American Promise Value Volume 2 7th

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Name: __________________________ Date: _____________

1. Which nation, in an effort to increase its global power, invaded the northern Chinese
province of Manchuria in 1931?
A) Germany
B) Italy
C) Japan
D) The Soviet Union

2. A reluctant isolationist, President Roosevelt believed during the 1930s that

A) the United States should stay out of Europe's internal affairs.
B) the United States should cease trading with Latin America.
C) international amity was the key to ending the Depression.
D) free trade was necessary for America's domestic prosperity.

3. Why did Roosevelt fail to support the League of Nations' attempts to keep the peace by
condemning Japanese and German aggression?
A) He did not feel that Japanese and German aggression yet threatened world peace.
B) He feared jeopardizing isolationists' support for New Deal measures.
C) He opposed the actions of Japan but not of Germany.
D) He supported Germany's withdrawal from the League of Nations.

4. What was the goal of Roosevelt's “good neighbor” policy?

A) To form a less belligerent, more cooperative relationship with Latin America
B) To acknowledge that the United States had damaged Latin American economies
and to repay those countries billions of dollars
C) To buy property and raw materials from Latin American nations instead of sending
in troops to take those resources
D) To drop restrictions on immigration to the United States from Latin America

5. What factors made it possible for dictators to gain and maintain power in Nicaragua and
Cuba after the implementation of the good neighbor policy?
A) The federal government could not afford to mount military efforts to defeat and
remove them.
B) They had private support from U.S. businessmen and tacit support from the
Roosevelt administration.
C) They received overt support from European business interests, who depended on
the imports of their products.
D) They received open military support from the Roosevelt administration and the
British diplomatic corps.

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 6. What was the conclusion of the Nye committee's 1933 report on World War I?
A) Fascist regimes the world over had worked in league from the very beginning to
undermine democracy.
B) The greed of American munitions makers, bankers, and financiers was responsible
for the nation's entry into World War I.
C) The nations that still owed money to the United States because of World War I
would probably never pay.
D) The United States had made the wrong decision when it decided to back Allies
rather than the Central Powers in World War I.

7. What was the objective of the Neutrality Act of 1937?

A) To end the Great Depression in the United States and Europe
B) To prevent increasing American involvement in European affairs
C) To encourage the aggression of German and Japanese militarists in Europe and the
Pacific
D) To stop German and Japanese aggression in Europe and the Pacific

8. How did the U.S. government respond to the Spanish Civil War?
A) It funded Republican Loyalists.
B) It offered support to Spanish Nationalists.
C) It joined Great Britain in declaring war on Francisco Franco.
D) It offered no help to the Loyalists, despite sympathy for their cause.

9. Who offered Adolf Hitler terms of appeasement in hopes of getting the German dictator
to leave Czechoslovakia alone?
A) Joseph Stalin
B) Franklin Roosevelt
C) Francisco Franco
D) Neville Chamberlain

10. Which of the following occurred as a result of the Nazi-Soviet treaty of nonaggression
in August 1939?
A) Hitler's invasion of Poland
B) The U.S. declaration of war against Germany
C) The end of Hitler's aggression in Europe
D) England's confirmation of the effectiveness of appeasement

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11. What event sparked the beginning of World War II?
A) Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931
B) Germany's invasion of the Sudetenland in 1938
C) Italy's invasion of Ethiopia in 1935
D) Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939

12. What was the significance of the Battle of Britain in 1940?

A) The British victory handed Hitler his first major defeat.
B) It ended with England's occupation by Germany.
C) It proved that Great Britain no longer needed U.S. assistance.
D) It emboldened the French to expel occupying German forces.

13. What was the purpose of the Lend-Lease Act of 1941?

A) To lend France enough money to defeat the Germans
B) To make arms, munitions, and other supplies available to Britain
C) To lend large sums of money to Latin American countries
D) To give arms, munitions, and supplies to Canada

14. How did President Roosevelt justify the proposed Lend-Lease Act in January 1941?
A) He appealed to Americans' fiscal conservatism and pro-business ethos.
B) He appealed to Americans' long-held belief that the nation should avoid alliances
with European powers.
C) He cited the need to defend democracy and human rights around the world.
D) He chastised Americans for the isolationism in the 1920s and 1930s and illustrated
its consequences.

