SALALE

UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NATURAL SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF SPORT SCIENCE
ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSE OF SPORT INJURY AND
ITS IMPACT ON PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE OF U- 17
MALE FOOTBALL PLAYERS: IN THE CASE OF BUNA
FOOTBALL PROJECT IN MEKETURIE
BY:KEMAL OSEMAN
ID NO…………………….

ADVISOR: MR . NATHNAL (MSc)

December 2023
Fitche ETHIOPIA
Contents
. CHAPTER ONE.......................................................................................................4
1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................4
1.1. Background of study.........................................................................................................................4
1.2. Statement of the problem................................................................................................................5
1.3. Research Questions..........................................................................................................................6
1.4. Objective of the Study......................................................................................................................6
1.4.1. General Objective of the Study..................................................................................................6
1.4.2. Specific Objective of the Study..................................................................................................7
1.5. Significance of the study...................................................................................................................7
1.6. Delimitation of the Study..................................................................................................................8
1.7. Limitation of the Study.....................................................................................................................8
1.8. Definition of Terms...........................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................................9
2. REVIEWS OF RELATED LITERATURES........................................................................................................9
2.1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................9
2.1. Injury mechanism and severity.........................................................................................................9
2.1.1. Exposure definitions..................................................................................................................9
2.2. Risk factors for football injury.........................................................................................................10
2.2.1. The causes of injury.................................................................................................................10
2.2.2. Risk factor model.....................................................................................................................10
2.3. Internal risk factors for injury in men’s professional football.........................................................11
2.3.1. Previous injury.........................................................................................................................11
2.3.2. Genotypic differences..............................................................................................................11
2.3.3. Psychological factors...............................................................................................................12
2.3.4. Anthropometrics......................................................................................................................12
2.3.5. Physical status..........................................................................................................................12
2.3.6. Newcomers to professional football.........................................................................................12
2.3.7. Player age................................................................................................................................12

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 2.3.8. Playing position.......................................................................................................................13
2.3.9. Physical fitness........................................................................................................................13
2.3. 10. Muscle strength/muscle imbalance.......................................................................................13
2.3.11. Equipment..............................................................................................................................14
2.3.12. Functional skills/balance........................................................................................................14
2.4. External risk factors for injury in men’s professional football........................................................14
2.4.1. Warm-up..................................................................................................................................14
2.4.2. Pre-season training/seasonal distribution.................................................................................14
2.4.3. Match associated variables......................................................................................................14
2.4.4. High match and training load...................................................................................................15
2.4.5. Weather and playing field conditions.......................................................................................15
2.4.6. Team success...........................................................................................................................15
CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................................16
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...........................................................................................................16
3.1. Study area.......................................................................................................................................16
This study was conduct in Meketurie town in Semen shewa Zone, which is located at in Oromiya
Ethiopia at a distance of 210 km from the capital city of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa,.................................16
3.2. Study Design..................................................................................................................................16
3.3. Population of the Study..................................................................................................................16
3.4. Source of Data................................................................................................................................16
3.5. Sampling Method...........................................................................................................................16
3.6. Data Collection Instruments...........................................................................................................17
3.7. Data Collection Procedures............................................................................................................17
3.8. Data Analysis..................................................................................................................................17
CHAPTER FOUR.....................................................................................................................................18
4. Result and its interpretation...................................................................................................................18
4.1. General Characteristic and Playing Position of the Respondents....................................................18
4.2. Interview analysis from the coach..................................................................................................24
References.................................................................................................................................................26

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. CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of study

Football is a sport where players perform bouts of high intensity activity
interspersed with periods of lower intensity. The demands are increased by having
to execute complex movements such as accelerating and decelerating, changing
direction, jumping and tackling, parts of which are likely to impact on the
characteristics of the match as reported by Mohr et al. 2003.
Study also shows that soccer is classified as a high- to moderate-intensity
contact/collision sport, with most injuries overall occurring from either player-to-
player or player-to-ground/ball/goalpost contact rather than overuse as described
by Kakavelakis et al. 2003 and Gall et al. 2008.
Injury is any condition that caused a player to be removed from a game, miss a
game, or to be disabled enough to come to the medical tent.
It is received during training or competition which prevented the injured player
from participating in normal training or competition for more than 48 hoursas
described by Kibler, 1993.
Contact injuries occurred primarily when the player is tackling the ball, being
tackled, or heading the ball as or more defenders are impeding the play as reported
by Wong and Hong, 2005.

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The mechanisms of noncontact injury include running, twisting/turning, shooting,
and landing. Most injuries are classified as minor and require nothing more than
basic first aid or a maximum of 1 week’s absence from soccer participation as
described by Wong, Hong, 2005 and Gall et al. 2008.
Taking these precedents in to account the aim of this study is to analyze the cause
of sport injury and its impact on physical performance of U- 17 male football
players: in the case of buna football project in meketurie.

