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Chapter Three - Part Two

By : fikadu kifle
 Outline
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 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface

 Pressure Prism
 Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface
 Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability
 Rigid Body Motion of a Fluid
 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface
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 Inorder to determine completely the resultant force

acting on a submerged surfae, we must specify:

 The magnitude of the force

 The direction of the force

 The line of action of the force

Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces
 On a plane surface, the
hydrostatic forces form a
system of parallel forces

 For many applications,

magnitude and location of
application, which is called
center of pressure, must be
determined.

 Atmospheric pressure Patm can

be neglected when it acts on
both sides of the surface.
 Hydrostatic Forces on submerged Plane Surfaces
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 Hydrostatic Forces on submerged Plane Surfaces
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 Since there are no shear stresses in a fluid at rest,

the hydrostatic force on any element of the surface
acts normal to the surface

 The pressure force acting on an element

of the upper surface is given by:
 The resultant force acting on the surface is given by
 Hydrostatic Forces on submerged Plane Surfaces
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 The integral of the above equation by substituting

the absolute pressure

The integral is the first moment of the surface

area about the x axis, that can be written
 Hydrostatic Forces on submerged Plane Surfaces
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 Where yc is the y coordiante of the centroid of the area A,

thus

 Where Pc is the absolute pressure in the liquid at the location

of the centroid of the area A
 The above equation computes the resultant force due to the
liquid including the effect of the ambient pressure Po on one
side the submerged plane surface
 Hydrostatic Forces on submerged Plane Surfaces
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 It is important to note that eventhough the force can be

computed from the pressure at the center of the plate, this is
not the point through which the force acts

 Now let us determine the point of application of the resultant

force (x’, y’). Let us first determine y’

 Note that the moment of the resultant force about ox axis

must be equal to the moment due to the distribted pressure
force
 Hydrostatic Forces on submerged Plane Surfaces
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 We can integrate by expressing p as a function of y as follows

 The first integral in the above equation the first moment of the
area and the second integral is the second moment of area
about the ox axis, Ixx

 The parallel axis theorem is given by the following relation

 Hydrostatic Forces on submerged Plane Surfaces
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 Now by replacing Ixx with the standard second moment of


area about the x

 If the ambient pressure is same both on the submerged side of

the the plane surface and on the other side of the surface
 Hydrostatic Forces on submerged Plane Surfaces
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 If the ambient pressure is same both on the submerged side of

the the plane surface and on the other side of the surface

 Then the previous equation turn out to be

 Note that in any event , ; the location of the force is

always below the level of the plate centroid
 Hydrostatic Forces on submerged Plane Surfaces
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 A similar analysis can be done to compute x’, the x location of

the force on the plate

 Taking the sum of the moments of the infinitismal foces dF

about the oy axis

 Expressing P as a function of y as before,

 Hydrostatic Forces on submerged Plane Surfaces
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 The first integral is xcA (where xc is the distance of the centroid

from y axis).

 The second integral is  x. y dA  I

A
xy

 Using the parallel axis theorem

 Hydrostatic Forces on submerged Plane Surfaces
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 Finally for x’

 If the ambient pressure is same both on the

submerged side of the the plane surface and on the
other side of the surface
 Defining Product of Inertia or product of second moment of areaA x. y dA  I xy

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 Defining Product of Inertia
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axis
 Finding Product of Inertia
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 The centroid and the centroidal moments of inertia for
some common geometries
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 Hydrostatic Force: Vertical Wall
Find the Pressure on a Vertical Wall using Hydrostatic Force Method
Pressure varies linearly with depth by the hydrostatic equation:
The magnitude of pressure at the bottom is p = gh

The depth of the fluid is “h”

The width of the wall is “b”

O

yR = 2/3h
Where Pc is the gauge pressure in the liquid at
the location of the centroid of the area A, which
occurs at h/2, then

The resultant force act through the center of pressure, CP:

y-coordinate: 1 bh 3 h
I xˆxˆ  bh3 y'  
12 bh  2
12 h
h
yc  2
2 h h 2
20 A  bh y'    h
6 2 3
 Hydrostatic Force: Vertical Wall

x-coordinate: 0 b Center of Pressure:

I xˆyˆ  0 x'  
b
h
bh  2
 b 2h 
yc  2  , 
2 2 3 
b
A  bh x' 
2

Now, we have both the resultant force and its location.