15. In the Atlantic Charter in August of 1941, the United States and England agreed to
A) declare the Atlantic Ocean off limits to the Third Reich and its allies.
B) suspend all shipping between the two countries and only let naval vessels through
foreign waters.
C) protect the freedom of the seas, free trade, and the right of national
self-determination.
D) take over leadership of the League of Nations for the duration of the wars in
Europe and Asia.

16. In the Tripartite Pact of 1940, Germany, Italy, and Japan agreed to
A) form a defensive alliance among imperial powers.
B) cooperate in an attack against the United States.
C) advance the principles of democracy in Europe and Asia.
D) establish the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.

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17. The attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, was part of the Japanese plan to
A) knock out a significant portion of American naval bases in the Pacific.
B) demonstrate that the United States could not possibly win a war against an Asian
nation.
C) demonstrate to the Germans that Japan had its own objectives in the Pacific.
D) retaliate against the United States for the incarceration of Japanese citizens.

18. What was the immediate consequence of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on
December 7, 1941?
A) Proponents of neutrality in the United States stepped up their appeals in Congress
to keep the nation out of war.
B) Congress endorsed President Roosevelt's call for a declaration of war.
C) Hitler and Mussolini offered to negotiate a peace on behalf of Japan.
D) Japan's emperor issued an official apology and a pledge to stay out of American
territory.

19. Why did President Roosevelt authorize the roundup and internment of all Americans of
Japanese descent in 1942?
A) The government had evidence that Japanese Americans were a threat to national
security.
B) A large number of people believed that Japanese Americans were potential sources
of espionage and subversion.
C) The government wanted to use strategically placed prison camps to prevent Japan
from launching an air attack on the West Coast.
D) Any male members of their families had refused to register for the draft.

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20. “In the war in which we are now engaged racial affinities are not severed by migration.
The Japanese race is an enemy race and while many second and third generation
Japanese born on United States soil, possessed of United States citizenship, have
become “Americanized,” the racial strains are undiluted. To conclude otherwise is to
expect that children born of white parents on Japanese soil sever all racial affinity and
become loyal Japanese subjects, ready to fight and, if necessary, to die for Japan in a
war against the nation of their parents. . . .
It, therefore, follows that along the vital Pacific Coast over 112,000 potential enemies,
of Japanese extraction, are at large today. There are indications that these are organized
and ready for concerted action at a favorable opportunity. The very fact that no sabotage
has taken place to date is a disturbing and confirming indication that such action will be
taken.”
General John Dewitt used what argument to convince President Roosevelt to imprison
Japanese Americans?
A) That their race made their support of Japanese forces inevitable
B) That it was only a matter of time before Japanese Americans left America anyway
C) That there were few Japanese Americans, so it would be easy to imprison them
D) That Japanese Americans would be able to turn other ethnic minorities against the
American cause in favor of the Japanese

21. “Marie, Ann, Mitch, Jimmy, Jack, and myself got into a long discussion about how
much democracy meant to us as individuals. Mitch says that he would even go in the
army and die for it, in spite of the fact that he knew he would be kept down. Marie said
that although democracy was not perfect, it was the only system that offered any hope
for a future, if we could fulfill its destinies. Jack was a little more skeptical. He even
suggested that we [could] be in such grave danger that we would then realize that we
were losing something. Where this point was he could not say. I said that this was what
happened in France and they lost all. Jimmy suggested that the colored races of the
world had reason to feel despair and mistrust the white man because of the past
experiences. . . .
In reviewing the four months here, the chief value I got out of this forced evacuation
was the strengthening of the family bonds. I never knew my family before this and this
was the first chance that I have had to really get acquainted.”
What, according to Charles Kikuchi, was one positive personal outcome of the forced
evacuation of Japanese Americans during World War II?
A) The reaffirmation of his belief in democracy
B) The renewal of his support for the Japanese cause
C) The strengthening of family bonds in the face of hardship
D) Newfound solidarity among Japanese Americans

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22. Which of the following statements describes the relationship between American ethnic
minorities and the armed forces during World War II?
A) They were largely uninterested in serving in the armed forces.
B) The government discouraged them from serving in the armed forces.
C) They fought in large numbers in the armed forces despite discriminatory treatment.
D) They were barred from serving in the armed forces during the first two years of the
war.