1.2. Statement of the problem

It is clear that physical qualities are not the only determinant of match
performance. The outcome of a match depends on the complex interaction of
several physical, psychological, technical and tactical factors. To do this players
need an appropriate level of fitness, namely moderate-to-high aerobic and
anaerobic power, good agility, flexibility and muscular development and the ability
to generate power during fast movements.
From an applied perspective, this remains a challenge, as coaches are sometimes
reluctant to sanction frequent testing within the season. This is despite the fact that
routine monitoring may aid periodisation strategies, prevent under/ overtraining
and maintain players in optimal condition as reported by Rampinini et al. 2003.
According to Rahnama et al. 1990 soccer has a high injury rate and injury
percentage. In a study that recorded injuries from player-to-player contact, 48% of
all injuries occurred during tackling as described by Kibler, 1993.

Study also shows that most soccer injuries were located in the lower extremities as
reported by Wong and Hong, 2005.
With the exception of a single study in which the playing position accounted for a
disproportionate share of the total injuries recorded, the risk of injury does not
seem to vary consistently according to player position.
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Researchers have studied the relation of soccer injuries to age. Higher rates of
injury occur in the older male (16–18 years). In age-matched players, relatively
poor muscular strength has been shown to be associated with higher rates of injury.
In one study involving male and female players, the highest injury rates were
reported for the oldest girls (17–19 years), and the lowest rates were reported for
the youngest girls (9–13 years) as reported by Sullivan et al. 1980. However to the
best of our knowledge to date there is no research conducted on soccer specific
analysis of the cause of sport injury and its impact on physical performance at age
category of U- 17 male football players.
In the case of buna football project in meketurie in Ethiopia Thus, this study is
designed to analyze the cause of sport injury and its impact on physical
performance of U- 17 male football players: in the case of buna football project in
meketurie.

1.3. Research Questions

This study will try to answer the following research questions:-
 What are the factors that lead to the occurrence of sport injuries in U-17
male football project?
 Which sport injuries is frequently occurred in U-17 male football project?
 Do the occurred sport injuries have negative influences on U-17 male
football project player’s playing performance?
 Who is responsible to prevent or minimize the occurrence of sport
injuries in U-17 male football project player’s performance?
 What measures should be needed to take to prevent or minimize sport
injuries in U-17 male football project?

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1.4. Objective of the Study
1.4.1. General Objective of the Study
The general objective of the study is to analyze the cause of sport injury and its
impact on physical performance of U- 17 male football players: in the case of buna
football project in meketurie.

1.4.2. Specific Objective of the Study

The specific objective of the study is as follow.
1. To analyze the major cause of sport injuries in U-17 male football project
of buna: meketurie.
2. To identify the most frequently occurred sport injury in U-17 male football
project of buna: meketurie.
3. To assess the negative influence of sport injuries on playing performance
of U-17 male football project players of buna: meketurie
4. To identify the responsible bodies to prevent or minimize sport injuries in
U-17 male football project of buna: meketurie
5. To forward possible strategies or mechanisms used to prevent and

minimize sport injuries in U-17 male football project of buna: meketurie .

1.5. Significance of the study

The purpose of this study will be conduct to analyze the cause of sport injury and
its impact on physical performance of U- 17 male football players: in the case of
buna football project in meketurie. In doing so the findings of the present study
will provide information about:
 The responsible body that was controls the risk of injury in training session and
competitions.
 This research work was also serve`

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 As a landmark for other students that might be interested in doing related
researches on soccer.
 This research work was also providing information for football practitioners
(i.e. players, trainers, coaches, managers and administrators).
 The study may be useful for coach, players, teachers and students to know
about soccer specific injury and its impact on playing performance.

1.6. Delimitation of the Study

To make the study specific and manageable, the study will delimited the area of the
study to meketurie U-17 male football project players of buna.

1.7. Limitation of the Study

The possible weakness and shortcoming or constraints that face will during the
work of this study (i.e. out of control) is described as follows. Hence, there will a
shortage of time and budget the study was be limited in one age category of male
football project in meketurie. In fact, it was attempts to overcome this inadequacy
by using appropriate/ relevant materials. However the study will try to use its best
to maintain the excellence of this research by putting utmost effort.

1.8. Definition of Terms

Soccer;
Is one of the most popular and an intermittent sport that uses walking,
jogging, running, and sprinting.
Injury;
Is any condition that caused a player to be removed from a game, miss a game, or
to be disabled enough to come to the medical tent.
Sport injury
Is an accident which occurs during training or competition time because of
bad environment, body contact, over use of training and etc…..