The pressure prism is a second way of analyzing the forces on a vertical wall.

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 Pressure Prism: Vertical Wall

Pressure Prism: A graphical interpretation of the forces due to a fluid acting on

a plane area. The “volume” of fluid acting on the wall is the pressure prism and
equals the resultant force acting on the wall.
Resultant Force:

O Volume
FR 
1
ghbh
2
FR 
1
gh A
2
Location of the Resultant Force, CP:
The location is at the centroid of the volume of the
pressure prism.

Center of Pressure:
 b 2h 
 , 
2 3 
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Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces

 FR on a curved surface is more complicated since it requires

integration of the pressure forces that change direction along
the surface.
 Easiest approach is to determine horizontal and vertical
components FH and FV separately.
 Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces
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 Horizontal force component on curved surface: FH = Fx

 Line of action on vertical plane gives y coordinate of center
of pressure on curved surface.

 Vertical force component on curved surface: FV = Fy+W,

where W is the weight of the liquid in the enclosed block W
= rgV.
 x coordinate of the center of pressure is a combination of
line of action on horizontal plane (centroid of area) and line
of action through volume (centroid of volume).

 Magnitude of force FR=(F2H+F2V)1/2

 Angle of force is a = tan-1(FV/FH)

 Buoyancy and Stability
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 When a stationary body is completely submerged in a fluid or floating

(only partially submerged), the resultant fluid force acting on the body is
called the buoyant force.
A net upward vertical force
results because pressure
increases with depth and the
pressure forces acting from
below are larger than the
pressure forces acting from
above.
 Buoyancy and Stability
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 Note that the forces F1, F2, F3, and F4 are simply the forces exerted on the plane surfaces of
the parallelepiped. For simplicity the forces in the x direction are not shown,
 W is the weight of the shaded fluid volume (parallelepiped minus body), and FB is the force
the body is exerting on the fluid.
 The forces on the vertical surfaces, such as F3 and F4 are all equal and cancel, so the equilibrium
equation of interest is in the z direction and can be expressed as

the above equation

where γ is the specific weight of the fluid and is the volume of the body.
 Buoyancy and Stability
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 The direction of the buoyant force, which is the force of the fluid on the
body, is opposite to that shown on the free body diagram.

 Archimedes principal: The buoyant force acting on a body immersed in a

fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body, and it acts
upward through the centroid of the displaced volume.

 Buoyant force is a force that results from a floating or submerged body in a

fluid.
Buoyancy and Stability

 Three scenarios possible

1. rbody<rfluid: Floating body
2. rbody=rfluid: Neutrally buoyant
3. rbody>rfluid: Sinking body
Stability of Immersed Bodies

 Rotational stability of immersed bodies depends upon relative

location of center of gravity G and center of buoyancy B.
 G below B: stable
 G above B: unstable
 G coincides with B: neutrally stable.

 If body is bottom heavy (G lower than B), it is always stable.

Stability of Floating Bodies

 Floating bodies can be

stable when G is higher than
B due to shift in location of
center buoyancy and
creation of restoring
moment.
 Measure of stability is the
metacentric height GM. If
GM>1, ship is stable.
 Buoyancy and Stability
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Example 1:
A geologist finds that a Moon rock whose mass is 9.28 kg has an
apparent mass of 6.18 kg when submerged in water. What is the
density of the rock?
solution:
The difference in the actual mass and the apparent mass is the mass
of the water displaced by the rock. The mass of the water displaced is
the volume of the rock times the density of water, and the volume of
the rock is the mass of the rock divided by its density. Combining these
relationships yields an expression for the density of the rock.

mrock
mactual  mapparent  m  r waterVrock  r water 
r rock

  9.28 kg  6.18 kg 
mrock 9.28 kg
r rock  r water  1.00  103 kg m3 2.99  103 kg m 3
m
Buoyancy and Stability

Example 2.
A crane lifts the 18,000-kg steel hull of a ship out of the
water. Determine (a) the tension in the crane’s cable when the
hull is submerged in the water, and (b) the tension when the hull
is completely out of the water.

