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 Chapter 8
America and World War II, 1941-1945
Multiple Choice

1) The Manchurian Crisis was a conflict between Japan and ________.

a) Russia
b) China
c) Thailand
d) Korea
e) Vietnam
Answer: b
Level: Medium

2) Why was Japan able to occupy most of China’s eastern coast in 1937?
a) Japan had a superior army.
b) Japan had a superior navy.
c) China was involved in a war with Russia.
d) China was involved in a civil war.
e) China was concentrating her energies on building up her economy.
Answer: d
Level: Hard

3) Which two U.S. controlled areas did the Japanese attack in the winter of 1941,
resulting in the U.S. declaration of war against the Axis nations?
a) Philippines and Pearl Harbor
b) Guam and Wake Island
c) Philippines and Wake Island
d) Guam and Pearl Harbor
e) Philippines and Guam
Answer: a
Level: Easy

4) Following the U.S. declaration of war again the Axis nations, the U.S. government
immediately conducted arrests of Japanese
a) newspaper editors.
b) civil rights leaders.
c) community leaders.
d) Buddhist priests.
e) all of the above.
Answer: e
Level: Hard

5) How did the Japanese protest their internment from within their camp walls?
a) They volunteered for military service
b) They renounced their citizenship
c) They protested forced relocation in court cases.
d) They sent letters calling for their release.

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 e) All of the above.
Answer: e
Level: Medium

6) Between 1941-1945, as U.S. businesses met the government’s production goals,

corporate profits_______.
a) rose by 10%
b) doubled
c) tripled
d) rose by 25%
e) quadrupled
Answer: b
Level: Hard

7) Germany’s decision to invade ________ bought time for the U.S. to prepare for
entering World War II?
a) Poland
b) England
c) France
d) Russia
e) Hungary
Answer: d
Level: Medium
Section: 8.2.1

8) Who is the Japanese Naval commander who doubted the wisdom of attacking the
United States and so created a strategy based on a decisive victory over the American
Pacific fleet that he hoped would temporarily paralyze the U.S. Navy?
a) Fumimaro Konoe
b) Kuniaki Koiso
c) Hiroyasu Fushimi
d) Osami Nagano
e) Isoroku Yamamoto
Answer: e
Level: Hard

9) The Revenue Act of 1942_________.

a) imposed heavy taxes on U.S. businesses.
b) doubled the amount of money the government collected from individuals.
c) forever changed the nature of income tax in America.
d) A and C
e) B and C
Answer: e
Level: Hard
Section: 8.2.2

10) As the U.S. rushed to out-manufacturer its enemies, more women joined the work
force. __________ of the new employees hired for military production were women.
a) Ten percent
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 b) Twenty-five percent
c) Fifty percent
d) Seventy-five percent
e) None of the above
Answer: c
Level: Hard

11) The most historic change to the armed services during World War II was the
authorization of
a) integrated barracks.
b) non-U.S. citizens to join the army.
c) citizens of U.S. territories to join the army.
d) female service in the army.
e) Native Americans in the army.
Answer: d
Level: Easy

12) The Massachusetts congresswoman who sponsored legislation during World War II
benefiting women serving in military positions was________.
a) Edith Nourse Rogers
b) Marion E. Martin
c) Bernice T. Van de Vries
d) Louise M. Young
e) Jeannette Rankin
Answer: a
Level: Medium

13) “Code Talkers” were comprised of what group?

a) U.S. born Japanese
b) Navajo
c) Specially trained women
d) U.S. seals
e) All of the above
Answer: b
Level: Hard

14) The “Bracero Program” recruited Mexican _______

a) laborers in agriculture.
b) military leaders.
c) laborers in railroad construction.
d) A and B
e) A and C.
Answer: e
Level: Hard

15) Executive Order 8802 outlawed discrimination by any ______.

a) rural agricultural program.
b) farmer participating in the Bracero Program
c) labor union.
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 d) employer who received defense contracts.
e) branch of the service
Answer: d
Level: Medium

16) ______ is an interracial civil rights organization founded in 1942 by James Farmer
and others who sought to utilize the same non-violent protest methods employed by
Gandhi in India.
a) DARE
b) AME
c) NAACP
d) CORE
e) SNCC
Answer: d
Level: Easy

17) The War Refugee Board lifted immigration restrictions against ________.
a) Russians
b) Poles
c) Italians
d) Jews
e) Mexicans
Answer: d
Level: Hard

18) One of the major turning points of World War II, the Battle of ________ saw Russia
launch a counter-offensive that forced 100,000 German troops to surrender.
a) Leningrad
b) Petersburg
c) Kiev
d) Stalingrad
e) Omsk
Answer: d
Level: Easy