23. Which group was forced to train in segregated camps, live in segregated barracks, and
serve in segregated units during World War II?
A) African Americans
B) Native Americans
C) Homosexuals
D) Chinese Americans

24. Who headed the War Production Board, which set production priorities and pushed for
maximum output during World War II?
A) Business leaders who were paid enormous amounts for their efforts
B) Members of Roosevelt's Brain Trust
C) Business leaders who were paid almost nothing for their efforts
D) High-ranking military officials who knew the needs of the military best

25. How did American labor unions respond to the production demands of World War II?
A) They agreed to disband temporarily in order to focus on production.
B) They demanded increases in overtime pay for the duration of the war.
C) They volunteered to enlist one-half of their workers in the armed forces.
D) They granted the government's request that they pledge not to strike.

26. By the summer of 1942, the Japanese had conquered which of the following?
A) Hawai'i
B) Dutch East Indies
C) Australia
D) New Zealand

27. What happened in the naval battle at Coral Sea in May 1942?
A) The American fleet and warplanes defeated a Japanese armada.
B) Japanese warships decisively defeated Australian troops.
C) The Japanese defeated American soldiers.
D) Australian troops defeated the Japanese before American reinforcements arrived.

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28. The Battle of Midway signaled to the American military that
A) the Japanese force in the Pacific was almost unbeatable.
B) the current Japanese strategy was working.
C) the war in the Pacific was ending.
D) Japanese domination of the Pacific was weakening.

29. What technological development ultimately led Hitler to withdraw the infamous U-boats
from the North Atlantic?
A) B-52 bomber
B) H-bomb
C) Radar detector
D) Apache helicopter

30. At their meeting in Casablanca in January 1943, Allied leaders Roosevelt and Churchill
A) announced that Germany, when it lost the war, would again be forced to pay
reparations.
B) vowed that they would soon open a second front in Russia.
C) announced that they would accept nothing less than the unconditional surrender of
Germany and Italy.
D) decided not to launch a significant attack anywhere in the Mediterranean region.

31. What was the significance of the U.S and British landing in Sicily in July 1943?
A) It was a disastrous defeat for the Allies.
B) It was the first Allied encounter with Italian armed forces.
C) It was the start of what would become the French campaign.
D) It marked the end of Mussolini's fascism.

32. Which of the following describes the majority of American women who entered the
labor force during World War II?
A) They were not married.
B) They were married without children.
C) They were married with children.
D) They were widowed or divorced.

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33. According to the photo titled “Riveting Rosies,” in what wartime industry were women
especially important?

A) The construction of aircrafts

B) The shipping of rations to soldiers abroad
C) The design of the atomic bomb
D) The production of uniforms

34. The Double V campaign called for both victory in the war and victory for
A) Thomas Dewey in the presidential election of 1944.
B) Republicans in Congress.
C) African Americans fighting racial prejudice at home.
D) Franklin D. Roosevelt in the presidential election of 1944.

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35. How did President Roosevelt respond to A. Philip Randolph's plans to organize a march
of 100,000 on Washington, D.C., in 1941?
A) He made equal rights for women his top priority.
B) He authorized the Committee on Fair Employment Practices.
C) He promised not to seek a fifth term as president.
D) He promised to limit the number of minorities in top government positions.

36. What did African Americans who migrated to take jobs in defense industries during
World War II experience in their new locations?
A) Equal employment opportunities
B) Equal pay for equal work
C) Widespread racial violence
D) The nation's gratitude

37. Why did Roosevelt choose Senator Harry S. Truman as his running mate for the election
of 1944?
A) Truman was viewed as a civil rights activist.
B) Roosevelt believed that many Americans had soured on liberal reform.
C) Truman came from New York and would appeal to urban Democrats.
D) Roosevelt believed Truman would appeal to progressive labor leaders.

38. What explained the reluctance of the United States to accept Jewish refugees from Nazi
oppression?
A) Anti-Semitism
B) Overpopulation
C) Pro-German sympathies
D) Anti-immigrant sentiment

39. Why did the United States fail to act on reports of Hitler's genocidal atrocities?
A) American military officials believed it was Stalin's job to address the issue.
B) The American public and its officials believed the reports were exaggerated.
C) Stalin threatened to withdraw from the fight against Germany if the United States
addressed the issue.
D) The United States did not believe it was fighting the war to protect human rights.

