Natural Disasters 10th Edition Abbott Test Bank

Natural Disasters 10th Edition Abbott
Test Bank
Visit to Download in Full:
https://testbankdeal.com/download/natural-disasters-10th-edition-abbott-test-bank/
Chapter 06 Test Bank: Volcanic Eruptions: Plate Tectonics and Magmas KEY
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The most famous of all volcanoes probably is Vesuvius, and the most famous of its eruptions are those of 79 ce,
which buried the cities of ____________.
A. Pompeii and Herculaneum

B. Naples and Rome
C. Naples and Milano
D. Petra and Florence
E. Florence and Pisa
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
Section: Plate-Tectonic Setting of Volcanoes
Topic: Plate-Tectonic Setting of Volcanoes
2. Over _________ of volcanism is associated with the edges of tectonic plates.
A. 90%
B. 80%
C. 70%
D. 60%
E. 50%

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
3. Over _________ of Earth's magma extruded through volcanism takes place at the oceanic spreading centers.
A. 90%
B. 80%
C. 70%
D. 60%
E. 50%
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
4. Spreading centers are an ideal location for volcanism because ______________.
A. they sit above the high-temperature asthenosphere

B. the asthenosphere rock has low percentages of SiO2
6-1
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
C. the oceanic plates pull apart causing hot asthenosphere rock to rise and undergo decompression melting to form
magma that continues to rise
D. All of these choices are correct.
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
5. Silicon and oxygen link up to form the silicon-oxygen ______________.
A. dihedron
B. trihedron
C. tetrahedron
D. hexahedron
E. dodecahedron
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
Section: Chemical Composition of Magmas
Topic: Chemical Composition of Magmas
6. The typical trend in a rising plume of subduction-zone magma is to increase the ____________.
A. percentage of SiO2
B. viscosity
C. explosive potential of the magma by holding in the gases more tightly
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
7. The viscosity of magma is lowered by __________.
A. increasing temperature
B. decreasing crystal content
C. decreasing SiO2 content

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
Section: Viscosity, Temperature, and Water Content of Magmas
Topic: Viscosity, Temperature, and Water Content of Magmas
8. In magma, __________ is the most abundant dissolved gas.
A. water vapor (H2O)

B. carbon dioxide (CO2)
C. sulfur dioxide (SO2)
D. hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
6-2
E. carbon monoxide (CO)

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
9. Rock may melt by _______________.
A. lowering the pressure on it

B. raising its temperature
C. increasing its water content

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
Section: How a Volcano Erupts
Topic: How a Volcano Erupts
10. The presence of water ________ the melting point of rock.
A. raises
B. lowers
C. does not change
D. may raise or may lower

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
11. Mineral growth in magmas at the surface with temperatures around 1,000 to 1,200°C occurs in the following way
A. Iron and magnesium will link up with aluminum and the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron as magma temperature
decreases to sequentially form four distinct and discontinuous families of minerals—olivine, pyroxene,
amphibole, and biotite mica.
B. Calcium will combine with aluminum and the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron to begin forming the plagioclase
feldspar family, a continuous and gradational series of minerals.
C. Both of these are correct.
D. None of these choices are correct.

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
12. Why does the magma from some volcanoes flow smoothly and relatively peacefully, while the magma from other
volcanoes blasts forth violently and deals death over wide areas?
6-3
A. differences in the chemical and mineral makeup of magmas
B. variations in the temperature, water and gas content, and viscosity of magmas
C. different geographic positions with respect to hot spots and edges of tectonic plates

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
13. Slow flowing, more viscous basaltic lava commonly has a rough, blocky texture called ________.
A. aa
B. bb
C. cc
D. pahoehoe
E. poi
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
14. If basaltic lava reaches the sea or a lake, it cools rapidly into ____________ lava.
A. bed
B. sheet
C. blanket
D. pillow

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
15. What erupts in a geyser?
A. superheated water and steam