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CHAPTER TWO

2. REVIEWS OF RELATED LITERATURES

2.1. Introduction
The operational definitions of injury previously used in football injury epidemiology vary on a
broad spectrum of severity from injuries with insurance claim submitted, injuries resulting in
hospital treatment, in time-loss from football participation, in medical attention, and any physical
complaint. The most common definition in football injury epidemiology and the definition used
in this senior essay is the time-loss injury definition as stated in the report of Fuller et al. (2006).

2.1. Injury mechanism and severity

Injuries are often also classified according to their injury mechanism, into traumatic
injuries(acute onset) or overuse injuries (gradual onset). An acute injury refers to an injury
resulting from a specific, identifiable event, and an overuse injury to one caused by repeated
micro trauma without a single, identifiable event responsible for the injury as stated Fuller et al.
(2006).However, overuse injuries have received little attention in the sports injury prevention
literature compared to acute injuries such as anterior curiae ligament ruptures and ankleligament
sprains as described by Clarsen et al. (2013).

2.1.1. Exposure definitions

To be able to estimate the risk for sustaining a football injury, one must not only register the
number of injuries occurring during study period. Consensus statement, recommends two
different methods for recording player exposure: individual-based registration of exposure (IBE)
or team-based registration of exposure (TBE) as described by Fuller et al. (2006). IBE includes
all players’ individual time of participation in each training session and match, whereas TBE
registers a sum of exposure for each activity based on the number of players participating and the
length of the activity as stated by Fuller et al.(2006).

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Collecting exposure on team-basis is less time-consuming for the club contact persons and might
therefore attract more clubs to volunteer in taking part in research projects. However, it is not
possible to conduct an exposure-adjusted risk factor analysis on individual level with TBE as
stated by Hagglund et al.(2005).

2.2. Risk factors for football injury

2.2.1. The causes of injury
Knowledge regarding risk factors and injury mechanisms is necessary in order to develop
effective preventive measures against football injuries. Usually, one differentiates between
intrinsic (internal) and extrinsic (external) injury risk factors, where intrinsic risk factors
refers to player-specific factors, and extrinsic to factors in the environment as stated by Dvorak
and Junge, (2000).
The factors involved in injury causation are multi-factorial and, therefore, to evaluate risk factors
for athletic injury a multivariate approach is necessary as described by Inklaar, (1994).
Meeuwisse proposed a multifactorial model for examining the aetiology of sports injuries.
According to this model, an athlete may have several predisposing intrinsic risk factors for injury
(e.g. age, body composition, history of injury, etc.) but they are rarely enough to alone cause
injury. Once the athlete is predisposed, extrinsic risk factors (e.g. environment, equipment, etc.)
may facilitate the occurrence of injury. The presence of both intrinsic and
extrinsic risk factors may leave the athlete susceptible to injury but it usually takes an inciting
event (e.g. being tackled) to cause the actual injury.

2.2.2. Risk factor model

In 1994, Willem Meeuwisse presented a multifactorial model to assess risk factors and
causation for sport injuries as stated by Meeuwisse, (1994). Furthermore, Meeuwisse separated
risk factors into internal and external factors. Internal risk factors (also called individual or
person-related risk factors) are factors based within the athlete, while external (environmental)
risk factors are factors having impact “from without”.Examples of internal risk factors are player
age, playing position, strength and flexibility; and examples of external risk factors are weather,
field conditions, surface types, rules and equipment. In the multifactorial model of athlete injury
aetiology as stated by Meeuwisse, (1994),Meeuwisse theory states that numerous internal risk
factors may predispose an athlete to injury.
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In addition, external risk factors can facilitate the manifestation of the injury. However,
although a risk factor may be necessary for an injury outcome, they are seldom sufficient by
themselves to cause an injury. Meeuwisse argues that an inciting event is the final link in the
chain of causation in the definitive onset of the injury. An example of an inciting event from
football context could be a tackle from a defender that hits the medial side of the opponent’s
ankle, causing a forced inversion of the ankle and consequently a lateral ligament injury.
Using this injury example, an internal risk factor for injury could be a history of previous
ligament injuries in the same ankle, leading to reduced proprioception; an external risk factor
for injury could be an uneven playing surface that may facilitate ankle supination. Roald Bahr
and Tron Krosshaug subsequently expanded this model as described Bahr and Krosshaug,
(2005), toinclude a more comprehensive approach to the description of the inciting event from a
biomechanical point of view.