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40. According to Map 25.4: The European Theater of World War II, 1942-1945, which
country was neither an Axis power nor under Axis control during World War II?

A) Libya
B) Slovakia
C) Finland
D) Egypt

41. As the Allies closed in on him in December 1944, Hitler ordered a desperate
counterattack through Belgium known as
A) the final solution.
B) Blitzkrieg II.
C) Lebensraum.
D) the Battle of the Bulge.

42. In February 1945, the Big Three met at Yalta to discuss

A) postwar self-determination for the people of Eastern Europe.
B) Allied support for Mao Zedong as the leader of China.
C) strengthening the League of Nations.
D) plans to prosecute Adolf Hitler for international war crimes.

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43. Who succeeded President Roosevelt in the White House after his death on April 12,
1945?
A) Henry Wallace
B) Harry Truman
C) Dwight Eisenhower
D) Richard Nixon

44. How did American military casualties in Europe in World War II compare to Soviet
military casualties?
A) The United States had about 1 million casualties and the Soviets had about 3
million.
B) The United States had about 2 million casualties and the Soviets had about 5
million.
C) The United States had about 250,000 casualties and the Soviets had about 2.5
million.
D) The United States had about 136,000 casualties and the Soviets had about 9
million.

45. What occurrence made April 30, 1945, a turning point in the war?
A) Allied bombers leveled Hamburg.
B) Allied bombers leveled Berlin.
C) Adolf Hitler killed himself in his underground bunker.
D) Adolf Hitler surrendered to the Allied military forces.

46. What was demonstrated during the six-month battle to force the withdrawal of Japanese
forces from Guadalcanal in February 1943?
A) The United States could not win a decisive military victory against Japan.
B) It would be extremely costly and difficult to defeat Japan.
C) The marines in the Pacific lacked coordination.
D) The United States needed the British navy to win an all-out military campaign in
the Pacific.

47. Why was the capture of Okinawa in 1944 especially crucial to Allied forces?
A) The Japanese were forced to abandon a huge supply depot.
B) The Allies planned to make it the launching site for an attack on the Japanese
mainland.
C) Okinawa was the training center for all new Japanese kamikaze pilots.
D) Thousands of U.S. prisoners of war were being held there.

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48. The primary mission of Japanese kamikaze pilots was to
A) demonstrate the bravery of Japanese airmen at a crucial point in the war.
B) fly supplies to Japanese battleships throughout the Pacific.
C) defend Okinawa from U.S. troops.
D) serve as decoys for Japanese bombers.

49. Why did American scientists begin to develop a superbomb in 1942?

A) Roosevelt was planning an attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
B) The United States planned to attack the Soviet Union after the war.
C) Japan was working on a similar weapon.
D) They didn't want the Germans to develop one first.

50. The United States dropped a second atomic bomb on the city of Nagasaki only three
days after the attack on Hiroshima
A) because it wanted to kill as many Japanese civilians as possible.
B) because the first bomb did not lead to a Japanese surrender to the United States.
C) to demonstrate America's power to Chinese Communists and stop their aggression.
D) because Nagasaki was the center of Japan's wartime military and government
operations.

51. In what ways was President Roosevelt an isolationist?

52. What was the good neighbor policy? Why was it so important to the United States?

53. What did President Roosevelt mean when he went on the radio in 1940 and told the
American people that the United States must be the great arsenal of democracy? How
did the nation accomplish that goal?

54. What factors motivated the Japanese to attack Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941? Was
the attack a victory for, or a miscalculation on the part of, Japan's leaders?

55. What motivated the U.S. government to place Japanese Americans in internment camps
during World War II?

56. How did the U.S. government deal with issues of race, gender, and sexual orientation in
the armed forces during World War II?

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57. Identify specific ways in which U.S. entry into World War II improved the national
economy and ended the Great Depression.

58. Describe the Allied leaders' conflict over the question of when and where to open a
second front against the Nazis in Europe. Why did Roosevelt and Churchill make the
decisions they did?