B. liquid hydrogen
C. magma
D. oil and natural gas
E. All of these choices are correct.

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
16. The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) measures size of volcanic eruptions on a scale of 0 to 8. Between 1500 and
6-4
1980, one VEI 7 eruption occurred. This was ______________.
A. Tambora in 1815
B. Krakatau in 1883
C. Mt. St. Helens in 1980
D. Mt. Pelee in 1902
E. Mt. Vesuvius in 1631

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
Section: The Three Vs of Volcanology: Viscosity, Volatiles, Volume
Topic: The Three Vs of Volcanology
17. The three 'Vs' of volcanology are __________________.
A. viscosity, volatiles, and velocity

B. viscosity, volatiles, and volume
C. viscosity, velocity, and volume
D. volatiles, volume, and variability
E. volatiles, velocity, and variability

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
Section: The Three Vs of Volcanology
18. A shield volcano has a great ___________.
A. height compared to its width

B. width compared to its height
C. amount of pumice
D. proportion of pyroclastic material, compared with lava flows

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
19. Hawaiian volcanoes unlikely to erupt include _________________.
A. Haleakala on the island of Maui

B. any of the five volcanoes that make up the island of Hawaii
C. the growing but still sub sea volcano of Loihi
D. Diamond Head, Oahu
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
6-5
20. The most peaceful eruptions are __________ eruptions.

A. Icelandic type
B. Plinian
C. Strombolian
D. Vulcanian
E. Surtseyan

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
21. On 20 February 1943, a new volcano named __________, a scoria cone, was born when an eruption rose up
through a farm field near a village in Mexico.
A. Mt. Fuji
B. Mt. St. Helens
C. Mt. Kilimanjaro
D. Mt. Popocatepetl
E. Paricutin
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
22. __________ are steep-sided, symmetrical volcanic peaks built of alternating layers of pyroclastic debris capped by
high-viscosity andesitic to rhyolitic lava flows that solidify to form protective caps.
A. Stratovolcanoes
B. Scoria cones
C. Shield volcanoes
D. Calderas

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
23. Some of Earth's most beautiful mountains are ________, including Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, Mt. Shasta in
California, Mt. Rainier in Washington, and Mt. Fuji in Japan.
A. stratovolcanoes
B. cinder cones
6-6
C. shield volcanoes
D. calderas
E. oceanic seamounts

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
24. _________ eruptions are common first phases in the eruptions of volcanoes as they "clear their throats" before
emitting larger eruptions.
A. Hawaiian-type
B. Icelandic-type
C. Vulcanian-type
D. Plinian-type
E. Surtseyan-type

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
25. __________ eruptions are the most violent types of explosive eruptions.
A. Icelandic-type
B. Vulcanian-type
C. Plinian-type
D. Hawaiian-type
E. Pompeiian-type
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
26. What is the cause of volcanism at Italy's Vesuvius, Stromboli, Vulcano, and Etna?
A. the subduction of Mediterranean seafloor beneath Europe

B. the subduction of Mediterranean seafloor beneath Africa
C. the continent-continent collision of Africa and Europe
D. the rifting along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
6-7
27. The number of active "hot spots" on Earth over the last 10 million years active is __________.
A. only 4
B. about 20
C. about 50
D. more than 100
E. no more than 10

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
28. A mantle hot spot has generated a long-lived plume beneath Yellowstone National Park, and the North American
continent is moving __________ above it about 2 to 4 cm/yr.
A. southeastward
B. northeastward
C. southwestward
D. northwestward
E. in random directions

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
29. A caldera collapse occurs ________________.
A. before the eruption starts

B. in the middle of the eruption
C. after the magma chamber is mostly empty
D. millions of years after the volcano's final dying eruption
E. at the onset of Vulcanian activity

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
30. The formation of a giant continental caldera includes all but which of the following?
A. Rising magma forms a low-density cap rich in SiO2 and gases, bulging the ground surface upward.
B. Basaltic eruptions begin forming circular fractures surrounding the bulge.
6-8
C. Magma pours out in high-volume pyroclastic flows, causing the ground surface to sink into a caldera.
D. Removal of magma decreases the pressure on the magma below the caldera, causing new magma to bulge up the
caldera floor.