2.3. Internal risk factors for injury in men’s professional football

2.3.1. Previous injury

Several studies have showed that previous injury is an important internal risk factor for injury. A
one-season follow up study with pre-season screening in Icelandic football evaluated several
internal risk factors for injury. In this study, previous injury was identified as a significant risk
factor for hamstring strain, groin strain, knee sprain and ankle sprain as described by Arnason et
al. (2004). Engebretsen et al. evaluated internal risk factors for injury among professional and
amateur Norwegian players. They included specific information on previous injury, specific
function scores, balance tests and a clinical examination. Previous injury was again the main
predictor for acute ankle injuries as described by Engebretsen et al. (2010a), groin injuries as
stated by Engebretsen et al. (2010b), and hamstring injuries as described by Engebretsen et al.
(2010c).

2.3.2. Genotypic differences

Recently, studies in Spanish settings have identified that genetic variations may be a risk
factor for non-contact musculoskeletal soft tissue injuries. In these studies, different single
nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes related to tissue recovery and tissue repair were
correlated to injury type and injury severity in different ethnic groups. The frequency of the
SNPs was found to vary between the different ethnic groups, and significant relations were

10
found between different SNPs and injury outcome as stated by Pruna et al. (2013).

2.3.3. Psychological factors

Few studies have evaluated psychological risk factors for injury in men’s professional
football. However, Ivarsson et al. studied a Swedish cohort and found that trait anxiety,negative
life event and daily hassles were significant predictors for injury as stated by Ivarsson et al.
(2013).

2.3.4. Anthropometrics
A risk factor study in Icelandic football found that players sustaining groin strain within a
season had significantly higher percentage of body fat than the group without groin strains as
described in Arnason et al. (2004a). Similarly, studies in UCL settings have found borderline
significant association between increased weight and patellar tendinopathy as described by
Hagglund et al. (2011). Otherstudies have evaluated the association between player height and
weight and muscle injuries as stated by Hagglund et al. (2013a).

2.3.5. Physical status

A one-season follow-up study with pre-season screening in Icelandic football evaluated
flexibility, leg extension power, jump height, peak oxygen uptake and joint stability as risk
factors for football injury. Out of these, multivariable analysis identified only decreased range
of motion in hip abduction as a risk factor for groin strain as stated by Árnason et al. (2004a).

2.3.6. Newcomers to professional football

Players who are promoted from youth academies are exposed to several factors that may
influence injury occurrence. These factors include, physical adaptation to new training
methods, changes in training and match loads, lack of social support, and new relationships with
players, coaches, technical staff, and medical staff. However, no previous study has
investigated whether newcomers to professional football have a different injury rate than their
team colleagues. Interestingly, a newly published study in Australian Rules football found an
increased injury rate for players during their first year in the professional Australian football
league compared to established players as stated Fortington et al. (2014).

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2.3.7. Player age
Player age as potential risk factors for football injury in general has been evaluated previously
in the literature, with conflicting results. One study detected increased injury rates in older
players as stated Arnason et al. (2004a).Inclusion of individual exposure to training and match
play inthe analyses is less common, and studies have often used different cut-offs for age
categorisation as stated by Arnason et al. (2004a) and Hagglund et al. (2006). These are issues
that maycontribute to the contradictory findings regarding the association between age and injury
ratesin professional football. Previous literature has found that the injury rate for specific injury
types varies with age.Older age has been identified as a risk factor for Achilles tendon injuries as
stated by Gajhede et al.(2013) and calf injuries as described by Hagglund et al. (2013a).

2.3.8. Playing position

Playing position as a risk factor for football injury in general has been evaluated previously
but with conflicting results. Similar to player age, playing position has been found to be a risk
factor for specific footballinjuries. When studying lower extremity muscle injuries (Hagglund et
al. 2013a) and MCLinjuries of the knee as stated by Lundblad et al. (2013), lower injury rates
were found for goalkeeperscompared to outfield players. Playing position was notassociated with
patellar tendinopathy injury rates as described by Hagglund et al. (2011).Consequently, player
age and playing position are two fundamental potential internal riskfactors for football injury.
However, to date studies with multivariable analysis usingadequate registration of player
exposure are lacking.

2.3.9. Physical fitness

Physical fitness can be associated with the occurrence of injury in that fatigue appears more
quickly in players with low fitness. However, only few studies support this hypothesis.
Eriksson et al. found that players with lower estimated VO2max had more distorsion injuries
(sprains) whereas players with a higher estimated VO2max had more overuse injuries.45Árnason
et al. found that three teams with a longer pre-season preparation period had fewer injuries than
two teams with a short pre-season, possibly indicating that players with better physical fitness
sustain fewer injuries as stated by Arnason, et al. (1996).