59. Describe the changes experienced by American families during World War II.

60. What factors likely motivated President Truman to authorize the use of atomic bombs
against Japan in August 1945?

61. How did Franklin D. Roosevelt's approach to the United States' relationship with Europe
change over the course of his presidency? In your answer, consider the ways his own
position on isolationism informed the policies he pursued. What factors accounted for
his policy changes between 1937 and 1945?

62. What domestic and international factors finally led the United States to declare war on
Japan and Germany and to become fully engaged in World War II?

63. What economic, strategic, and technological factors best account for the U.S. victory
over the Axis powers in World War II?

64. World War II inspired Americans to sacrifice and come together for a common
cause—the defeat of fascism and militarism in Europe and Asia. To what extent did
America's fight for democracy abroad translate into more democracy and equality in the
United States?

65. Compare the consequences of World War II for the United States with those
experienced by both its allies and enemies.

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Use the following to answer questions 66-77:

A) appeasement
B) Battle of Midway
C) D Day
D) Double V campaign
E) GI Bill of Rights
F) good neighbor policy
G) Holocaust
H) internment camps
I) Lend-Lease Act
J) Manhattan project
K) neutrality acts
L) Selective Service Act

Match the term with the definition.

66. The June 6, 1944, Allied invasion of northern France, the largest amphibious assault in
world history. The invasion opened a second front against the Germans and moved the
Allies closer to victory in Europe.

67. Legislation passed in 1944 authorizing the government to provide World War II
veterans with funds for education, housing, and health care, as well as loans to start
businesses and buy homes.

68. Makeshift prison camps, to which Americans of Japanese descent were sent as a result
of Roosevelt's Executive Order 9066, issued in February 1942. In 1944, the Supreme
Court upheld this blatant violation of constitutional rights as a “military necessity.”

69. German effort during World War II to murder Europe's Jews, along with other groups
the Nazis deemed “undesirable.” Despite reports of the ongoing genocide, the Allies did
almost nothing to interfere. In all, some 11 million people were killed, most of them
Jews.

70. Announced by Franklin Roosevelt in 1933, this foreign policy promised the United
States would not interfere in the internal or external affairs of another country, thereby
ending U.S. military interventions in Latin America.

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71. American effort during World War II to attack racism at home and abroad. It pushed the
federal government to require defense contractors to integrate their workforces. In
response, Franklin Roosevelt authorized a committee to investigate and prevent racial
discrimination in employment.

72. Legislation passed in 1935 and 1937 that sought to avoid entanglement in foreign wars
while protecting trade. It prohibited selling arms to nations at war and required nations
to pay cash for nonmilitary goods and to transport them in their own ships.

73. Top-secret project authorized by Franklin Roosevelt in 1942 to develop an atomic bomb
ahead of the Germans. The thousands of Americans who worked on the project at Los
Alamos, New Mexico, succeeded in producing a successful atomic bomb by July 1945.

74. June 3–6, 1942, naval battle in the Central Pacific in which American forces surprised
and defeated the Japanese, who had been massing an invasion force aimed at Midway
Island. The battle put the Japanese at a disadvantage for the rest of the war.

75. Legislation in 1941 that enabled Britain to obtain arms from the United States without
cash but with the promise to reimburse the United States when the war ended. The act
reflected Roosevelt's desire to assist the British in any way possible, short of war.

76. Law enacted in 1940 requiring all men who would be eligible for a military draft to
register in preparation for the possibility of a future conflict. The law also prohibited
discrimination based on “race or color.”

77. British strategy aimed at avoiding a war with Germany in the late 1930s by not
objecting to Hitler's policy of territorial expansion.

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Answer Key
1. C
2. D
3. B
4. A
5. B
6. B
7. B
8. D
9. D
10. A
11. D
12. A
13. B
14. C
15. C
16. A
17. A
18. B
19. B
20. A
21. C
22. C
23. A
24. C
25. D
26. B
27. A
28. D
29. C
30. C
31. D
32. A
33. A
34. C
35. B
36. C
37. B
38. A
39. B
40. D
41. D
42. A
43. B
44. D

