4-2-4 - Chap 1-3

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA
Tongco Street, Maysan, Valenzuela City
___________________________________________________________________
The Effectiveness of TUPAD Program Implementation in Valenzuela City

during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Socio-economic Perspective
_________________________________________________________________
A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Public Administration
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela
Valenzuela City
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Public Administration
by:
Garcia, Krishna Zhayne T.

Santiago, Leona C.
Santos, Jhery Mae E.
June 2023
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Background

1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Background of the Study 4
1.3 Theoretical Framework 5
1.4 Conceptual Framework 7
1.5 Statement of the Problem 8
1.6 Scope and Limitation of the Study 8
1.7 Significance of the Study 8
1.8 Definition of Terms 9
1.9 Research Timeline 10
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
2.1 Overview of the Government Social Assistance Program: Prospects and 11
Challenges
2.2 The Socio-economic Effectiveness of the Government Social Assistance 14
Program
2.3 Income Support and Social Protection in the Philippines 16
2.4 Implementation of the Tulong Pangkabuhayan para sa Ating Disadvantaged 21
Workers (TUPAD) Program as Socio-economic Recovery during the Pandemic
2.5 Synthesis 24
Chapter 3: Methodology
3.1 Methods of Data Gathering and Analysis 28
3.1.1 Methodology Matrix of the Research 29
3.2 The Case Study Site 30
3.2.1 Socio-demographic Profile of the Study Site 31
3.3 Data Collection 36
3.3.1 Survey Questionnaire 36
3.3.2 Interview 37
3.3.2.1 Local Government Units (LGU) 38
3.3.2.2 Policymakers 38
3.3.2.3 Policy Implementer 38
3.3.2.4 Expert 39
3.3.2.5 Community Leaders 39
3.3.3 Data/Document Review 39
3.3.4 Literature Review 40
3.4 Data Analysis 40
3.4.1 Content Analysis 41
3.4.2 Document Analysis 41
3.4.3 Descriptive Analysis 42
3.5 Framework of Analysis 43
3.6 Ethical Consideration Statement 43
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
1.1 Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic has had worldwide effects, with many governments
enacting transportation restrictions to prevent the virus from spreading further. This has
resulted in a reduction in economic activity across all industries worldwide. The pandemic
has harmed businesses through increased costs, decreased sales, and labor-related
issues such as pay or unemployment. Most people during the pandemic had a lot of
discoveries and strategies since it was the nationwide downfall. It had trading goods,
online selling, and food or package delivery. Socioeconomics had at least a development
for a specific time of crisis. (Deloitte, 2020) Our socioeconomic program opportunities in
our communities significantly affect our social and economic status, such as income,
education, employment, social support, etc. Socioeconomic programs lead to
socioeconomic development, which aims to maintain the people's and community's social
well-being. Hence, one must combine the social and economical for socioeconomic
growth. The only progress founded on rights and minimal negative impact on, preserves,
or enhances it should be considered to have improved social and economic life quality.
In compliance with the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act, the Tulong Panghanapbuhay
sa Ating Disadvantage/Displaced Workers is one of the programs the Department of Labor
and Employment has implemented to cope with the COVID-19 Pandemic. The national
government provides this program as an emergency subsidy to support the local
community's basic needs. The Philippine Constitution of 1987 echoes the state's
responsibility to protect its citizens' welfare. Its article on social justice and human rights
mandates that Congress "give the highest priority to the enactment of measures that
protect and enhance the right of all the people to human dignity, reduce social, economic,
and political inequalities, and remove cultural inequities by equitably diffusing wealth and
political power for the common good."
Tulong Panghanapbuhay sa Ating Disadvantaged/Displaced Workers (TUPAD), is a
community-based package of assistance that offers displaced employees, underemployed
workers, and seasonal workers emergency employment for a minimum of ten days and a
maximum of 30 days, depending on the type of work to be accomplished. TUPAD aims to
give displaced workers, the unemployed, and underemployed people whose income has
been significantly impacted by the temporary pandemic, also known as "emergency
employment." The types of projects are Social, Economic, and Agro-forestry community
projects. Social community projects improve infrastructure and public services. Economic
community projects maintain, restore, and repair roads, bridges, post-harvest facilities,
public markets, and shared services. Agro-forestry community projects include
reforestation, seedling preparation, and tree planting. The payment of wages of the
TUPAD beneficiaries is coursed through a money remittance service provider to ensure
standard application across all regions in terms of mechanics and service fee costs.
(DOLE, 2020)
This research examines the effectiveness of the Tulong Pangkabuhayan para sa
Ating Disadvantaged Workers (TUPAD) program during the pandemic and its impact on
the community and our local economy. Economic growth and poverty reduction have been
negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and community quarantine measures
implemented in the nation. Growth decreased significantly in 2020, with the slowdown in
tourism and remittances leading to sharp consumption and investment growth declines.
COVID-19 has harmed poverty reduction in the Philippines and the previous trend in real
wages, which was anticipated to impact household incomes, particularly those from lower-
income groups positively. (World Bank, 2022)
Moreover, this research will scrutinize the socio-economic perspective and
community perceptions of the program's impact on citizens and the local government of
Valenzuela City. Every data that will gather will be beneficial to the National government,
specifically the Department of Labor and Employment, and to the local government of
Valenzuela City, specifically the Public Employment Service Office (PESO) The
assessment of the effective implementation of the programs will be the focus of this study.
The findings of this research will serve as an overview and reference for future
development.
1.2 Background of the Study
The Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE), in the year 2010 provided a
TUPAD program for displaced workers and families who were victims of natural calamities
such as typhoons, floods, and earthquakes. The impact of typhoon Ondoy caused
widespread devastation in Metro Manila, specifically in Pasig City, Quezon City, City of
Manila, Muntinlupa City, and Marikina City. Those areas have the highest flood height
ranging from knee to neck to the rooftop. The Department of Labor and Employment
(DOLE), with the help of the Sub-regional Office for South-East Asia and the Pacific,
released the funds for the Comprehensive Livelihood and Emergency Employment Project
(CLEEP) under the Tulong Pangkabuhayan sa Ating Disadvantage (TUPAD) workers for
the victims of typhoon Ondoy.

This program was established in line with former President Gloria Macapagal-
Arroyo; TUPAD is a project for the unemployed poor and workers displaced by the global
financial crisis (GFC). It provides short-term wage employment as an immediate source of
income for the beneficiaries and their families. With the help of the TUPAD program, the
DOLE could help and assist displaced workers in returning to their everyday life and
recovering from the destructive effects of the calamity by giving them short-term financial
support. This program also assists the community in rehabilitation, clearing, and cleaning
the affected areas with the help of the enlisted beneficiaries.
The Tulong Panghanapbuhay sa Ating Disadvantaged/Displaced Workers program
assists nationwide, and 325 beneficiaries have already benefited from its implementation
in the NCR as of this first quarter of 2016. By providing them with short-term income
support through the TUPAD, the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) was able
to help displaced workers get back to their regular lives and recover from the worst of the
disaster. (DOLE, 2016)
In 2017, the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) contributed to the
government a DOLE Integrated Livelihood and Emergency Employment Program
(DILEEP) for inclusive growth through massive job generation, reduced vulnerability to the
risks of the poor, poverty reduction, and marginalized workers. The Tulong
Panghanapbuhay sa Ating Disadvantaged/Displaced Workers are one of the component
programs implemented. (DOLE, 2017)
The Office of Congressman REX Gatchalian held the contract signing and
orientation of about 365 Reading Tutors from Pamantasang Lungsod ng Valenzuela (PLV)
fourth and third-year students in collaboration with the Department of Labor and
Employment (DOLE). TUPAD volunteers focus on 1,342 students for the city-wide
teaching program.
1.3 Theoretical Framework
This research is anchored on the Theories of Social Equity, offering normative
direction to public managers in defining and implementing justice. This chapter begins by
briefly analyzing the age-old gap between social equality theory and practice. It focuses on
four social equity theories: Theory of Justice, Organizational Justice, Compound Theory of
Social Equity, and Targeted Universalism, addressing each idea and examining tradeoffs
in actual implementations. It finishes by evaluating the normative guidance supplied by
social equity theories, as well as unanswered questions (Gooden and Starke, 2021).
According to Mollenkamp (2022), social equity theory refers to the idea that
everyone should have equal opportunities and access to resources, regardless of their
social class or background. This theory is often associated with issues related to social
justice, and it seeks to promote fairness and equality in society. Social equity theory can
be applied to many areas, including education, healthcare, employment, and housing.
Moreover, (Restubog & Kiewitz, 2015) stated that social equity theory posts that
people often evaluate the fairness of their relationships based on inputs (e.g., effort, time,
and resources) and outcomes (e.g., rewards, benefits, and opportunities). People expect
to receive similar products when they perceive that they have contributed equally to a
relationship. Similarly, when people perceive that others have contributed more to a
relationship, they expect those individuals to receive more outcomes.