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
31. Crater Lake, Oregon, fills the caldera of ____________ which collapsed about 7,600 years ago.
A. Mt. Mazama
B. Mt. Shasta
C. Mt. St. Helens
D. Mt. Baker
E. Mt. Rainier

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
Section: The Three Vs of Volcanology: Viscosity, Volatiles, Volume
32. This volcano erupted in 1883 in the Sunda Strait between Sumatra and Java, exploding with a loudness heard 3,000
miles away, then collapsing into its magma chamber, making a caldera and setting off a tsunami that killed at least
36,000 people.
A. Vesuvius
B. Krakatoa
C. Santorini
D. Mt. Pele
E. Stromboli

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
33. ____________ in the Aegean Sea underwent an explosive series of eruptions around 1628 bce that buried the
Bronze Age city of Akrotiri on Thera to depths of 70 meters.
A. Vesuvius
B. Krakatoa
C. Santorini
D. Mt. Pele
E. Stromboli
6-9
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
34. Most rifting occurs at spreading centers __________.
A. in the interior of continents

B. and subduction zones
C. located below sea level
D. on the margins of continents
E. and hot spots

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
35. A well-formed conical volcano located above an active subduction zone that has not erupted in 12,000 years is
__________.
A. likely extinct
B. extinct and will not erupt again
C. dormant, but will likely erupt again at some point
D. considered active

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
36. If all of the following rocks were to completely melt and reach the same final temperature, which would produce
magma with highest viscosity?
A. basalt
B. gabbro
C. andesite
D. diorite
E. rhyolite

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
6-10
37. As minerals form in magma kept at a constant temperature, what happens to the viscosity of that magma?
A. It increases.
B. It decreases.
C. It remains the same.
D. It increases briefly before decreasing quickly.

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
38. Which of following correctly lists the order in which the listed minerals form in a cooling magma from the first to
the last to form?
A. quartz, biotite mica, amphibole, pyroxene, and olivine

B. olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite mica, and quartz
C. pyroxene, biotite mica, calcite, quartz, and potassium-rich feldspar
D. quartz, potassium-rich feldspar, pyroxene, biotite mica, and calcite

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
39. Spreading centers have relatively peaceful eruptions of magma because the __________.
A. SiO2-poor magma is at high temperatures.

B. SiO2-rich magma is at a temperature just above the melting point of quartz.
C. Olive-poor magma has a high-volatile content.
D. Olive-rich magma has a high-viscosity.
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
40. __________ melting occurs when a rock melts due to a lowering of pressure.
A. Release
B. Adiabatic
C. Elevation
D. Ascension
E. Decompression

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
6-11
41. Pyroclastic debris is __________.
A. chucks of magma and rocks blown into the air by gas in a volcanic eruption
B. solid pieces of rock contained within, and transported by, lava
C. the SiO2-poor magma that remains as gas escapes lava as it flows
D. the SiO2-rich magma that flows quickly down the side of a volcano

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
True / False Questions
42. Water circulating at thousands of feet below the surface can be heated to temperatures far above 100°C (212°F)
without boiling because the pressure of the overlying groundwater body is so great.
TRUE
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
43. Decreasing the pressure on hot rock generates most magma.
TRUE

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
44. Magma at great depth does not contain gas bubbles because the high pressure at depth keeps gas dissolved in
solution.
TRUE

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
45. Gas bubbles decrease in number and volume as magma keeps rising upward to lower pressures, helping to propel
magma upward through fractures or pipes toward an eruption.
6-12
FALSE
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
46. Although there are 92 naturally occurring elements, a mere eight make up more than 98 percent of Earth's crust.
TRUE