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45. C
46. B
47. B
48. C
49. D
50. B
51. Answer would ideally include:
Great Depression and the Domestic Agenda: Roosevelt was an internationalist forced to
embrace isolationism temporarily. The crisis created by the Great Depression at home
and the need to protect political support for his domestic agenda led Roosevelt to retreat
from some of his earlier internationalist policies. He sought to combine domestic
economic recovery with a low-profile foreign policy that encouraged free trade and
disarmament. This policy posture, and concern for his domestic agenda, led to his
decision not to give American assistance to the League of Nations in their efforts to
contain German and Japanese aggression, even though he perceived both as a serious
threat to peace.
52. Answer would ideally include:
Good Neighbor Policy: The good neighbor policy promised more measured U.S.
involvement in the affairs of Latin American countries. In practice, it was primarily a
retreat from military intervention.
Advantages for the United States: The United States used economic tools such as
reciprocal tariff reductions to promote more trade between the United States and Latin
America. This policy benefited the United States because it increased U.S. exports to
Latin America and contributed to the New Deal's goal of boosting the domestic
economy through free trade.
53. Answer would ideally include:
Supporting the Allies and Systems of Democracy: Alarmed by Nazi aggression in
Europe but bound by neutrality acts and popular sentiment, Roosevelt wanted to build
support for supplying the British with munitions and other resources so that they could
fight the Nazis effectively. To do so, he proposed the Lend-Lease Act, which allowed
Great Britain to obtain weapons and pay for them at the conclusion of the war. Support
to Britain totaled more than $50 billion over the course of the war. In August 1941,
Churchill and Roosevelt strengthened their alliance through the Atlantic Charter. Along
with the pledge of shared commitment to freedom of the seas, Roosevelt promised to
continue to supply Britain with arms and to look for an opportunity to enter the war with
popular support.
54. Answer would ideally include:
Pearl Harbor: Japan wanted to rule an Asian empire that included much of Britain's and
Holland's Asian empires and many of the islands in the Pacific. General Hideki Tojo
seized control of Japan's government in October 1941 and persuaded other leaders that
destroying American naval bases in the Pacific would leave Japan free to follow its
militarist destiny. The Japanese had great tactical success at Pearl Harbor, but in the
long run the attack was a miscalculation. It made Japanese commanders overconfident
about their military prowess and immediately mobilized American support for a
declaration of war against Japan.
55. Answer would ideally include:

Page 17
 Fear of Espionage: After the Pearl Harbor attack, the American government worried
constantly about espionage and internal subversion. Japanese Americans on the West
Coast were a small minority but, because of worries about their loyalty to the United
States and popular hostility toward the Japanese Americans that was based on
anti-Asian stereotypes, the United States decided to imprison them for the war's
duration.
56. Answer would ideally include:
Race: The Selective Service Act provided for the registration of all men eligible for the
draft and prohibited discrimination. Although minorities served in large numbers, they
faced discrimination, including, for African Americans, segregated camps, barracks, and
units.
Gender: The armed forces allowed women to enlist. These women were barred from
combat but worked in every other noncombatant capacity and eroded traditional barriers
to women's military service.
Sexual Orientation: Gays and lesbians served in the military but had to keep their sexual
orientation under cover.
57. Answer would ideally include:
Munitions Production Stimulated the Economy: Roosevelt responded to Axis aggression
by mobilizing the U.S. economy to produce an overwhelming abundance of military
supplies. To do this, he called on business leaders to manage the nation's production and
guide it toward maximum efficiency. He also called on labor to forego strikes. The
government pumped enormous sums into the nation's economy and industry by issuing
large contracts. The gross national product quadrupled between 1933 and the conclusion
of the war in 1945, demonstrating the dramatic expansion of the American economy
during wartime.
Expanding Workforce: The economic effort required to produce war materiel led to
labor shortages that brought women into the traditionally male workforce and put more
money into Americans' pockets than ever before.
58. Answer would ideally include:
Stalin's Position: Stalin demanded that the United States and Great Britain mount an
immediate and massive assault across the English Channel into western France to force
Hitler to divert his armies from the Eastern Front and relieve the pressure on the Soviet
Union, which had been single-handedly fighting the Germans there since June of 1941.
Roosevelt and Churchill's Approach: Roosevelt and Churchill decided to strike first in
North Africa in order to help secure Allied control of the Mediterranean. After defeating
the Germans in North Africa in May 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill decided to focus
next on an invasion of Italy. The Italian campaign, the deadliest for American
infantrymen, lasted for the remainder of the war. In November 1943, at a meeting with
Stalin in Teheran, Roosevelt and Churchill promised at last to launch a massive
second-front assault in northern France.
59. Answer would ideally include:
Role of Women: Millions of women joined defense industries and earned wages that
contributed to the incomes of their families, but most of these were single women. Most
married women remained at home doing domestic work and childcare, including aiding
in the war effort by planting victory gardens, saving tin cans and newspapers, and
buying war bonds.