Social equity theory suggests that everyone should have the same opportunities,
resources, and benefits regardless of socioeconomic status. In the context of the COVID-
19 pandemic, individuals and communities disproportionately impacted by the pandemic
should be provided with extra support and resources to ensure that they are not left
behind.
Socioeconomic programs such as financial assistance, food assistance, and
healthcare access can alleviate some of the challenges faced by individuals and
communities struggling during this difficult time. These programs can provide critical
support to those who need it most, helping to ensure that everyone has access to the
resources and assistance. This theory can provide a helpful framework for understanding
and addressing the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic and for developing
effective socioeconomic programs that can help to meet the needs of all individuals and
communities.
1.4 Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
TUPAD program Analysis of effective The Effectiveness of the
implementation in the implementation of the TUPAD Program
City of Valenzuela During TUPAD program
the COVID-19 Pandemic
The conceptual framework of the study is shown in the above graphic illustration. The
study's actual methodological procedures, which provide the effective conclusion of
evaluating the implementation of the TUPAD program in the City of Valenzuela During the
COVID-19 Pandemic, are subject to all the independent variable states used as the
research input. The TUPAD program, a socioeconomic initiative that aids the Valenzuela
community throughout the pandemic, will be detailed in this study.
Researchers will use a semi-structured survey questionnaire to interview the
program's local beneficiaries in Valenzuela City. The researchers will also compile and
study various books and materials on the efficiency and longevity of program
implementation.
1.5 Statement of the Problem
This research aims to assess the effective implementation of the local government's
programs toward improving the quality of life for its citizens. To obtain all the essential
knowledge, data, and information. The research sought to answer the following research
question:
1. What is the level of awareness of the residents towards the implementation of
“TUPAD Program” in Valenzuela City during the COVID-19 pandemic?
2. Is there a significant difference between the level of awareness of the residents
towards the implementation of “TUPAD Program” and their demographic profile.
3. What strategies does the local government of Valenzuela City utilize for the
implementation of the TUPAD program during the COVID-19 Pandemic?
4. How does the program improve the financial stability and well-being of
beneficiaries during the COVID-19 pandemic?
5. Based on the results of the study, what recommendations can be developed to
enhance and improve the implementation of the program?
1.6 Scope and Limitation of the Study
This research aims to determine the effectiveness of Tulong Pangkabuhayan para
sa Ating Disadvantaged Workers (TUPAD) program in Valenzuela City. This research will
be conducted in different barangays in the City of Valenzuela. To gather data, the
program's beneficiaries will be this study's respondents. A survey questionnaire related to
the study will be provided to the respondents. All respondents will be given the same
questions to answer.
1.7 Significance of the Study
This research comprises the information and knowledge required to assess the
effectiveness of the TUPAD Program Implementation in Valenzuela City. The findings of
this study will provide insights to improve and develop more ideas in the implementation of
the program. Hence, it would be beneficiary for the following:
National Government- The outcome of this research will be helpful to the Department of
Labor and Employment (DOLE) to develop more innovative ideas for the program’s
application.
Local Government Unit - The result of this study may provide an assessment of the
effective implementation of the program. This research will provide a basis for the Public
Employment Service Office (PESO) for making or improving the program's implementation.
Local Community - This research will provide an overview and further suggestions to
improve the program implementation in their respective communities.
Academe - This study's research will be used in academe as an additional source of
information on related topics. The data gathered throughout this study will serve as a guide
and overview for the learners.
Respondents - The program beneficiaries will be aware of the effectiveness of the
program's implementation and its contribution to improving the TUPAD program and the
quality of life for citizens.

Future Researchers - The ideas presented may be used as reference data for new
research. This research will also serve as a cross-reference that will give them an
overview and administer related studies on this subject matter.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Bayanihan to Heal as One Act - Also known as Republic Act 11469, was signed into law
in 2020. It declares a national health emergency throughout the Philippines due to the
COVID-19 pandemic. (Lawphil, n.d.)
DOLE Integrated Livelihood and Emergency Employment Program (DILEEP) -
Contributes to poverty reduction and reduces vulnerability to the risks of the poor,
vulnerable, and marginalized workers through transitional emergency employment and
promotion of livelihood and entrepreneurship. (DOLE, n.d.)
Emergency subsidy - An emergency subsidy or emergency subsidy program provides a
cash subsidy granted under R.A. No. 11469, also known as the 'Bayanihan to heal as One
Act.' (DSWD, 2020)
Tulong Panghanapbuhay sa Ating Disadvantage/Displaced Workers - Also known as
TUPAD, is a community-based assistance package that provides emergency employment
for displaced, underemployed, and seasonal workers for a minimum period of 10 days but
not exceeding a maximum of 30 days. (DOLE, 2020)