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2.3. 10. Muscle strength/muscle imbalance
Muscle conditioning, and particularly resistance training, constitutes a significant part of
football training, especially during the pre-season preparation period. Strengthening the
muscle and connective tissues is believed to result in fewer muscle injuries as stated by Stone
(1990).Reduced
muscle strength or muscle imbalance are commonly proposed risk factors for injurythough
few studies support this hypothesis. Some authors have studied the association between
isokinetic muscle strength tests and injury, and generally fail to show such an association as
described by Ekstrand and Gillquist (1983).

2.3.11. Equipment
The equipment used may also contribute to injury but this has been poorly evaluated. Failure
to wear shin guards may increase the incidence of lower leg injuries as stated by Dvorak and
Junge (2000). and using bad-quality footwear may also predispose to injury as described by
Ekstrand, and Gillquist, (1983). Finally, specific headgear may be of benefit in head-to-head
impacts, but are rarely used as stated by Bahr, and Holme, (2003).

2.3.12. Functional skills/balance

Increased postural sway (stabilometry) may predispose to ankle sprain among male players,135
whereas, in contrast, good balance was associated with an increased risk for leg injury in
female players.132 Similarly, Árnason et al. found no association between performance in
various jump tests and injury in male elite playersas stated by Arnason, et al. (1996).
Surprisingly, female players with a greater number of square-hops sustained more injuries.

2.4. External risk factors for injury in men’s professional football

2.4.1. Warm-up
It is commonly believed that cold and stiff muscles are more susceptible to injury, and warmup
could thus act to prevent muscle injury by increasing range of motion, increasing muscle
temperature and thereby muscle viscosity, and by muscle relaxation as stated by Safranet al.
( 1998).Dvorak et al. observed that severely injured players had less adequate muscular and
cardiovascular warm-up compared to uninjured players as described by Dvoraket al. (2000).In

13
another study, it was reported that all quadriceps injuries occurred in teams that were shooting at
the goal before warm-up, thus providing a plausible link between warm-up and muscle injury.32

2.4.2. Pre-season training/seasonal distribution

Studies have found anincreased injury rate during the pre-season compared to the competitive
season epecially, patellar tendinopathy as stated by Hagglund et al.(2011), hamstring muscle
injury stated by Petersen et al. (2010) and re-injury as well.

2.4.3. Match associated variables

Various match-related variables have been found to affect the injury rate within the match.
Regarding match location, previous studies have found a lower injury rate in matches played
away compared to home matches as described by Bengtsson et al. 2013b). This has specifically
been found for hamstring and adductor muscle injuries (Hagglund et al., 2013a). The injury rate
has also been found to varyduring the match with trends towards an increased injury rate in the
end of the first and second halves as stated by Aoki et al. (2012).

2.4.4. High match and training load

Dupont et al. studied in injury rate in a Scottish football club and found that playing two matches
per week was associated with an increased injury rate as stated by Dupont et al. (2010). In
contrast, data from the FIFA World Cup present a linear relationship between an increasing
number of recovery days between matches and a higher injury rate as described by Ryynanen et
al. (2013c). However, in this study no significant differences were found in the actual injuryrates
between the different days of recovery.

2.4.5. Weather and playing field conditions

In Czech football, about a fifth of players cited poor pitch quality as a causative factor fortheir
injury as stated by Chomiak et al. (2000).

2.4.6. Team success

Eirale et al. found that lower injury rate was strongly correlated with team ranking position, more
games won, more goals scored, greater goal difference and total points as stated by Eirale et al.
(2012). Regarding injury rates in relation to match results, Bengtsson et al. found a higher
injury rate in matches resulting in a loss or a draw compared to a win as stated by Bengtsson et

14
al.(2013b). Therefore, when evaluating the association between team success and injury rates,
theaspect of causality needs to be considered.

CHAPTER THREE

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. Study area

This study was conduct in Meketurie town in Semen shewa Zone, which is located at in Oromiya
Ethiopia at a distance of 210 km from the capital city of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa,

3.2. Study Design

The purpose of this study was to analyze the case of sport injury and its impact on physical
performance of U- 17 male football players: in the case of Selam clinic football project in
Meketurie town in Semen shewa zone. Therefore this study was used case study. This would be
help to identify the cause of sport injury in U-17 male football project of Selam clinic;, during
training session and in competition.

3.3. Population of the Study

The study population was select with interest to carry out the intended investigation in a specific
community, i.e. in U-17 male football project of Selam clinic in Meketurie town in South
Region Gedeo Zone.The project has 30 players and 3 coach. Players those are currently
involving in the team of U-17 male football projects in Meketurie town wasl the subjects of this
study.

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3.4. Source of Data
This study used primary data which was collected by appropriate data collection instrument
questionnaires and interview.