Page 18
 Personal Consumption: Despite rationing and shortages, unprecedented government
expenditures for war production brought prosperity to many American families after
years of Depression-era poverty. Unable to buy consumer goods such as tires, gasoline,
or washing machines, families instead spent their money on movie tickets, music
recordings, and other goods.
60. Answer would ideally include:
Reasons for Atomic Weapons: Although the United States and its allies had made
decisive gains in the Pacific, the victories came at enormous costs. U.S. military
advisors estimated that 250,000 Americans would die in an assault on the Japanese
homeland. Although some scientists and officials were troubled about using a bomb
with such devastating destructive capacities, Truman's primary concern was how to end
the war as quickly as possible with as few additional American casualties as possible.
He determined that dropping the atomic bomb would accomplish his goals.
61. Answer would ideally include:
Internationalism vs. Domestic Priorities: Although Roosevelt had long advocated an
active role for the United States in international affairs, he was forced by the Depression
and the need to maintain political support for his domestic agenda to retreat from some
of his earlier internationalist policies. When the League of Nations worked to contain
German and Japanese aggression, Roosevelt chose not to support it. Though he believed
the League's work was important, he feared jeopardizing isolationists' support for his
New Deal measures in Congress.
Balancing Internationalism and Isolationism: By 1940, when Nazi Germany had
overtaken Poland and moved into other parts of Europe, Roosevelt tried to balance his
understanding of the urgent need to assist France and Great Britain with adherence to
the neutrality acts, passed only shortly before, to prevent the president from leading the
United States into another foreign war. He recognized that the Nazis might threaten the
security of the United States and that he could align his policies more closely with his
beliefs. His actions pushed the nation further toward providing greater assistance with
the Lend-Lease Act.
Declaration of War: Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor immediately led to the end
of isolation and American entry into World War II.
62. Answer would ideally include:
Nazi Aggression in Europe: Between 1939 and 1941, Germany invaded Poland, France,
the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, and the Soviet Union. Britain had barely held off
the Nazis, but a Nazi attack on the country remained a strong possibility. German
U-boats lurked in the Atlantic to try to prevent American Lend-Lease supplies from
reaching England and the Soviet Union. The United States and England issued the
Atlantic Charter, pledging the two nations to freedom of the seas and free trade as well
as the right of national self-determination. After Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor,
America entered the war, and both Hitler and Mussolini declared war on the United
States.
Japanese Aggression in the Pacific: In 1940, Japan signaled a new phase of its imperial
designs by entering a defensive alliance with Germany and Italy—the Tripartite Pact.
The United States announced a trade embargo that denied Japan access to oil, scrap iron,
and other essential goods. Seeking to destroy American naval bases in the Pacific so that
it could continue its imperialist aggression without interference, Japan attacked the