1.9 Research Timeline
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Overview of the Government Social Assistance Program: Prospects and
Challenges
In the Philippines, social protection is clearly defined, which is headed by
businesses that produce and provide services, as well as by governments. (Gonzalez &
Manasan, 2015). The government occasionally introduces programs with social protection
components, which shows that the government is crucial in ensuring its people receive the
utmost protection from all social risks. According to (ILO, 2020), the four main elements of
social protection are social insurance, social welfare, labor market reforms, and social
safety nets. The programs are run and supervised by numerous institutions and have a
finite amount of financing dispersed across various areas. With this, it is consequently
necessary for planning and implementing institutions to collaborate and coordinate more
effectively. Inclined with its social protection, the Philippines has collaborated with UNICEF
to promote sustainable development goals that are perceived to be achieved by 2030.
Among these goals is the achievement of no poverty. UNICEF (n.d.) stated that this goal
aims to eradicate families and individuals experiencing extreme poverty. The organization
highlighted the need for the government to take action. Hence, the Philippines has been
implementing social assistance programs to mitigate the risks of putting many people in
poverty.
The Philippines has been combating poverty through social assistance programs in
connection with sustainable development goals. These social assistance programs include
platforms for education, access to healthcare, family aid, and economic improvement to
decrease any more significant losses (Nichols, 2021). The Philippines has taken steps to
manage its economy and people but needs to investigate potential loops to assess what
action to take. Moreover, (Reyes et al. 2011) stated that the challenge is that social
assistance is still targeted based on the persistent idea of poverty, even though it has
shown that households enter and are dependent on shocks, out of poverty a problem they
are facing. Consequently, social protection programs are intended to assist vulnerable
people in maintaining an essential degree of well-being, managing risk, and dealing with
adversity. Recognizing those people's susceptibility to poverty. The near poor ought to be
a crucial component of social protection. (Paqeo et al, 2014). Vulnerable non-destitute
households benefit from protection against costly short-term shocks but do not require
ongoing help. When a comprehensive social protection policy considers the requirements
of both types of households, welfare gains arise (Janzen et al., 2016).
Social protection initiatives seek to eliminate poverty and vulnerability by utilizing
public funds. Cash transfers have proven to be a successful social protection method in
various settings but are exceedingly costly (Jensen et al. 2017). To support the
aforementioned claim, in a report by Muzones (2022), the current structure of the
Philippine social assistance program is said to be reliable. The report emphasized that
those who needed social protections in areas, almost every one of them as targeted
beneficiaries, are already covered by some law. In this case, the Philippine government
actively oversees what is needed and implements plans and actions for it, particularly for
socio-economic needs.
Regarding the hurdles, an article identified three social protection challenges in Asia
and the Pacific. The three areas are poverty and inequality, demographic change, and
inclusive growth. In 2013, 322 million people in East Asia and South Asia lived on less
than $1.90 per day, 1.2 billion on less than $3.20 per day, and 2.2 billion on less than
$5.50 per day, according to the World Bank. In addition, an increase in the proportion of
older people necessitates future policies that assure their financial stability and access to
quality health care. Social protection policies can play an essential role in addressing the
needs of an aging population and facilitating intergenerational shifts in care and support
patterns (Barrientos, 2019).
In addition, Orbeta (2011) examines the present state of social protection in the
Philippines and its challenges. Even though the system broadened statutory coverage to
include own account, overseas, domestic workers, and even housewives, it was
discovered that formal private sector wage workers continue to be under-covered. The lack
of coverage for employees in the informal sector persists.
Furthermore, it indicates that the social pension has a significant impact on the
income and expenditures of recipients; however, at PhP 500 per month, it remains
beneath the level required to ensure that older individuals can meet their basic
requirements. It represented nearly a third of household income, indicating that it
significantly contributes to these households. While the final location of household
expenditures did not differ significantly between recipients and non-recipients, recipients
reported having more money for food and spending more on health than non-recipients
(Knox-Vydmanov et al. 2018).
According to Pescador (2019), identifies implementation issues and challenges for
4ps. The most severe outcome of the 4Ps is the rejection of beneficiaries to perform farm
work for oppressive wages, the mendicancy and corruption of local officials, the
exploitation of beneficiaries by loan bandits, and the “one-day millionaire attitude.” Access
to the other factors of production and growth must also be vastly improved for a large
portion of the population; more jobs must be created, and entrepreneurship must be
encouraged to stimulate economic growth; to maintain, if not continuously improve, the
Impact evaluation evidence and a non-political selection process.
Moreover, Acupido et al. (2020) discovered that beneficiaries of the 4Ps needed
help traveling from their barangay to the bank, where they withdrew cash grants. Some
identified limitations, such as using ATMs as collateral, and only some beneficiaries
comprehend the program concept. Parental beneficiaries struggle with financial literacy,
particularly when allocating funds for food, schooling, hospitalization or medication, and
savings.
2.2 The Socio-Economic Effectiveness of the Government Social Assistance
Program
Poverty is a significant source of sickness and mortality. The provision of social
assistance is one of the most critical ways that governments mitigate the negative
repercussions of socioeconomic deprivation. They systematically assessed studies on the
health effects of social assistance programs in high-income nations. Existing evidence
implies that social assistance programs in high-income nations are failing to sustain the
health of socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. They could also indicate that the
scope and generosity of existing programs are insufficient to counterbalance the
detrimental health implications of extreme socioeconomic inequality. (Shahidi, F. et al.
2019)
According to Howell (2015), social assistance is defined as government and non-
government activity to transfer resources to people whose vulnerability warrants some type
of entitlement. It should be viewed as a tool for reducing poverty and developing the
capabilities of the most vulnerable people, hence boosting social and economic
involvement and equality of opportunity. Traditionally, social assistance programs have
been created to aid people in dealing with hardships and unexpected disasters. Thus, it
should be conceived as an investment in poverty reduction and the promotion of growth
through the economic engagement of disadvantaged populations. Social assistance must
be viewed not merely as a means of addressing lingering concerns about human welfare
but also as ensuring equality of opportunity.

Shao (2022) stated that based on the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal
Study (CHARLS), it provides significant policy enlightenment to create suitable assistance
policies and provides concrete information to improve economically vulnerable individuals
and healthcare services by accurately using medical assistance and life assistance. In
addition, financial assistance continues to move toward a wider range of possibilities such
as employment self-determination, daily living independence, and social relationship
independence. Additionally, they conducted one of the few studies which covered a
multitude of socioeconomic indicators and additionally examined separate features related
to social networks and assistance in an elderly population (Weyers et al., 2008). They
discovered differences in contact with assistance fulfillment and a higher occurrence in
higher income categories. According to Melchiorre et al. (2013), very old age has a
connection with lower levels of income and weakened social networks. It is also stated that
social assistance is more prevalent among older persons with low socioeconomic
standing. Furthermore, it emerged that receiving social assistance was associated with the
absence of an identifiable advantage, despite variations in the demographic and
socioeconomic attributes among beneficiaries and non-recipients (Shahidi, 2019).
As critical social determinants of health, social networks and social support have
been identified. Social networks are thought to influence health by establishing health-
related norms and attitudes, giving possibilities for social productivity, or serving as a
psychological burden when resources are few or contradictory. Social support is thought to
impact health by giving instrumental or emotional assistance to buffer stressful conditions
and their adverse health repercussions. Beck, M. et al. (2008). Conclude that poor social
networks and a lack of social support are more common among the socioeconomically
disadvantaged.
The most viable path for lowering health inequities is social policies that increase
the availability and distribution of significant socioeconomic resources such as income,
wealth, and employment. The current study intends to quantify the impact of low-income
earners' health on social assistance recipients in the United States and Canada.
(Hildebrand, V. et al. 2018). Organizations within the social economy have unique
characteristics. Yet, their accounting procedures do not reflect this uniqueness but are
designed for private-sector organizations exchanging goods and services in the market.
Quarter et al. (2003) stated that conventional accounting for social economy organizations
creates a perception that these organizations are users of resources and separate from
the private and public sectors rather than creators of value and an integral part of our
society.
Leksin & Porfiryev (2016) emphasizes the significance of analyzing the
implementation of government programs in light of the rising usage of the program method
in public administration, strategic planning, and budget creation at all levels. The issues
and possibilities of analyzing the performance of government projects, "Socioeconomic
Development of the Far East and the Baikal Region '' and "Socioeconomic Development of
the Russian Federation's Arctic Zone Up to 2020" has been studied. In the budget
planning practice, the Program-Target method was adopted more rigorously and
operationally.
2.3 Income Support and Social Protection in the Philippines
Social protection refers to all public and private initiatives that provide income or
consumption transfers to the poor, protect the weak from risks to their way of life, and
improve the social status and rights of the marginalized. It reduces the economic and
social vulnerability of poor, vulnerable, and marginalized groups. The main goal is to dispel
the misconception that social protection consists of expensive targeted transfers to
economically inactive or vulnerable groups and is only appropriate for developing
countries. Additionally, it criticizes social protection policy's modest goals, which haven't
changed much since the "social safety nets" language of the 1980s. It focuses more on
"economic protection" against shocks to one's way of life than "social protection," as
defined here (Devereux & Wheeler, 2004). Moreover, the current financial crisis
highlighted the difficulties social protection programs in various nations face. These issues
are frequently not new; they have long been known about but have received inadequate
attention, threatening sustainability. Large segments of the statutory eligible population are
not covered, and there are also flaws in how the various systems are run and managed.
Reforming social protection has thus emerged as a significant and ongoing development
issue. (Orbeta, 2011)
Analysts and public policymakers, on the other hand, believe that social protection
will shift the focus of anti-poverty policy away from the chronically poor. Social security
focusing exclusively on risk can only partially respond to chronic poverty because the
elements underlying chronic poverty go beyond risk and include structural and agency
variables. (Barrientos & Hulme, 2005)
In addition, (Wang, 2016) the social security and minimum wage benefits are
essential protections against poverty and low income. Significant changes to minimum
income benefits have occurred in developed and developing nations over the past several
decades. The quantitative and qualitative analysis demonstrate that globalization, rising
unemployment rates, and labor unions have prompted reforms to social assistance and
minimum income benefits.