Solution:
a. When the hull is submerged, both the buoyant force and the
tension force act upward on the hull, and so their sum is equal
to the weight of the hull. The buoyant force is the weight of
the water displaced.
Buoyancy and Stability

T  Fbuoyant  mg 
mhull  r water 
T  mg  Fbuoyant  mhull g  r waterVsub g  mhull g  r water g  mhull g  1  
r hull  r hull 

  3 3

 1.8  10 4 kg  9.80 m s 2  1 
1.00 10 kg m
3 
 1.538  10 5
N  1.5  10 5
N
 7.8  10 kg m 
3

a. When the hull is completely out of the water, the tension in the crane’s
cable must be equal to the weight of the hull.

  
T  mg  1.8 104 kg 9.80 m s 2  1.764 105 N  1.8 105 N
 Buoyancy and Stability
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Example :3
A 5.25-kg piece of wood floats on water. What minimum mass of lead,
hung from the wood by a string, will cause it to sink? SG  0.50
Solution:
For the combination to just barely sink, the total weight of the wood and
lead must be equal to the total buoyant force on the wood and the lead.

Fweight  Fbuoyant  mwood g  mPb g  Vwood r water g  VPb r water g 

mwood mPb  r   r water 
mwood  mPb  r water  r water  mPb  1  water   mwood 
 1 
r wood r Pb  r Pb  r
 wood 

 r water   1   1  1
r  1  SG  1   
 wood   m  wood   5.25 kg  0.50   5.76 kg
mPb  mwood  
 r water   1  1  1 
wood

1  r  
 SG 
1  
 Pb   Pb 
 11.3 
 Rigid-Body Motion
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 There are special cases where a body of fluid can undergo rigid-body
motion: Linear acceleration, and rotation of a cylindrical container.

 In these cases, no shear is developed.

 Newton's 2nd law of motion can be used to derive an equation of motion

for a fluid that acts as a rigid body
 Pressure Variation, Rigid Body Motion: Linear Motion
Governing Equation with no Shear (Rigid Body Motion):

The equation in all three directions are the following:

Consider, the case of an open container of liquid with a constant acceleration:

Estimating the pressure between two closely spaced points apart some dy, dz:

Substituting the partials

Along a line of constant pressure, dp = 0: Inclined free

surface for ay≠ 0

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 Pressure Variation, Rigid Body Motion: Linear Motion
Now consider the case where ay = 0, and az ≠ 0:
p
Recall, already: 0
x

Then, p
0
y
p
  r g  az 
z

So, Non-Hydrostatic

Pressure will vary linearly with depth, but variation is the combination of gravity and
externally developed acceleration.

A tank of water moving upward in an elevator will have slightly greater pressure at the
bottom.

If a liquid is in free-fall az = -g, and all pressure gradients are zero—surface tension is all
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 Pressure Variation, Rigid Body Motion: Rotation
Governing Equation with no Shear (Rigid Body Motion):

Motion in a Rotating Tank:

Write terms in cylindrical coordinates for convenience:

Pressure Gradient:

Accceleration Vector:

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 Pressure Variation, Rigid Body Motion: Rotation

The equation in all three directions are the following:

Estimating the pressure between two closely spaced points apart some dr, dz:

Substituting the partials

Along a line of constant pressure, dp = 0:

Equation of constant pressure surfaces:

The surfaces of constant pressure are parabolic

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 Pressure Variation, Rigid Body Motion: Rotation
Now, integrate to obtain the Pressure Variation:

Pressure varies hydrostaticly in the vertical, and increases radialy

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 Chapter summary
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