3.5. Sampling Method

This study was use total population sampling methods (purposive). Total population sampling is
a technique where the entire population that meet the criteria (i.e. they all are soccer players of
similar age category) (e.g. specific skill set, experience, etc.) are included in the research being
conducted and where the number of cases being investigated is relatively small (i.e. they are 30
players only). Therefore subjective methods was use to decide which participants are included in
the study than randomizing. Then it was deliberately choose a participant due to the required
qualities that a participant possesses. It was also focuses on participants who share similar traits
or specific characteristics. Due to this fact participants of this study will similar in terms of ages,
jobs or life experiences i.e. football players. The idea is to focus on this precise similarity and
how it relates to the topic being researched or the need of the study being done.

3.6. Data Collection Instruments

This study was used appropriate data collection instrument to collect data and these included
personal interviews using an interview guide, questionnaire, and finally observations.

3.7. Data Collection Procedures

Each and every data collection procedure was intended with verbal consent obtained from all
participants, the target stalk holders (i.e. club managers, coaches, and players) of the football
project through detail and brief description of the objective of the study to progress to the target
area of the study i.e. to U-17 male football projects of Selam clinic in Meketurie town. These
was make to have strong agreement and to enhance their cooperativeness. Then directly skipped
to sample participant and the datawascollected with by using appropriate data collection
instruments. Thus was questionnaire and interview. Then to collect the data the entire
questionnaire distributed to the players and interviews will be asked the coach. Then after collect
the distributed questionnaires.

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3.8. Data Analysis
The entire data was analyzing using SPSS (statistical package for social science) version 20.0 of
descriptive statistics and by constructing statistical tables, numbering, and percentage.

CHAPTER FOUR

4. Result and its interpretation

In this chapter the study deals with the presentation of result and its interpretation. Data from
respondents were analyzed by descriptive statics and interpreted the quantitative data analysis
through quantitatively with tabulation by constructing statistical tables, numbering, and
percentage and qualitative data analysis qualitatively by wording. The background information
of the participants and the analysis and interpretation of the analyzed data’s gathered through
questionnaires, interview, observation were analyzed and interpreted in this section of the study a
follows.

4.1. General Characteristic and Playing Position of the Respondents

The general characteristic of the respondents i.e. U-17 male football players and coach’s with
regarding to their sex, age and playing position of the players were included in the background
information of the study and presented in the following table1.
№ I t e m Alternatives Number of respondents percentage
1 S e x M a l e 3 0 1 0 0 . 0 %
F e m a l e 0 0 . 0 %
2 A g e 1 5 5 1 6 . 7 %
1 6 1 9 6 3 . 3 %
1 7 5 1 6 . 7 %
1 8 1 3 . 3 %

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 3 Playing position Goal keeper 2 6 . 7 %
D e f e n d e r 9 3 0 . 0 %
Midfielder 1 1 3 6 . 7 %
A t t a c k e r 8 2 6 . 7 %

As indicated in the above table 1, about sex composition the respondents, all the subject of the
study i.e. 30 (100%) players were males. The age categories of respondents were range from 15-
18 and from those, 5(16.7%), players were aged 15, 19 (63.3%) players were aged 16, 5(16.7%)
layers were aged 17 and the remained 1(3.3%) players were aged 18 year old. On the same table
1, about the playing position 2(6.7%) players were goal keepers, 9(30.0%) players were
defenders, 11(36.7%) players were midfielders and 8(26.7%) players were attackers.

Table 2. How years long you being joined this club?

I t e m Number of respondents p e r c e n t a g e
Less than one year 1 3 . 3 %
1 - 3 y e a r s 1 7 5 6 . 7 %
4 year and above 1 2 4 0 . 0 %
T o t a l 3 0 1 0 0 . 0 %
As indicated in the above table 2, the 1(3.3%) of respondents replied that they have being joined
this club less than 1 years, and 12(40.0%) of the respondents responded that they have 4 years
and above, whereas 17(56.7%) of the respondents said that 1-3 years long that they have being
joined this club.
Table 3. If your answer for question number 1 is “1 years and above” have you ever faced
any injury in training or duringcompetition time.
I t e m Number of respondents P e r c e n t a g e
Y e s 2 9 9 7 . 7 %
N o 1 3 . 3 %
I don’t remember 0 0 . 0 %
T o t a l 3 0 1 0 0 . 0 %

18
As indicated in the above table 29(97.7%) of the respondents replied that they ever faced any
injury in training or during competition time in one years and 1(3.3%) of the athletes were
respond that they may not faced and injury in training or during competition time in one years.
Table 4. if your answer for question number 2 is “yes” how often did you have injuries.
I t e m Number of respondents P e r c e n t a g e
1 t i m e 1 6 5 3 . 3 %
2 - 3 t i m e 1 4 4 6 . 7 %
4 a n d a b o v e 0 0 . 0 %
T o t a l 3 0 1 0 0 . 0 %

As indicated in the above table indicates 16(53.3%) of the respondents said that they may occur
injury one times and 14(46.7%) of respondents were occur injury 2-3 times in one year and none
of them may not occur injury 4 and above as the table indicates.
Based on above analysis has made, all of the respondents were faced injury for about, 2-3 times
and one times a year.