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
47. Oxygen and silicon are so abundant in Earth's crust that their percentages dwarf those of all other elements.
TRUE

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
48. The process of mineral formation in a cooling magma is called crystallization.
TRUE

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
Section: How We Understand Volcanic Eruptions
Topic: How We Understand Volcanic Eruptions
49. While there are many hundreds of different minerals, the overwhelming majority of Earth's crust is composed of just
eight common rock-forming minerals.
TRUE
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
6-13
50. No magmas contain dissolved gases.
FALSE
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
51. The higher the viscosity of magma, the more fluid is its behavior.
FALSE

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
52. The highest temperatures and highest SiO2 contents are in basaltic magma, giving it the lowest viscosity and easiest
fluid flow.
FALSE
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
53. The lowest temperatures and highest SiO2 contents occur in rhyolitic magma, material so viscous that it commonly
does not flow.
TRUE
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
54. Most volcanism is associated with hot spots.
FALSE

6-14
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
55. About 80 percent of the magma reaching Earth's surface is basaltic, with only about 10 percent andesitic and 10
percent rhyolitic.
TRUE

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
56. Less than 20 percent of Earth's magma extruded through volcanism occurs at oceanic spreading centers.
FALSE

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
57. Basaltic magma has the lowest viscosity, so more of it reaches the surface; the more viscous rhyolitic magmas are
so sluggish that they tend to be trapped deep below the surface where they cool, solidify, and grow into the larger
mineral crystals of plutonic rocks.
TRUE

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
58. At oceanic spreading centers, magmas are rhyolitic in composition.
FALSE
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
6-15
59. Below the ocean basins, basaltic magmas have low contents of SiO2, low temperature, low viscosity, and allow easy
escape of gases, producing peaceful eruptions.
TRUE

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
60. Beneath continents, rising basaltic magmas are contaminated by sediments and continental-crust rocks, altering
magma compositions; the resultant andesitic-to-rhyolitic magmas have high contents of SiO2, relatively low
temperatures, and high viscosity.
TRUE

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
61. The primary reason magma forms at subduction zones is that the subducting plate carries a cover of sediments,
water, and hydrated minerals down with it, which lowers the temperature required for the adjacent overlying mantle
lithospheric rock to melt.
TRUE
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
62. The variations in the composition of magmas govern whether eruptions are peaceful or explosive.
TRUE
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
63. Magma rising in a subduction zone tends to get more "contaminated" with high-silica minerals than does magma
rising in a spreading ridge.
TRUE
6-16
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
64. If the magma cools and solidifies below the surface, it crystallizes as volcanic rocks.
FALSE
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
65. If the magma reaches the surface, it forms volcanic rocks, named for Vulcan, the Roman god of fire.
TRUE

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
66. Highly fluid basaltic lava may cool with a smooth, ropy surface called pahoehoe, whereas lower temperature, slower
flowing, more viscous basaltic lava commonly has a rough, blocky texture called.
TRUE
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
67. Airborne pyroclasts have their finest grains settle down from the atmosphere first, closest to the volcano, followed
by progressively coarser material at greater distances away.
FALSE
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
68. If lava reaches the sea or a lake it cools rapidly into ellipsoidal masses called pillow lava.
6-17
TRUE
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
69. When it comes to volcanic hazards, the key problem is how easily the dissolved gases can escape from the magma.
TRUE

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
70. At a depth of 32 km, basaltic rock melts at around 1,400°C but this same rock will melt at only 1,250°C at Earth's
surface.
TRUE
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
71. Hot spots can be under the oceans, under the continents, in the center of plates, and at spreading centers.
TRUE

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
72. Antarctica does not lie above any hot spots.
False
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
6-18
73. The largest number of hot spots lies beneath Africa.
TRUE
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
74. The three most recent catastrophic Yellowstone eruptions occurred at 2.6 million, 1.29 million, and 640,000 years
ago.
TRUE