19) The Bataan Death March forced 75,000 __________ and _______ prisoners of war
across the Bataan Peninsula.
a) Japanese
b) Filipino
c) United States
d) A and B
e) B and C
Answer: e
Level: Easy

20) What battle proved to be the turning point in the Battle of the Pacific?
a) Battle of Coral Sea
b) Battle of the Bulge
c) Battle of Midway
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 d) Battle of Guadalcanal
e) Battle of Iwo Jima
Answer: c
Level: Easy

21) The German Field Marshal who led North African forces to several victories over
Allied forces, also known as “The Desert Fox.”
a) Heinrich Himmler
b) Albert Speer
c) Erich Raeder
d) Erwin Rommel
e) Walter Model
Answer: d
Level: Medium

22) The code name given to the World War II campaign to land U.S. and British troops
on the French coast was __________.
a) Operation Barbarossa
b) Operation Overlord
c) Operation Iceburg
d) Operation Firebrand
e) Operation Twilight
Answer: b
Level: Hard

23) D-Day is the name given to an amphibious land of U.S. and British forces along a 50-
mile coastline in
a) Italy
b) Africa
c) France
d) Russia
e) Japan
Answer: c
Level: Easy

24) A leading U.S. general during the Allied campaigns in North Africa and Sicily, this
general led the U.S. Third Army in its rescue of the U.S. troops surrounded during the
Battle of the Bulge.
a) George Marshall
b) Douglas MacArthur
c) Omar Bradley
d) George S. Patton
e) Chester W. Nimitz
Answer: d
Level: Hard

25) The overall U.S. strategy in the Pacific theater during World War II was known as
_______.
a) blitzkrieg
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 b) strategic bombing
c) siege warfare
d) island hoping
e) carrier action
Answer: d
Level: Hard

26) Vice President _______ became president in 1945 following President Franklin
Roosevelt’s death.
a) Theodore Roosevelt
b) Woodrow Wilson
c) Herbert Hoover
d) Dwight D. Eisenhower
e) Harry S. Truman
Answer: e
Level: Easy

27) Who is the five-star general and Supreme Commander of Allied forces in Western
Europe during World War II?
a) George Marshall
b) Dwight D. Eisenhower
c) Omar Bradley
d) George S. Patton
e) Chester W. Nimitz
Answer: b
Level: Easy

28) The top-secret operation during which U.S. physicists created the atomic bomb is
called the ________
a) Manhattan Project.
b) Project 57
c) Operation Morning Light
d) Project Kempster-Lacroix
e) Operation Argus
Answer: a
Level: Hard

29) The often called “father of the bomb”

a) Paul Tibbets
b) Robert Serber
c) Sidney Greenstreet
d) J. Robert Oppenheimer
e) Dashiell Hammett
Answer: d
Level: Hard

30) The atom bomb was dropped in

a) Nagasaki
b) Osaka
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 c) Hiroshima
d) A and B
e) A and C
Answer: e
Level: Medium

Short Answer Essays

1. Explain why Japan took the calculated risk of attacking the U.S. Pacific Fleet at
Pearl Harbor.

Answer: Japan was intent on establishing the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity
Sphere that would feature Japanese domination over former European colonies
and independent Asian nations. Japanese imperialists convinced their Emperor
that an alliance with Germany provided an opportunity for Japanese expansion
into Southeastern Asia while the European nations were fighting for their
survival. Before Japan launched attack on the Southeastern islands, they
launched an attack on Pearl Harbor to prevent U.S. interference. They believed a
sudden and devastating attack on America’s Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor would
cripple the U.S. navy for at least a year. During that time, Japan planned to
complete its conquest of Southeast Asia.

2. Describe the conditions in a Japanese detainment camp during World War II.

Answer: Life was difficult especially for the first arrivals who found that their
new homes were not yet ready for habitation. Most internees lived in camps in
the deserts of California, Utah, and Arizona where temperatures varied from over
100 degrees to below freezing in the same month. Others lived in swamp-like
conditions near the Mississippi River. They faced military discipline including
strictly regimented schedules and inspections, a near total lack of privacy,y and
the arbitrary justice of armed soldiers. Japanese Americans improved the quality
of life within the camps by creating schools, cultural activities, and recreation.