The primary economic basis for the government's provision of social protection is to
redistribute income to society's impoverished, marginalized, and vulnerable members.
Social protection has long been a government concern in developing countries like the
Philippines. Because of establishing a social protection strategy and framework to unify
efforts and effectively target programs in the last decade, there has been development in
the design and delivery of social protection programs. Evidence of decreasing poverty
incidence and demonstrated improvements in program design and implementation is
encouraging. However, more work remains to be done to boost coverage, strengthen
performance, and ensure social protection coherence (World Bank, 2018).
Moreover, income support decreases the proportion of reimbursements for
antidepressant medications in a municipality, reducing the demand for child protection
services. At the social policy level, the study suggests that the social welfare system's
investment in income support for single-parent households may influence the demand for
child protection (Hakkila et al., 2022).
Esguerra et al. (2010) examines potential methods for enhancing unemployment
benefits. These include the beginning of new programs, such as unemployment
compensation savings accounts or comprehensive savings accounts, which would
increase the number of workers covered and the range of unforeseen circumstances
covered, as well as the selective expansion and improvement of the design of some of the
existing programs, such as public works and some types of livelihood programs. Various
programs and their flexible application will likely serve the country better than a single
program.
According to Okamuro and Someya (n.d), the Philippines has extensive social
protection institutions and schemes, except for unemployment insurance, from pensions to
minimum income support. The Philippine government realizes to improve social protection
and, therefore, progress is an ongoing act. Currently, three-quarters of the portfolio of the
World Bank programs to the Philippines is in the area of social protection. It shows how the
government is committed to improving social protection.
The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) is a human development program,
and the national government's poverty alleviation strategy that provides conditional cash
transfer (CCT) grants to extremely low-income families to strengthen their health, nutrition,
and education, particularly for children aged 0 to 18 years old. According to a study by
Blanquisa and Berdin (2022), families were significantly assisted in education and health.
Beneficiaries are pleased and optimistic that the 4Ps will be a permanent government
program for them. The program's strengths include income enhancement, health, and
children's education, instilling work-related values, obedience, respect for community
members, domestic cohesion, and a passion for work. Weakness centered on the
inadequacy of the amount for the household beneficiaries' other requirements.
Another study (Alibogha, 2018) on the effectiveness of (the 4Ps) found that the
implementation of the 4Ps program, as evaluated by the program's beneficiaries, was
deemed very effective. Classified respondents based on sex, age, educational attainment,
marital status, income, and occupation also found the program highly effective. Similarly, it
was determined that the respondents were classified according to the aforementioned
categories; however, the results indicated no significant differences in their evaluations of
the program's implementation, as they all found it to be highly effective.

The Government of the Philippines (GoP) passed the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act which
specified the provision of emergency subsidies to poor and vulnerable households as part
of a Social Amelioration Program (SAP) in the context of the national calamity caused by
the COVID-19 pandemic. The SAP was intended to support 18 million poor and vulnerable
households – over 70 percent of the total population. The eligible population included the
4.4 million beneficiary households of the country’s flagship safety net program, Pantawid
Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps or Pantawid), and other vulnerable populations, including
informal workers. However, despite the rapid decision to introduce a large-scale SAP
intervention, the implementation suffered significant delays. (Cho et al., 2021)
One of the most significant social accomplishments of the 20th century is the
existence of social protection. Social protection systems enable societies to improve the
well-being and security of their citizens by shielding them from vulnerability and suffering
so that they can pursue a life of dignity. Social protection can meet the fundamental needs
for human survival by ensuring basic social and economic security (Garcia & Gruat, 2003).
The social protection program of the Philippines is comprehensive and proceeds to
improve its conformity with international standards and progress toward universal
coverage. Recent laws expand maternity protection, restructure the Social Security
System (SSS), institutionalize unemployment insurance, and expand coverage
requirements for migrant employees. The Philippines' Enhanced Social Protection
Operational Framework identifies social insurance, social welfare, labor market
interventions, and social safety nets as the four main components of social protection (ILO
| Social Protection Platform, n.d.).

Although the Philippine government's expenditures on social protection have
increased in recent years, they still lag behind those of other developing nations. Social
safety net expenditures were dominated by DSWD's SocPen program, primarily because
of its increased coverage. Even though social insurance has received increasing
budgetary support, relatively modest coverage rates must be increased. Labor market
interventions are the least significant contributor to social protection expenditures. (Sicat,
2021).
As a country prone to natural disasters and susceptible to economic fluctuations,
the Philippines has much work to do to improve workers' access to social protection.
Focusing on women's access to social protection programs is vital because their labor
force involvement rate is substantially lower than that of men. According to a study by
Tabuga et al. (2021), the lack of income security due to the unstable and casual character
of many jobs in private businesses, households, small businesses, and agriculture appears
to be the primary obstacle to expanding social insurance.
Another study (Orbeta, 2011) examined the status of social protection in the
Philippines and its challenges. It revealed that the need for a firm connection between
contributions and benefits, particularly for the SSS, poses an ongoing threat to the
program's viability. The funds are also subject to constant political pressure to finance
social programs with uncertain returns, which may differ from their obligations' long-term
nature. Additionally, it is necessary to increase the return on investment of the reserve
funds perpetually. Lastly, there is a need to investigate the rising operating expenses, as
they are among the highest in the region.

2.4 Implementation of the Tulong Pangkabuhayan para sa Ating Disadvantaged
Workers (TUPAD) program as socio-economic recovery during the pandemic
As a part of the Department of Labor and Employment or DOLE program, the
Tulong Panghanapbuhay sa Ating Disadvantaged/Displaced Workers (TUPAD) assists the
Filipino people through means of giving employment for the displaced workers, seasonal
workers, and those who are underemployed within the period of not lower than 10 days,
but not exceeding within 30 days (DOLE, 2010). In this case, TUPAD was established to
help the Filipino people cope with their financial needs – not by giving cash assistance, but
by job employment. Furthermore, the TUPAD program is crucial for the Filipino people that
face urgent problems with their source of income. Some of these are fortuitous events,
such as natural and extreme manmade disasters.
In addition to this, DOLE has partnered up with the International Labor Organization
(ILO) with the TUPAD program. According to ILO (2021), DOLE's TUPAD program
cushioned the Filipino people. Utilizing cushions allows people to rest from the worries
brought on by the pandemic and the causes of being laid off from work. This description
implicates how crucial the program is for those who do not know how to cope
economically. ILO (2021) has also discussed that DOLE provides socio-economic
assistance and protection against the pandemic. Hence, through the program, DOLE
added a new layer of protection among its people.
In venturing into the aforementioned socio-economic program amid the outbreak of
the Corona Virus Disease 2019 or COVID-19 pandemic, the TUPAD program had a crucial
role in the socioeconomic recovery of Filipinos. According to the article of Freznosa (2022),
TUPAD sparked new hope for those displaced workers during the pandemic. The article
highlights how the beneficiaries became uneasy during the outbreak. However, the
program has caused them to gain confidence in living their lives. The report further
discussed that the beneficiaries were adamant about backing out despite the virus threat.
Hence, this connotes the program's importance for them as it helps them leverage their
lives amid the pandemic.
The existence of the TUPAD workers widely benefited the informal Filipino workers.
These informal workers are classified as employees without secured employment
contracts or social safety nets. In this case, they are the individuals that do not pay any job
loans and insurance, hence suffering from the cause of the pandemic. Dreyer & Nygaard
(2020) stated that these informal workers are the heart of the TUPAD program during the
pandemic. The supply chain of businesses was disrupted, thus affecting these employees
that do not possess any contracts for safety. Nevertheless, this program has given a
chance to this vast pool of the informal worker sector.
Furthermore, despite having the program to prioritize the informal sector, DOLE
(2021) has mainly considered the formal sector. They extended their budget for those laid
off and lost their job within the private sectors of the industry. This was considered as
formal workers may also become displaced workers if job recovery assistance will not be
provided. The Philippine economy does not want another factor to increase the
unemployment rate. Hence, they saw the problem as inclusive, resulting in formal workers
being a part of the socio-economic assistance.
Aside from the workers of both informal and formal sectors, the TUPAD program
was also created to support other business industries. According to a report from CNN
(2020), the program does not only provide jobs but as well as giving actions for job
retention. Specifically, the program was established to partner with livelihood projects. This
includes supporting the platforms of delivery services. Businesses like Lalamove and Grab
have also benefited from them as the TUPAD program has committed to using their
services in moving food and equipment assistance from one place to another, including job
assistance. With this, it can be agreed that the TUPAD program displays flexibility,
whereas it extends its capability to help as much as it can.
Social inclusion was evident within the program's wide array of people. Villarin (n.d.)
stated in his study that the Philippines is vulnerable during the pandemic strike as a
developing country. However, it was highlighted that the vulnerability of the people and
their communities was aided and protected from being diminished by the fortuitous event.
The consideration for inclusion is a crucial factor that the government has overlooked.
Promoting actions such as the "Bayanihan" or acting act one to heal as one is an
intelligent move to market the importance of inclusion and not allowing to leave someone
behind amidst the vulnerability of everyone (Villarin, n.d.). In this case, it implicates how
the TUPAD program acted as one of the platforms for social inclusion amid the pandemic
in the Philippines.
Within the mass benefit and challenges faced by the TUPAD program during the
pandemic, the program's establishment connotes one thing; The TUPAD program offers
lessons for future resilience in protecting the Filipino people (Cho & Johnson, 2022). The
program implies that it prepared the Philippine government to what extent a program
should be to have enough good coverage. It also taught the government to be timely in
delivering aid, assessing the accuracy target of a specific program being built, and
estimating the amount of help needed (Cho & Johnson, 2022). Hence, all these lessons
were lifted from the COVID-19 response, aided by the TUPAD program.
Manasca et al. (2023) state that implementing the TUPAD program of DOLE has
lessened the gap between inequality during the pandemic, reduced a part of the
unemployment rate, and mitigated the risks of experiencing extreme poverty among
Filipinos. Manasca et al. (2023) further described the program as a strategic move as it
entailed activities that aimed to heal the scar of the COVID-19 pandemic, build a sense of
resiliency, and promote a comprehensive recovery for everyone.
2.5 Synthesis
The Government Social Assistance Program in the Philippines aims to provide
social protection and combat poverty through various initiatives. These programs include
education platforms, access to healthcare, family aid, and economic improvement
measures. The collaboration between the Philippines and organizations like UNICEF
reflects a commitment to achieving sustainable development goals, including eradicating
extreme poverty. However, some challenges need to be addressed. Cash transfers have
shown success in social protection but can be costly. In the Philippines, the social
assistance program has made progress in providing coverage to targeted beneficiaries,
particularly in socio-economic needs. To improve the effectiveness of the social assistance
program in the Philippines, it is crucial to address these challenges. This includes adopting
a more comprehensive approach that considers households vulnerable to shocks and
risks, expanding coverage to reach formal and informal sector workers, and increasing the
social pension to support older individuals adequately. Additionally, there is a need for
better implementation strategies, such as improving beneficiary understanding of program
concepts, enhancing financial literacy, and addressing logistical issues like transportation
to access cash grants. By addressing these prospects and challenges, the government
can strengthen the impact of social assistance programs and make significant strides in
reducing poverty and improving the well-being of its people.
The government social assistance program plays a crucial role in mitigating the
negative impacts of socioeconomic deprivation and reducing poverty. However, evidence
suggests that existing social assistance programs in high-income nations may not
effectively sustain the health of socioeconomically disadvantaged populations, indicating
that the scope and generosity of these programs might be insufficient to counterbalance
the detrimental health effects of extreme socioeconomic inequality. It is important to view
social assistance not only as a means of addressing immediate welfare concerns but also
as an investment in poverty reduction and promoting growth through economically
empowering disadvantaged populations. By providing resources and support, social
assistance can enhance social and economic participation, equality of opportunity, and
overall well-being. Analyzing the implementation and performance of government social
assistance programs is crucial for effective public administration, strategic planning, and
budget creation. Overall, the effectiveness of the government social assistance program
relies on addressing the health implications of socioeconomic deprivation, recognizing the
long-term benefits of social assistance in poverty reduction and growth, improving access
to resources and support for economically vulnerable individuals, and implementing
rigorous evaluation methods to enhance program performance and outcomes.
The Philippines has recognized the importance of social protection in reducing
poverty, improving the well-being of marginalized groups, and providing income support to
the vulnerable population. The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) has
significantly provided conditional cash transfers to low-income families, particularly for
children's health and education. The program has shown positive outcomes in income
enhancement, health, and education, but there are limitations in meeting other household
needs. The government's commitment to improving social protection is evident through
ongoing efforts and substantial World Bank programs. Implementing the Social
Amelioration Program (SAP) during the COVID-19 pandemic faced delays, highlighting the
challenges in swiftly delivering emergency subsidies to poor and vulnerable households.
Overall, social protection in the Philippines is comprehensive. Still, there is room for
improvement in increasing expenditures, expanding coverage, and addressing the specific
needs of women and workers in the informal sector. In summary, the Philippines
recognizes the importance of social protection in reducing poverty and vulnerability. Efforts
have been made to enhance program design and implementation, but challenges remain
in achieving comprehensive coverage, addressing chronic poverty, and ensuring financial
sustainability. Ongoing reforms and improvements are necessary to strengthen social
protection and enhance the population's well-being.
The Tulong Pangkabuhayan para sa Ating Disadvantaged Workers (TUPAD)
program implemented by the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) in the
Philippines played a significant role in the socio-economic recovery during the COVID-19
pandemic. The program provided employment opportunities to displaced, seasonal, and
underemployed workers. It aimed to address urgent financial needs by offering job
employment instead of cash assistance. The partnership between DOLE and the
International Labor Organization (ILO) strengthened the program's impact and provided
socio-economic assistance and protection to the Filipino people. The program also
extended support to the formal sector, recognizing the inclusive nature of the problem and
the potential for formal workers to become displaced.