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
75. The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) ranges from 1 to 100.
FALSE
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
76. If two magmas have the same composition, the hotter of the two magmas will have a lower viscosity.
TRUE

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
77. When gas escapes quickly and violently from lava it may produce a frothy glass full of holes left by former gas
bubbles; this porous material, known as pumice, contains so many holes it can float on water.
TRUE

Chapter: 06
6-19
Gradable: automatic
78. Because volcanologists are aware of the potential hazards, no volcanologist has ever been killed studying a
volcano.
FALSE
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
79. Transform faults have lots of associated volcanism because the strike-slip motions keep a "lid" on the hot
asthenosphere below, allowing it to melt.
FALSE

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
80. The most abundant dissolved gas in magmas is H20.
TRUE

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
81. Scoria cones form from repeated eruptions over the course of many decades.
FALSE
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
82. Eruptions in Hawaii are always peaceful.
FALSE
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
6-20
83. Lava domes form when high-viscosity magma with low-volatile content cools quickly, forming a hardened dome a
few meters to a kilometer or so in height.
TRUE

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
84. Hot spots occur only under oceanic plates.
FALSE

Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
85. Hawaiian volcanoes produce andesitic lava.
FALSE
Chapter: 06
Gradable: automatic
6-21
Chapter 06 Test Bank: Volcanic Eruptions: Plate Tectonics and Magmas Summary
Category # of Questions
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 85
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember 83
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand 1
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply 1
Chapter: 06 85
Gradable: automatic 85
Section: Chemical Composition of Magmas 7
Section: How a Volcano Erupts 14
Section: How We Understand Volcanic Eruptions 5
Section: Plate-Tectonic Setting of Volcanoes 13
Section: The Three Vs of Volcanology 23
Section: The Three Vs of Volcanology: Viscosity, Volatiles, Volume 2
Section: Viscosity, Temperature, and Water Content of Magmas 21
Topic: Chemical Composition of Magmas 7
Topic: How a Volcano Erupts 14
Topic: How We Understand Volcanic Eruptions 5
Topic: Plate-Tectonic Setting of Volcanoes 13
Topic: The Three Vs of Volcanology 25
Topic: Viscosity, Temperature, and Water Content of Magmas 21
6-22

Natural Disasters 10th Edition Abbott Test Bank

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Natural Disasters 10th Edition Abbott Test Bank

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Natural Disasters 10th Edition Abbott

Multiple Choice Questions

A. Pompeii and Herculaneum

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

2. Over _________ of volcanism is associated with the edges of tectonic plates.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

4. Spreading centers are an ideal location for volcanism because ______________.

A. they sit above the high-temperature asthenosphere

5. Silicon and oxygen link up to form the silicon-oxygen ______________.

7. The viscosity of magma is lowered by __________.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

8. In magma, __________ is the most abundant dissolved gas.

A. water vapor (H2O)

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

9. Rock may melt by _______________.

A. lowering the pressure on it

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

10. The presence of water ________ the melting point of rock.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

15. What erupts in a geyser?

A. superheated water and steam

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

17. The three 'Vs' of volcanology are __________________.

A. viscosity, volatiles, and velocity

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

18. A shield volcano has a great ___________.

A. height compared to its width

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

19. Hawaiian volcanoes unlikely to erupt include _________________.

A. Haleakala on the island of Maui

20. The most peaceful eruptions are __________ eruptions.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

A. the subduction of Mediterranean seafloor beneath Europe

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

29. A caldera collapse occurs ________________.

A. before the eruption starts

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

34. Most rifting occurs at spreading centers __________.

A. in the interior of continents

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

A. quartz, biotite mica, amphibole, pyroxene, and olivine

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

A. SiO2-poor magma is at high temperatures.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

41. Pyroclastic debris is __________.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

True / False Questions

43. Decreasing the pressure on hot rock generates most magma.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation