Solution Manual for Biocalculus

Calculus for Life Sciences, 1st Edition

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1 FUNCTIONS AND SEQUENCES
1.1 Four Ways to Represent a Function
1. The functions () =  + √2 -  and () =  + √2 -  give exactly the same output values for every input value, so 
and  are equal.
2. () = 2 - 
-1
=
( - 1)
-1
=  for  - 1 6= 0, so  and  [where () = ] are not equal because (1) is undefined and
(1) = 1.
3. (a) The point (1 3) is on the graph of , so (1) = 3.
(b) When  = -1,  is about -02, so (-1) ≈ -02.
(c) () = 1 is equivalent to  = 1 When  = 1, we have  = 0 and  = 3.
(d) A reasonable estimate for  when  = 0 is  = -08.
(e) The domain of  consists of all -values on the graph of . For this function, the domain is -2 ≤  ≤ 4, or [-2 4].
The range of  consists of all -values on the graph of . For this function, the range is -1 ≤  ≤ 3, or [-1 3].
(f) As  increases from -2 to 1,  increases from -1 to 3. Thus,  is increasing on the interval [-2 1].
4. (a) The point (-4 -2) is on the graph of , so (-4) = -2. The point (3 4) is on the graph of , so (3) = 4.
(b) We are looking for the values of  for which the -values are equal. The -values for  and  are equal at the points
(-2 1) and (2 2), so the desired values of  are -2 and 2.
(c) () = -1 is equivalent to  = -1. When  = -1, we have  = -3 and  = 4.
(d) As  increases from 0 to 4,  decreases from 3 to -1. Thus,  is decreasing on the interval [0 4].
(e) The domain of  consists of all -values on the graph of . For this function, the domain is -4 ≤  ≤ 4, or [-4 4].
The range of  consists of all -values on the graph of . For this function, the range is -2 ≤  ≤ 3, or [-2 3].
(f) The domain of  is [-4 3] and the range is [05 4].
5. No, the curve is not the graph of a function because a vertical line intersects the curve more than once. Hence, the curve fails
the Vertical Line Test.
6. Yes, the curve is the graph of a function because it passes the Vertical Line Test. The domain is [-2 2] and the range
is [-1 2].
7. Yes, the curve is the graph of a function because it passes the Vertical Line Test. The domain is [-3 2] and the range
is [-3 -2) ∪ [-1 3].
8. No, the curve is not the graph of a function since for  = 0, ±1, and ±2, there are infinitely many points on the curve.
9. (a) The graph shows that the global average temperature in 1950 was  (1950) ≈ 138 ◦ C
(b) By drawing the horizontal line  = 142 to the curve and then drawing the vertical line down to the horizontal axis, we see
that  ≈ 1992
(c) The temperature was smallest in 1910 and largest in 2006
(d) The range is { | 135 ≤  ≤ 145} = [135 145]
9