Additionally, the TUPAD program contributed to job retention and supported various
business industries, including delivery services. It demonstrated flexibility and a
commitment to helping as many people as possible. Social inclusion was emphasized as a
crucial aspect, ensuring that vulnerable communities were not left behind during the
pandemic. The program's implementation provided valuable lessons for future resilience
and highlighted the importance of timely aid delivery, accurate targeting, and estimating
the required assistance. Overall, TUPAD helped reduce inequality, unemployment, and
extreme poverty, contributing to the comprehensive recovery and resiliency of the Filipino
population.
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Methods of Data Gathering and Analysis
Mixed methods research is a research approach that combines quantitative and
qualitative research methods. This approach can be used to gain a deeper understanding
of a research topic by collecting and analyzing data from different sources. In the research
on the effectiveness of the TUPAD program implementation in Valenzuela City during the
COVID-19 pandemic, a mixed methods approach was used to collect data from
beneficiaries of the program. Quantitative data was collected through a survey, and
qualitative data was collected through interviews. The data was analyzed using both
quantitative and qualitative methods. The study results showed that the TUPAD program
effectively provided short-term relief to families in need. However, the program could have
been more effective in helping families to achieve long-term economic security. The study
results can be used to inform the design and implementation of future programs that aim to
provide economic relief to families in need.
Moreover, George (2022) mixed methods research combines quantitative and
qualitative research to solve the research topic. Mixed methods research can provide a
more comprehensive picture than a solitary quantitative or qualitative study since it
combines the benefits of both disciplines. Mixed methods research is commonly employed
in the behavioral, health, and social sciences, particularly in collaborative settings and
detailed situational or societal studies.
3.1.1 Methodology Matrix of the Research
The research design matrix for assessing the effectiveness of TUPAD Program
Implementation in Valenzuela City during the COVID-19 Pandemic involves several key
elements. These elements include the research questions, research objectives, expected
outcomes, data sources, data collection methods, and analytical tools. This study aims to
provide a vital evaluation of the effectiveness of the TUPAD Program Implementation in
Valenzuela City during the COVID-19 Pandemic. The combination of quantitative and
qualitative methods, along with detailed consideration of the target population
(beneficiaries) and ethical considerations, may produce useful insights that can be used to
improve the programs and intends to analyze the socioeconomic impact of the program.
3.2 The Case Study Site
Valenzuela City, a first-class, highly urbanized city in the Philippines' National
Capital Region, is a bustling industrial and commercial center with a land area of 44.59
square kilometers and a projected population of 675,979 in 2021, it ranks as the 6th most
populous city in the region and the 11th most populous in the country. Its strategic location
in the region's eastern part positions it alongside Caloocan, Malabon, and Navotas while
sharing its eastern border with the province of Bulacan. Its prosperous economy, driven
by the manufacturing, commercial, and transportation sectors, is reflected in the total
income of PHP 5,179,506,003 in 2019. The city accommodates 19,912 registered
businesses that employ a substantial workforce of 277,747 individuals, making it the 10th
most prosperous city in the National Capital Region (Valenzuela City, n.d.). In the year
2020, the population of Valenzuela reached an impressive figure of 714,978 residents
(PSA, 2020).
Valenzuela City will serve as the research site due to its diverse socio-economic
landscape and significant labor force. This research aims to examine the effectiveness of
the Tulong Panghanapbuhay sa Ating Disadvantaged/Displaced Workers (TUPAD)
program in Valenzuela City. TUPAD is a government initiative designed to assist

disadvantaged or displaced individuals. By focusing on Valenzuela City, this study will
provide valuable insights into the impact and outcomes of TUPAD implementation in a
specific urban setting. It is to assess the program's effectiveness, identify challenges, and
highlight areas for improvement. The findings of this study will contribute to the existing
literature on social welfare programs and inform policy recommendations to enhance the
effectiveness of TUPAD and similar initiatives in addressing the needs of disadvantaged
and displaced workers.
Valenzuela City comprises two districts and a total of 33 barangays. However, this
study focuses specifically on three barangays per district. District 1's study area includes
Barangay Bignay, Canumay West, and Dalandanan. Meanwhile, in District 2, the study
encompasses Barangay Marulas, Maysan, and Parada. The choice of these barangays
was determined by considering the population and budget allocation for the TUPAD
program beneficiaries. The selection process involved the barangay with the highest
population and budget allocation, one with a middle range and another in the lower. The
data for these factors were obtained from the congressmen representing the respective
districts. By relying on this information provided by the congressmen, the selected
barangays were deemed relevant for the study due to their population size and the
allocation of resources for the TUPAD program.
Figure 1. Valenzuela City Map

3.2.1
Socio-
Source: Valenzuela City page
Demographic Profile of the Study Site
Valenzuela City serves as the appropriate location to gather data for this research.
Those are residents of the city and TUPAD program participants. The Valenzuelanos will
provide the necessary data to prove the validity of the study. However, there are
requirements that the respondents must adhere to. They must live in certain District I and II
areas, including Bignay, Dalandanan, Canumay West, Marulas, Maysan, and Parada.
Respondents can be of any gender if they complete the requirements and range from 18-
59 years old.
RECIPIENT BARANGAY POPULATION TARGET

(INDIVIDUAL) BENEFICIARIE BUDGET PARTICIPANT
S
S
Bignay 49,716 1030 5,871,000.00 35

Bantay
Sunog Dalandanan 23,640 103 587,100.00 35
Volunteers
Canumay 26,901 81 461,700.00 35

West
Bignay 49,716 50 285,000.00 35
Dalandanan 23,640 39 222,300.00 35

PODA/PWD
Canumay
26,901 12 68,400.00 10
West
Bignay 49,716 19 216,600.00 15
Dalandanan 23,640 12 136,800.00 10

Reading
Tutors
Canumay
26,901 15 171,00.00 10
West
Table1. Beneficiaries and Budget of the TUPAD Program (2022)
DISTRICT 1
RECIPIENT BARANGAY POPULATION BENEFICIARIES BUDGET TARGET

(INDIVIDUAL) PARTICIPANTS
Marulas 59,339 4,329 23,624,000.00 35
Maysan 23,081 2,000 11,812,000.00 35