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 American naval base at Pearl Harbor in December 1941. This event, which killed more
than 2,400 Americans and sank all of the U.S. fleet's battleships, triggered the United
States' entry into the war.
63. Answer would ideally include:
Economic Factors: Roosevelt responded to Axis aggression by mobilizing the U.S.
economy to produce an overwhelming abundance of military supplies. To do this, he
called on business leaders to manage the nation's production and guide it toward
maximum efficiency. He also called on labor to forego strikes. The government pumped
enormous sums into the nation's economy and industry by issuing large contracts. The
gross national product quadrupled between 1933 and the conclusion of the war in 1945,
demonstrating the dramatic expansion of the American economy during wartime. The
United States was able to produce more than double the military goods of the Axis
powers, ensuring the Allies' ability to wage war effectively.
Strategic Factors: The alliance between Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United
States was very important strategically because the Allies aided one another in the battle
to defeat their enemies. The Axis powers, on the other hand, did not really cooperate
with one another. In the battles of Coral Sea and Midway Island, Admiral Chester W.
Nimitz effectively countered Japan's dominance in the Pacific, putting it on the
defensive for the rest of the conflict. The Allied campaign in North Africa opened the
Mediterranean for Allied shipping and prepared the way for an invasion of Italy. The
Allied assault at Normandy opened a second front in the European theater, enabling the
Soviet Union and the Allies to squeeze Hitler and exact unsustainable Nazi losses.
Technological Factors: In 1943, the United States employed newly invented radar
detectors and newly produced destroyer escorts for merchant vessels to destroy
significant numbers of U-boats in the Atlantic, thereby protecting Britain from isolation
and German invasion. In 1944, American pilots began to use the new durable and
deadly P-51 Mustang fighter, which gave Allied bomber pilots superior protection. This
new plane allowed Americans to sweep the Luftwaffe from the skies, allowing bombers
to penetrate deep into Germany and pound civilian and military targets around the clock.
The most important new technology used during the war was the atomic bomb, which
devastated Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August of 1945. Atomic weapons led to Japan's
surrender on August 14, 1945, and prevented the Allied invasion of Japan scheduled for
later in the year.
64. Answer would ideally include:
African Americans: Responding to the demands of African Americans, Roosevelt
authorized the Committee on Fair Employment Practices to prevent racial
discrimination in employment. Five and a half million African Americans migrated
north during the war in search of work and better living conditions. Despite overt
discrimination by unions and industry, severe labor shortages opened up industrial work
to minorities. Emboldened by the wartime ideology of freedom and democracy, African
Americans created the Double V campaign to assert black Americans' demands for the
rights and privileges enjoyed by whites. Nazi ideology of Aryan racial supremacy made
some Americans think more deeply about their country's own racial prejudices, but
black migration north and the white reaction to it touched off racial violence in
American cities during the war. The NAACP and the Congress of Racial Equality
demanded equal rights for black Americans, pointing to the goals of the war that

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 Americans were engaged in overseas, but had little success during the war years.
Women: Expanded production and a workforce drained of millions of men and women
serving in the armed forces meant that the demand for labor exceeded the supply. These
circumstances brought women into the industrial workforce in new numbers, but they
did so by appealing to traditional gender roles. Women workers earned more money
during the war than they had before it, but they continued to experience discrimination
inside and outside the workplace.
Workers: The war resulted in a massive increase in union membership. Although
workers took a pledge not to strike during the war, unions gave them more ability to
negotiate for beneficial contracts and higher wages. Despite rationing and shortages,
unprecedented government expenditures for war production brought prosperity to many
American families after years of Depression-era poverty. Unable to buy consumer goods
such as tires, gasoline, or washing machines, families instead spent their money on
movie tickets, music recordings, and other goods. Because of such changes, U.S. wealth
became somewhat more evenly distributed and economic inequality declined to a
limited degree.
Japanese Americans: The internment of Japanese Americans was perhaps the most
flagrant violation of American democratic and egalitarian principles that occurred
during World War II. This group, which was shown to prove no particular risk to the
country, was nevertheless deprived of its property and civil liberties during the war.
65. Answer would ideally include:
The Allies at War's End: Europe and the Soviet Union suffered devastating losses
during the war. Much of the continent was a smoldering wasteland, and millions of
soldiers and civilians—including more than 6 million Jews—had lost their lives.
Twenty-six million Russian soldiers and civilians were killed during the war, and 50
million Chinese people were left without homes, with millions more dead, injured, and
orphaned.
Axis Powers at War's End: The Allies killed more than 4 million German soldiers and
more than 1.2 million Japanese combatants, as well as hundreds of thousands of
civilians. Germany and Japan lay in ruins, their economies as shattered as their military
forces. In the end, however, the Axis powers inflicted far more grief, misery, and
destruction on the global victims of their aggression than they suffered in return.
United States at War's End: The United States lost 405,399 people during the war,
which was minimal in comparison to the losses that devastated Europe and Asia. The
U.S. economy was booming by 1945 and was the strongest in the world, with a gross
national product four times larger than the GNP in 1933. Unemployment was virtually
nonexistent, and millions of American workers had money in their pockets. The
continental United States, far overseas from the sites of battles during the war, was
intact. The nation's nuclear monopoly made it the world's political and military
superpower in the immediate postwar period.
66. C
67. E
68. H
69. G
70. F
71. D

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72. K
73. J
74. B
75. I
76. L
77. A

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