3. Discuss how Franklin Roosevelt was able to meet his military production goals.

Answer: Given the sudden transition back to civilian production after World War
I, U.S. companies were hesitant to invest the money needed to convert their
factories from building refrigerators to machine guns. In addition, the long-term
effects of the Great Depression had resulted in half of the nation’s manufacturing
plants producing below half of their maximum capacity. The federal government
ordered the end of civilian auto production as a means of assuring that more
military vehicles were built. In addition, the federal government offered very
lucrative contracts to U.S. business leaders. The government also paid top dollar
for all manner of goods while occasionally seizing manufacturing facilities it felt
were not being fully utilized. The War Production Board offered tax incentives,
loans and even guaranteed profits to businesses that produced the desired goods.
Other government agencies seized control of commodities markets and the Office

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 of Price Administration regulated the cost of these raw materials, as well as the
prices of consumer goods to reduce inflation and prevent price gouging.

4. Explain why John L. Lewis’ efforts to secure more benefits for the United Mine
Workers ultimately resulted in less power for the unions while the U.S. was
embroiled in World War II.

Answer: John L. Lewis and the United Mine Workers believed that their pay
increases failed to keep pace with corporate profits during the buildup of the
military industry. They also cited mandatory overtime, assembly line speed-ups
and the occasional wage freezes in some industries. Lewis ordered a strike that
halted mining operations throughout the country and threatened to halt defense
production. The ensuing panic led many to equate labor activism with treason.
While Lewis ultimately won significant concessions for his members, the fallout
from this strike caused the entire labor movement to lose public support.
Congress responded by passing several laws that limited the power of unions for
the duration of the war.

5. Discuss the effect of World War II on the Native American reservations.

Answer: The tens of thousands of Native Americans who left the reservations to
take wartime jobs in the nation’s cities were a bittersweet pill for those seeking
restore Native life and culture. The demands of the war reduced funding for
further cultural and educational programs on the reservations, while many of the
would-be reservation leaders of the next generation enlisted or found wartime
jobs in large cities. Many Native veterans decided to take advantage of their
military benefits to attend college and some of these decided to take better-paying
jobs in cities.

6. Explain what the Bracero Program was and why it was not successful.

Answer: The Bracero Program recruited Mexican laborers in both agriculture

and railroad construction to come to the Untied States. The federal government
would provide transportation for the braceros who agreed to have 10 percent of
their pay withheld and placed into an account that was to be given to them when
they returned to Mexico. Instead, many of the workers either stayed in the Untied
states or never received their money upon return to Mexico. Furthermore, the
majority of farmers in Border States rejected the terms of the Bracero Program
because it mandated a minimum wage many farmers refused to pay because they
thought it was too expensive.

7. Discuss why the Germans were not successful in conquering Stalingrad.

Answer: As Hitler’s Nazi offensive began, Stalin positioned troops across the
river with order to fire upon soldiers and civilians who sought to flee east. Stalin
believed that preventing civilians from leaving the city was critical to preventing
his officers from surrendering the town. The Russians also deployed a strategy
knows as “hugging the enemy.” This hand-to-hand combat among a civilian
population neutralized the advantages of the technologically superior German
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 forces. The German artillery could not fire upon the city if German troops
occupied the majority of Stalingrad. Instead, the Soviets launched a massive
counterattack and surrounded the German army inside the city. Given the cold
and their untenable situation, nearly 100,000 Germans surrendered.

8. Explain the significance of Midway Island to both the U.S. and the Japanese.
Why was the battle of Midway the turning point in the Battle of the Pacific?

Answer: If Japan succeeded in taking Midway, they could use the island to
launch attacks against Hawaii, which the Japanese believed would force the
Americans to end the war on their terms. Instead, the Japanese had four of their
six aircraft carriers sunk. They no longer possessed a fleet capable of threatening
U.S. bases in the central Pacific. The Japanese hope that the war with America
would be quick had been dashed.

9. Why did many military leaders believe that North Africa provided the best
opportunity to land Allied troops and open a second front against the Germans?

Answer: North Africa’s immense coastline and vast deserts make it hard to
defend. In addition, there was anti-Nazi sentiment among the local population
and the fact that the French still controlled the African colonies of Morocco and
Algeria.

10. Explain why the United States used the atomic bomb against Japan.

Answer: The causalities of both U.S. soldiers and the Japanese were mounting.
At Iwo Jima, 6,000 marines and nearly 25,000 Japanese soldiers were gunned
down. Only 200 Japanese soldiers survived. The carnage was repeated with
larger numbers on the island of Okinawa. Japan’s military had resorted to
suicidal “kamikaze” missions and over 1,000 kamikaze pilots flew their planes
into U.S. naval vessels and landing crafts. President Truman knew that
thousands more would lose their lives if the U.S. invaded Japan. In addition, both
the Allies and the Axis powers carpet-bombed cities. It is the accepted opinion
that the decision to use the atomic bomb had been made once the Manhattan
Project began.