STREET
SWEEPERS
Parada 21,001 800 4, 724, 800.00 35
DISTRICT 2
Figure 2. First District (Red) and Second District (White) of Valenzuela City
The researchers selected six barangays from two districts in Valenzuela City. In
District 1, the selected barangays were Barangay Bignay, Dalandanan, and Canumay
West, while in District 2, the chosen barangays were Marulas, Maysan, and Parada. The
selection process considered the varying by including barangays from high, middle, and
lower ranges in terms of population and budget allocation. The researchers aimed to
capture a diverse range of experiences and perspectives. This approach allowed
researchers to identify respondents with relevant experience and gather comprehensive
data. The researchers selected specific barangay to survey the sites based on their distinct
characteristics and socio-demographic profiles. These sites were chosen considering
factors such as the six barangays from 2 districts with high, middle, and lower populations
and budget allocation. The aim was to conduct an efficient and thorough investigation of
the study, considering the interests of the total population and the potential respondents.
A. Bignay - Bignay is a barangay in Valenzuela City, named after the abundant
bignay trees that once flourished there. Every February 11, the barangay celebrates the
fiesta of Our Lady of Lourdes. Bignay Elementary School, Bignay National High School,
Divine Mercy Academy, and Our Lady of Lourdes Parish Church are notable barangay
landmarks. As of 2020, Bignay had a population of 49,716, representing 6.95% of the total
population of Valenzuela City. Addressing unemployment is crucial to provide residents
with stable sources of income and improve their quality of life. Efforts to create more job
opportunities, promote entrepreneurship, and attract investments can reduce
unemployment rates and foster economic growth within the barangay.
B. Dalandanan - Dalandanan is a barangay located within the city of Valenzuela. In
2020, its population was recorded as 23,640, representing 3.31% of the total population of
Valenzuela. The barangay is named after the prominent dalandan trees that used to adorn
the area. Dalandanan celebrates four fiestas, each depending on the specific part of the
barangay. San Roque is celebrated in May near the border of Esteban. San Pedro is
observed in June by residents of San Simon, Sto. Nino is celebrated in January by
Belando residents, and the feast of the Black Nazarene is held in January by those living
near A. Marcelo.
In terms of its economy, Dalandanan is home to various establishments that contribute to
its local economy. It houses Puregold's Valenzuela City branch, Valenzuela City Science
High School, the Astro Dome, and the Victory Fireworks Factory. However, like other
areas, Dalandanan also faces the challenge of unemployment.
C. Canumay West - Canumay West is a barangay situated in Valenzuela City. Its
name is derived from the abundant trees that cover the hilly landscape, and their fruits are
said to be toxic to fish. The residents of Canumay West celebrate their fiesta every Easter,
with the location alternating between the eastern and western parts of the barangay every
two years. Notable landmarks within Canumay West include the presence of Splash
Corporation. The barangay is home to approximately 28,192 residents residing in 296.8
square meters.
D. Marulas - Marulas is in District II of Valenzuela City and is recognized as a
barangay within its jurisdiction. As of 2020, the population of Marulas amounted to 59,339
individuals. Historically, during the Spanish occupation, this barangay was a horse farm
known for its notably muddy terrain. The Spanish settlers coined the term "marulas" or
"madulas," which directly translates to "slippery" in English. Festivities are held on October
13 to commemorate Fatima's feast and every first Sunday of May to honor Santo Christo.
Several notable landmarks contribute to Marulas's identity, including the renowned San
Miguel Brewery and the Pinyahan Bridge. The economy of Marulas predominantly
revolves around small-scale enterprises, such as sari-sari stores and carinderias, which
serve as primary sources of income for many middle and lower-class families. However, it
is essential to note that unemployment or underemployment remains prevalent.
Additionally, a significant portion of the population in Marulas resides in informal
settlements or rental houses. This demographic aspect further highlights the socio-
economic dynamics within the barangay.
E. Maysan - Maysan derives its name from "maisan," which refers to a corn field.
The barangay is home to notable landmarks such as the Expo Commercial Center and St.
Louis College. The residents of Maysan celebrate their fiesta on May 11, commemorating
the Mahal na Birhen ng Patron ng Sto feast. Rosario. Approximately 29,000 individuals
reside in this 25.3 square-hectare barangay. When it comes to the economy, Maysan
faces the common need for employment opportunities. Employment opportunities are
crucial for the residents to secure a livelihood and meet their financial needs. Access to
jobs ensures the economic stability and well-being of the community.
F. Parada - Parada, which translates to "to park," got its name from its historical role
as a parking lot for horse carriages during colonial times. The residents of Parada
celebrate their fiesta every Easter and are renowned for their delicious kakanin (native
delicacies). The barangay is home to notable textile factories, including Formosa and
Target. Approximately 30,000 residents inhabit this 88-square-hectare barangay.
3.3 Data Collection
This study will use three instruments for resources: a document review, a survey
questionnaire (Likert Scale), and a literature review. By adopting this methodology, the
researcher aimed to understand the problem at hand comprehensively. After gathering
data, the results will be analyzed and interpreted to shed light on the effectiveness of the
TUPAD program implementation in Valenzuela City during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The researchers will use a survey questionnaire to examine the effectiveness of the
TUPAD program implementation in Valenzuela City during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Document review enabled the researcher to gain a broader perspective on the subject
matter. On the other hand, the information gathered through survey questionnaires (Likert
Scale) allowed us a deeper understanding and perspective of the TUPAD beneficiaries
residing in Valenzuela. The literature review further provided a thorough synopsis of
previously published research. A literature review article presents an in-depth overview of
the literature on a specific theme and synthesizes earlier works to establish the basis of
knowledge (Paul & Criado, 2020). A literature review assists researchers in identifying and
analyzing relevant information to compare the findings of previous studies in a particular
field in the socioeconomic program.
3.3.1 Survey Questionnaires
To effectively collect local knowledge regarding the TUPAD program from the City
of Valenzuela, it is necessary to involve the residents of Valenzuela City, who are the
program's beneficiaries during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, making the right target
participants' choices is crucial. The researcher has chosen their participants according to
the socio-demographic profile of the residents of Valenzuela who are beneficiaries of the
program. The researcher will provide a closed-ended questionnaire to assess the
respondents' views. Therefore, the data collection in the study questionnaire will be
conducted through an in-person survey.
Table 2: The Criteria for identifying target participants for the Effectiveness of the
TUPAD program in Valenzuela City during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Criteria Remarks
1. Beneficiaries of the TUPAD program The program's beneficiaries will be during

the COVID-19 pandemic.
2. Age Group (18-59 years old) The age of respondents are 18-59 years
old.
Male or Female can be the respondents to