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10 ¤ CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND SEQUENCES
10. (a) The range is {Width | 0  Width ≤ 16} = (0 16]
(b) The graph shows an overall decline in global temperatures from 1500 to 1700, followed by an overall rise in temperatures.
The fluctuations in temperature in the mid and late 19th century are reflective of the cooling effects caused by several large
volcanic eruptions.
11. If we draw the horizontal line pH = 40 we can see that the pH curve is less than 4.0 between 12:23AM and 12:52AM.
Therefore, a clinical acid reflux episode occurred approximately between 12:23 AM and 12:52AM at which time the esophageal
pH was less than 40
12. The graphs indicate that tadpoles raised in densely populated regions take longer to put on weight. This is sensible since
more
crowding leads to fewer resources available for each tadpole.
13. (a) At 30 ◦ S and 20 ◦ N, we expect approximately 100 and 134 ant species respectively.
(b) By drawing the horizontal line at a species richness of 100, we see there are two points of intersection with the curve, each
having latitude values of roughly 30 ◦ N and 30 ◦ S.
(c) The function is even since its graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
14. Example 1: A car is driven at 60 mi=h for 2 hours. The distance 
traveled by the car is a function of the time . The domain of the
function is { | 0 ≤  ≤ 2}, where  is measured in hours. The range
of the function is { | 0 ≤  ≤ 120}, where  is measured in miles.
Example 2: At a certain university, the number of students  on
campus at any time on a particular day is a function of the time  after
midnight. The domain of the function is { | 0 ≤  ≤ 24}, where  is
measured in hours. The range of the function is { | 0 ≤  ≤ },
where  is an integer and  is the largest number of students on
campus at once.
Example 3: A certain employee is paid $800 per hour and works a
maximum of 30 hours per week. The number of hours worked is
rounded down to the nearest quarter of an hour. This employee’s
gross weekly pay  is a function of the number of hours worked .
The domain of the function is [0 30] and the range of the function is
{0 200 400     23800 24000}.
240
pay
42 0.25 0.50 0.75 29.50 29.75 30 hours
238
236
0
15. The person’s weight increased to about 160 pounds at age 20 and stayed fairly steady for 10 years. The person’s weight
dropped to about 120 pounds for the next 5 years, then increased rapidly to about 170 pounds. The next 30 years saw a gradual
increase to 190 pounds. Possible reasons for the drop in weight at 30 years of age: diet, exercise, health problems.
16. Initially, the person’s forward moving heel contacts the ground resulting in a ground reaction force in the opposite or
negative
direction. In moving from heel-strike to toe-off, the foot transitions from a forward push to a backward push. Hence, the
ground reaction force switches from a negative value to a positive value, becoming zero at some point in between.

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SECTION 1.1 FOUR WAYS TO REPRESENT A FUNCTION ¤ 11
17. The water will cool down almost to freezing as the ice melts. Then, when
the ice has melted, the water will slowly warm up to room temperature.
18. Runner A won the race, reaching the finish line at 100 meters in about 15 seconds, followed by runner B with a time of
about
19 seconds, and then by runner C who finished in around 23 seconds. B initially led the race, followed by C, and then A.
C then passed B to lead for a while. Then A passed first B, and then passed C to take the lead and finish first. Finally,
B passed C to finish in second place. All three runners completed the race.
19. Initially, the bacteria population size remains constant during which nutrients are consumed in preparation for reproduction.
In
the second phase, the population size increases rapidly as the bacteria replicate. The population size plateaus in phase three at
which point the "carrying capacity" has been reached and the available resources and space cannot support a larger population.
Finally, the bacteria die due to starvation and waste toxicity and the population declines.
20. The summer solstice (the longest day of the year) is
around June 21, and the winter solstice (the shortest day)
is around December 22. (Exchange the dates for the
southern hemisphere.)
21. Of course, this graph depends strongly on the
geographical location!
22. The temperature of the pie would increase rapidly, level
off to oven temperature, decrease rapidly, and then level
off to room temperature.
23. As the price increases, the amount sold
decreases.
24. The value of the car decreases fairly rapidly initially, then somewhat less rapidly.
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12 ¤ CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND SEQUENCES
25. (a)
1980 1990 2000 2010
20
40
60
80
100
120
x
y0
Year
Count
(b)
1980 1990 2000 2010
20
40
60
80
100
120
x
y0
Year
Count
We see from the graph that there were approximately
92,000 birds in 1997.
26. (a)
01234
0.2
t
C
0.4
(b) Alcohol concentration increases rapidly within the first
hour of consumption and then slowly decreases over the
following three hours.
27. () = 32 -  + 2
(2) = 3(2)2 - 2 + 2 = 12 - 2 + 2 = 12
(-2) = 3(-2)2 - (-2) + 2 = 12 + 2 + 2 = 16
() = 32 -  + 2
(-) = 3(-)2 - (-) + 2 = 32 +  + 2
( + 1) = 3( + 1)2 - ( + 1) + 2 = 3(2 + 2 + 1) -  - 1 + 2 = 32 + 6 + 3 -  + 1 = 32 + 5 + 4
2() = 2 · () = 2(32 -  + 2) = 62 - 2 + 4
(2) = 3(2)2 - (2) + 2 = 3(42) - 2 + 2 = 122 - 2 + 2
(2) = 3(2)2 - (2) + 2 = 3(4) - 2 + 2 = 34 - 2 + 2
[()]2 = 32 -  + 22 = 32 -  + 232 -  + 2
= 94 - 33 + 62 - 33 + 2 - 2 + 62 - 2 + 4 = 94 - 63 + 132 - 4 + 4
( + ) = 3( + )2 - ( + ) + 2 = 3(2 + 2 + 2) -  -  + 2 = 32 + 6 + 32 -  -  + 2
28. A spherical balloon with radius  + 1 has volume  ( + 1) = 4 3( + 1)3 = 4 3(3 + 32 + 3 + 1). We wish to find the
amount of air needed to inflate the balloon from a radius of  to  + 1. Hence, we need to find the difference
 ( + 1) -  () = 4 3(3 + 32 + 3 + 1) - 4 33 = 4 3(32 + 3 + 1).
29. () = 4 + 3 - 2, so (3 + ) = 4 + 3(3 + ) - (3 + )2 = 4 + 9 + 3 - (9 + 6 + 2) = 4 - 3 - 2,
and (3 + ) - (3)
=
(4 - 3 - 2) - 4
=
(-3 - )
 = -3 - .