Table 5. Most of the time injury is occurred during.

.
I t e m Number of respondents P e r c e n t a g e
W a r m i n g U p 6 2 0 . 0 %
C o m p e t i t i o n 1 8 6 0 . 0 %
C o o l i n g d o w n 0 0 . 0 %
O t h e r s 6 2 0 . 0 %
T o t a l 3 0 1 0 0 . 0 %

As indicated in the above table 5, the 18(60%) player respondents were replied that most of the
time injury is occurred during in competition. Whereas the rest 6(20%) of respondents where
responded that injury where occurred during warming up activity and the remained were replied
that they were faced to injury during other situation.

19
Based on above analysis has made, one can infer that most of the time injuries in Selam clinic U-
17 male Football project players were occurred during competition.
Table 6. How long the recovery time of the injury.
I t e m Number of respondents p e r c e n t a g e
2 w e e k 2 9 9 6 . 7 %
1 m o n t h 1 3 . 3 %
2 - 5 m o n t h s 0 0 . 0 %
1 y e a r a n d a b o v e 0 0 . 0 %
T o t a l 3 0 1 0 0 . 0 %
As indicated in the above table 29(96.7%) of respondents associated with take 2 weeks recovery
from injury, 1(3.3%) of respondents to recovery from injury take 1 month, no respondents take
2-5 months and 1 year above to recovery from injury. Then most injury takes 2 weeks to
recovery from injury. Based on this information or analysis has made above, one can infer that,
take 2 weeks to recovery from injury.

Table 7. Most of the time in which part of your body injury is occurred.
I t e m Number of respondents P e r c e n t a g e
At lower extreme 2 6 8 6 . 7 %
At upper extreme 4 1 3 . 3 %
A t n e c k 0 0 . 0 %
A t h e a d 0 0 . 0 %
T o t a l 3 0 1 0 0 . 0 %
As indicated in the above table 26(86.7%) of respondents injury is mostly occurred at the lower
extreme, 4(13.3%) of respondents mostly injury is occurred at the upper extreme, and no
respondents injury is occurred at the neck and head. Most injury is occurred at the lower
extreme. Based on the above table, one can conclude that the most injury is occurred at the lower
extreme.
Table 8. In which types of injury you are much suffered.
I t e m Number of respondents P e r c e n t a g e
Foot and hand dislocatio n 7 2 3 . 3 %
B o n e f r a c t u r e 6 2 0 . 0 %

20
 M u s c l e s t r a i n 1 5 5 0 . 0 %
J o i n t i n j u r y 2 6 . 7 %
T o t a l 3 0 1 0 0 . 0 %

As indicated in the table show that 7(23.3%) 0f respondent were suffered with foot and hand
dislocation, 6(20%) of respondents suffered with muscle strain and 15(50%) of respondent
suffered with joint injury, and 2(6.7%) of respondents suffered with bone fracture types of
injury. Based on above analysis has made, one can infer that responded suffered with joint injury
types of injury.

Table 9. Which is the main causative factor to occurrence of sport injury you faced?
I t e m Number of respondents P e r c e n t a g e
Lack of players awareness about sport injury 1 5 5 0 . 0 %
Employing poor methods of training 5 1 6 . 7 %
Lack of appropriate safe facilities and equipments to training and performance 3 1 0 . 0 %
In appropriate recovery time 0 0 . 0 %
Having inappropriate food before, during and after training 0 0 . 0 %
Less intention given to warming up and cooling down activities 7 2 3 . 3
Over during training 0 0 . 0 %
As indicated in the above table instruction most of respondents respond that the main causative
factors to occurrence of sport injury in U-17 male football project players was lack of players
awareness about sport injury which was 15(50%) and less intention given to warming up and
cooling down activities were also a factor in which 7(23.3%) , others reply that employing poor
methods of training in which 5 (16.7%), and 3 (10%) were responds that lack of appropriate safe
facilities and equipments to training and performance were the causative factors for injury.
whereas no respondent put over during training, having inappropriate food before, during and
after training and in appropriate recovery time as the factor to occurrence sport injury. From that
researcher conclude that the major factor to occurrence of sport injury was Lack of player’s
awareness about sport injury which most of respondents respond.

