba L .) grown in caleareous soil .
Internationals, acedamic Res 2(4):245-253

Sainte M.2011. The magazine of the European Association for grain legume
research . ISSUE No 56 model legume congress . 1519 may 2011.

Salem,S.A1982 . The effect of different plant density , cultivars and their

interactions on seed yield and some agronomic characters of faba bean Alex.
Sci Exchange 3:277-287.

Stutzel .H.W. Authammer and A.lober , 1994. Effect of sowing technique on

yield formation of faba bean ( vicia faba L .) as affected by population density ,
sowing date and plant type J Agric sci 122(2):255-264.

The field crop II ATVET college 1998.

Winch T. 2006. Growing food . AGuide to food production springer.

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