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SECTION 1.1 FOUR WAYS TO REPRESENT A FUNCTION ¤ 13
30. () = 3, so ( + ) = ( + )3 = 3 + 32 + 32 + 3,
and ( + ) - ()
=
(3 + 32 + 32 + 3) - 3
=
(32 + 3 + 2)
 = 32 + 3 + 2.
31. () - ()
-
=
1
-
1
-
=
-

-
=
-
( - ) =
-1( - )
( - ) = -
1

32. () - (1)
-1
=
+3
+1
-2
-1
=
 + 3 - 2( + 1)
+1
-1
=
 + 3 - 2 - 2
( + 1)( - 1)
- + 1
=
( + 1)( - 1) =
-( - 1)
( + 1)( - 1) = -
1
+1
33. () = ( + 4)=(2 - 9) is defined for all  except when 0 = 2 - 9 ⇔ 0 = ( + 3)( - 3) ⇔  = -3 or 3, so the
domain is { ∈ R |  6= -3 3} = (-∞ -3) ∪ (-3 3) ∪ (3 ∞).
34. () = (23 - 5)=(2 +  - 6) is defined for all  except when 0 = 2 +  - 6 ⇔ 0 = ( + 3)( - 2) ⇔
 = -3 or 2, so the domain is { ∈ R |  6= -3 2} = (-∞ -3) ∪ (-3 2) ∪ (2 ∞).
35. () = √3 2 - 1 is defined for all real numbers. In fact 3 (), where () is a polynomial, is defined for all real numbers.
Thus, the domain is R or (-∞ ∞).
36. () = √3 -  - √2 +  is defined when 3 -  ≥ 0 ⇔  ≤ 3 and 2 +  ≥ 0 ⇔  ≥ -2. Thus, the domain is
-2 ≤  ≤ 3, or [-2 3].
37. () = 1 √4 2 - 5 is defined when 2 - 5  0 ⇔ ( - 5)  0. Note that 2 - 5 6= 0 since that would result in
division by zero. The expression ( - 5) is positive if   0 or   5. (See Appendix A for methods for solving
inequalities.) Thus, the domain is (-∞ 0) ∪ (5 ∞).
38. () =  + 1
1+1
+1
is defined when  + 1 6= 0 [ 6= -1] and 1 + 1
+1
6= 0. Since 1 + 1
+1
=0⇒
1
+1
= -1 ⇒ 1 = - - 1 ⇒  = -2, the domain is { |  6= -2,  6= -1} = (-∞ -2) ∪(-2 -1) ∪ (-1 ∞).
39.  () = 2 - √ is defined when  ≥ 0 and 2 - √ ≥ 0. Since 2 - √ ≥ 0 ⇒ 2 ≥ √ ⇒ √ ≤ 2 ⇒
0 ≤  ≤ 4, the domain is [0 4].
40. () = √4 - 2. Now  = √4 - 2 ⇒ 2 = 4 - 2 ⇔ 2 + 2 = 4, so
the graph is the top half of a circle of radius 2 with center at the origin. The domain
is  | 4 - 2 ≥ 0 =  | 4 ≥ 2 = { | 2 ≥ ||} = [-2 2]. From the graph,
the range is 0 ≤  ≤ 2, or [0 2].

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