21
Table 10. Who is going to give 1st aid when players faced any sudden injury during
competition and training?
I t e m Number of respondents P e r c e n t a g e
C o a c h 1 0 3 3 . 3 %
T e a m p h y s i c i a n 5 1 6 . 7 %
P l a y e r s 1 5 5 0 . 0 %
T o t a l 3 0 1 0 0 . 0 %

As indicated in the above table 10, shows that 5 (16.7%) of the respondents were said that team
physicians gone to give 1st aid when players faced any sudden injury during competition and
training, and 10(50%) of the respondents responded that players themselves were gave 1st aid for
his team mates and 10 (33.3%) of the respondents responded that the coach were give 1 aid when
the players faced any sudden 9injury during competition and training. From the above
information, anyone can conclude that the players themselves were gave 1st aid when players
faced any sudden injury during competition and training in selam clinic U-17 football project
players.
Table 11. To what extents your coaches attempt to prevent and minimize injury occurrence
training and competition?
I t e m Number of respondents p e r c e n t a g e
V e r y h i g h 2 4 8 0 . 0 %
M o d e r a t e 3 1 0 . 0 %
S o m e t i m e s 3 1 0 . 0 %
N o t a t a l l 0
T o t a l 3 0 1 0 0 . 0 %
As indicated in the above table 24(80%) of the respondents said that the coach attempt to prevent
and minimize injury occurrence training and competition very high and 3(10%) of the
respondents respond that the coach capacity of prevent and minimize injury were moderate,
whereas 3(10%) of the respondents replied that the capacity of coach to minimize and prevent
injury were sometimes and none of the respondents said that not at all the coach minimize and
prevent injury.

22
Based on the information analyzed above, one can conclude that the majority of the coach
attempt to prevent and minimize injury occurrence training and competition very high.

Table 12. Who is do you think as the responsible bodies to control or minimize sport
injuries.
I t e m Number of respondents P e r c e n t a g e
C o a c h 1 9 6 3 . 3 %
P l a y e r s 1 1 3 6 . 7 %
M a n a g e r s 0 0 . 0 %
Team physician s 0 0 . 0 %
T o t a l 3 0 1 0 0 . 0 %

As indicated in the above table 19(63.3%) of the respondents said that coach were the
responsible bodies to control or minimize sport injuries and 11(36.7%) of the respondents replied
that the responsible body to minimize sport injury were players itself. No respondents respond
that the responsible body to minimize and control sport injuries were team physicians and
managers. From that the respondents respond that the responsible body to minimize and control
sport injuries were coaches and players.
12. What do you forward as possible solution to prevent and minimize the injury in U-17
male football project players of selam clinic in Dilla town?

23
Most of the players were responds that creating awareness about sport injury in the players,
employing proper methods of training, taking appropriate recovery time, giving more intention
to warming up and cooling down activities, using safe facilities and equipments during training.

4.2. Interview analysis from the coach

In competition session the cause of sport injury is mainly; lack of adequate warming up adequate
warming up is essential for all parts of main activity the players were not perform enough
warming up activity injury can occurred easily. And also over confidence, frustration, after
performing main part of activity the player cannot perform cooling down activity, lack of
sufficient stretching, lack of fitness and coaches knowledge and ability to demonstrate, instruct
and evaluate the players was the major cause of sport injury in competition. Most of the type of
sporting injury take long period of time in order to rehabilitation when the players injured in
competition. In competition most of the time immediate injuries were occurred. But when
comparing the types of injury bone fracture, foot and hand dislocation, and muscle strain, joint
dislocation take long period of time to recovery.

Sport injury was negatively affecting the participation of the player in training. When the players
are injured the players not attend the training, the players performance is decreased because of
the injured body has its own special pains, the interest of injured players toward training session
become reduced and the injury were the sever the players and dangerous for their life. Before
starting the training the coach were minimize the occurrence of injury by testing the facilities and
equipments to do the training, by understanding the players internal filing and willingness to take
part in training, and focus on proper warming up and cooling down. The coach justify that the
overall cause of the port injury were in competition and training session were improper warming
up and cooling down, improper techniques of football training and feeling of unbeatens.

Generally the injury is very serious the players highly negatively affect in explanation but the
injury in not very serious the negatively affect in explanation is not high. Before starting training
session the coach manage the players in order minimize injury, by coaching the players about the
rule and regulation of the sporting activity, check the environment before starting training

24
session, the coaches predict how injury is occurred, the coaches should prepare first kites or
materials the coach to be sure about the proper function of the equipment and the coach should
explain about the safety procedure of the activity. Generally performing main part of activity the
coaches recommended the players perform adequate warming up activity. Generally the players
severely injured the player’s loose ability performance, loose the mark and missed the course
because practical class needs high physical, mental and social willingness.

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