3. Gender answer the survey questionnaire.
The respondents and the beneficiaries of

the program will be the ones who are
4. Unemployed/Underemployed unemployed or underemployed during the
COVID-19 pandemic.
3.3.2 Interview
In this study, the researchers will interview in person and use a semi-structured
interview approach that involves two-way questioning in which both the interviewers and
the target respondents are open to a comprehensive conversation. During the interview,
the researchers will ask the respondents questions to acquire information on the topic. The
respondents will be the Local Government Unit, including policymakers, policy
implementers, community leaders, and experts. Expect the interview to be performed face-
to-face as the researchers begin delivering questions immediately and the interviewees
commit with adequate time. The interview results will be recorded and transcribed with the
respondents' consent, ensuring reliability and accuracy. After the interview, the data will be
evaluated to identify significant patterns to address the study topic.
3.3.2.1 Local Government Units
The researchers will collect data from the Valenzuela Local Government Unit, which
regulates policymaking and policy implementation in the community. The Local
Government Units' perspective is essential in this research since they have the authority to
make and pass legislation to improve the socio-economic status of the citizens of
Valenzuela City.
3.3.2.2 Policymakers
The researchers will interview the local policymakers, specifically the PESO,
who administer and make the TUPAD program possible in the City of Valenzuela. Their
participation and perspective on the program will be essential to develop the framework for
implementing the TUPAD program.
3.3.2.3 Policy Implementers
The researchers will also interview the local implementers, the two offices of
the congressman in the first and second districts, who oversee administering and
regulating the TUPAD program in the City of Valenzuela. The two local policy
implementers can provide comprehensive insights and data about the TUPAD program
and its beneficiaries of it. The interviews that will be conducted with these authorities will
allow the researchers to understand the program implementation in the City of Valenzuela.
3.3.2.4 Expert
As they enable researchers to get in-depth information from subject-matter experts,
interviews are an essential research technique from a socioeconomic perspective. The
Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) has the primary specialized knowledge in
the TUPAD program since they are the ones who handle the data and implement the rules
of the program nationwide. In the local government of Valenzuela, the office of the two
congressmen is the one who holds the data, specifically the budget and the population of
the beneficiaries. At the same time, the Public Employment Service Office is the one that
signs and verifies the information of the beneficiaries. Interviews with experts provide
researchers with an opportunity to gather first-hand information on the implementation of
the TUPAD program and the socioeconomic perspective.
3.3.2.5 Community Leaders
The Community Leaders’ participation in the effectiveness of the TUPAD program can
benefit from their local knowledge, perspectives, and networks, leading to a more
comprehensive understanding of the socio-economic impacts of the program in Valenzuela
City during the COVID-19 pandemic. It will engage stakeholders, assist in data collection,
contextualize the local challenges, advocate for policy changes, build community capacity,
and disseminate research findings, ensuring the study captures diverse perspectives,
addresses community needs, and contributes to informed decision-making processes.
3.3.3 Data/Document Review
A document review serves as a guide for this study to analyze relevant data and
legal documents to know the program implementation of the TUPAD program in
Valenzuela City. The researchers will gather data, documents, and records from the City
Government, specifically in the office of the two congressmen of Valenzuela to provide
broader context and information relating to the program being implemented during the
pandemic. The documents include the population per barangay of the two districts in
Valenzuela City and the program category. This research is anchored in Bayanihan to
Heal as One Act, also known as RA 11469, wherein the program provides an emergency
subsidy to the people.
3.3.4 Literature Review
Aside from the City Government of Valenzuela data, the researchers will also utilize
secondary data to supply additional insights and information to allow the researchers to
contextualize the data from the other sources. The table below shows the research
methodology matrix, which outlines the various data sources and methods used in this
study, including the Interview, Survey, Government Data, Documents and Records, and
Secondary Data.
3.4 Data Analysis
This research will apply mixed methodology in data gathering procedures to
institutionalize the effectiveness of the TUPAD program implementation. The quantitative
data collected through survey questionnaires will be analyzed using descriptive statistics,
allowing for the identification of vital socio-economic characteristics of the program
beneficiaries and their perceptions of the TUPAD program's effectiveness. Additionally, the
qualitative data obtained from key informant interviews and focus group discussions will
undergo content analysis to uncover recurring themes, emerging patterns, and valuable
insights regarding the program's impact on livelihoods and overall socio-economic well-
being. The combination of quantitative and qualitative data analysis will provide a holistic
understanding of the TUPAD program's effectiveness from a socio-economic perspective,
contributing to evidence-based policy recommendations and potential program
improvements.
3.4.1 Content Analysis
The content analysis demonstrates three unique approaches: conventional, guided,
or summative, as opposed to being one method. All three methods follow the naturalistic
paradigm since they attempt to deduce meaning from the textual data's substance. Coding
conventions, the history of codes, and reliability threats are where the techniques diverge
most. Coding categories are derived directly from the text data in traditional content
analysis. When using a directed approach, starting codes for the study are guided by a
theory or pertinent research findings. In summative content analysis, keywords or other
pieces of information are counted and compared, and then the context is interpreted.
(Hsieh and Shannon, 2005)
In addition, researchers utilize content analysis to learn more about the goals, messages,
and outcomes of communication content. They can draw conclusions about the authors
and readers of the texts they are analyzing. A group of historical or modern texts can be
used for content analysis to count how often particular words, phrases, subjects, or
concepts appear (Luo, 2022).
3.4.2 Document Analysis
Corbin and Strauss (2008) stated that document Analysis is the systematic
assessment and evaluation of printed and electronic (computer-based and Internet-
transmitted) material documents. Document analysis requires data to be reviewed
and interpreted to elicit meaning, gain insight, and develop empirical knowledge, just
like other analytical approaches used in qualitative research.
Moreover, the use of document analysis in qualitative research needs to be more
utilized. There are many benefits to using this strategy. This technique enables academics
to carry out investigations that they might not otherwise be able to do when evaluating pre-
existing texts. Some researchers might not have the time or resources necessary to
conduct fieldwork. Videoconferencing technology and other software can lessen some of
the challenges that qualitative researchers occasionally face. Participants could not have
access to technology or may not be skilled users. Document analysis can also help ease
some ethical issues other qualitative techniques raise. Since document analysis is a
helpful research technique, one would anticipate that there would be an extensive range of
literature on the subject (Morgan, 2022).
3.4.3 Descriptive Analysis
According to Villegas (2022), a type of data analysis known as descriptive analysis
helps to describe, illustrate, or elegantly summarize data points so that patterns that satisfy
all the data requirements can emerge. It is a method for finding connections and ways in
recent and old data. It is sometimes called the most fundamental data analysis because it
only identifies patterns and correlations.
Data simplification occurs during descriptive analysis. The knowledge we have about
capacities, needs, practices, policies, people, and contexts is presented in a good
description in a way that is pertinent to a particular study or policy question. (Loeb et al.,
2017)
3.5 Framework of Analysis

3.6 Ethical Consideration Statement
In conducting this research, ethical considerations have been taken into account to
ensure that the rights and welfare of all participants are protected. The research has been
approved by the academic institutional research review board, and all participants have
given informed consent before participating in the study. Any personal information
collected during the study will be kept confidential and will only be used for the purpose of
this research. The data collected will be analyzed and reported in a way that does not
reveal the participants' identities. Furthermore, the research will adhere to all relevant
ethical guidelines and standards, including those related to data privacy, informed consent,
and fair treatment of participants.
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PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA

Tongco Street, Maysan, Valenzuela City

The Effectiveness of TUPAD Program Implementation in Valenzuela City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Public Administration

Garcia, Krishna Zhayne T.

Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Background

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

education, employment, social support, etc. Socioeconomic programs lead to

sa Ating Disadvantage/Displaced Workers is one of the programs the Department of Labor

government provides this program as an emergency subsidy to support the local

political power for the common good."

Tulong Panghanapbuhay sa Ating Disadvantaged/Displaced Workers (TUPAD), is a

community-based package of assistance that offers displaced employees, underemployed

maximum of 30 days, depending on the type of work to be accomplished. TUPAD aims to

been significantly impacted by the temporary pandemic, also known as "emergency

public markets, and shared services. Agro-forestry community projects include

TUPAD beneficiaries is coursed through a money remittance service provider to ensure

This research examines the effectiveness of the Tulong Pangkabuhayan para sa

negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and community quarantine measures

income groups positively. (World Bank, 2022)

Moreover, this research will scrutinize the socio-economic perspective and

1.2 Background of the Study

the victims of typhoon Ondoy.

financial crisis (GFC). It provides short-term wage employment as an immediate source of

the affected areas with the help of the enlisted beneficiaries.

The Tulong Panghanapbuhay sa Ating Disadvantaged/Displaced Workers program

disaster. (DOLE, 2016)

In 2017, the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) contributed to the

government a DOLE Integrated Livelihood and Emergency Employment Program

Panghanapbuhay sa Ating Disadvantaged/Displaced Workers are one of the component

programs implemented. (DOLE, 2017)

1.3 Theoretical Framework

This research is anchored on the Theories of Social Equity, offering normative

in actual implementations. It finishes by evaluating the normative guidance supplied by

be applied to many areas, including education, healthcare, employment, and housing.

relationship, they expect those individuals to receive more outcomes.

19 pandemic, individuals and communities disproportionately impacted by the pandemic

Socioeconomic programs such as financial assistance, food assistance, and

1.4 Conceptual Framework

study's actual methodological procedures, which provide the effective conclusion of

community throughout the pandemic, will be detailed in this study.

Researchers will use a semi-structured survey questionnaire to interview the

1.5 Statement of the Problem

1. What is the level of awareness of the residents towards the implementation of

“TUPAD Program” in Valenzuela City during the COVID-19 pandemic?

2. Is there a significant difference between the level of awareness of the residents

towards the implementation of “TUPAD Program” and their demographic profile.

implementation of the TUPAD program during the COVID-19 Pandemic?

beneficiaries during the COVID-19 pandemic?

5. Based on the results of the study, what recommendations can be developed to

enhance and improve the implementation of the program?

1.6 Scope and Limitation of the Study

This research aims to determine the effectiveness of Tulong Pangkabuhayan para

be conducted in different barangays in the City of Valenzuela. To gather data, the

program's beneficiaries will be this study's respondents. A survey questionnaire related to

1.7 Significance of the Study

effectiveness of the TUPAD Program Implementation in Valenzuela City. The findings of

the program. Hence, it would be beneficiary for the following:

improve the program implementation in their respective communities.

Academe - This study's research will be used in academe as an additional source of

and overview for the learners.

Respondents - The program beneficiaries will be aware of the effectiveness of the