Positive Psychology 3rd Edition Lopez

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Chapter 8

Seeing Our Futures Through Self-Efficacy, Optimism, and Hope

Multiple Choice

1. What type of thinking is inherent in the notion of the American dream?

a. Present oriented thinking
*b. Future oriented thinking
c. All or nothing thinking
d. Past oriented thinking
2. According to Ellen Goodman, making our lives busy is a downfall of what type of thinking?
a. Past oriented thinking
b. Present oriented thinking
*c. Future oriented thinking
d. All or nothing thinking

3. Your text discusses a case explained by Ellen Goodman, who uses the phrase “time bulimic. “ What is
this a reference to?
a. People who take up a lot of other people’s time.
b. People who waste time.
c. People who are not productive.
*d. People who suffer from timing disorders.

4. Ellen Goodman discusses the issue of time management. Which of the following is characteristic of
what Goodman calls a timing disorder?
*a. Irrational exuberance
b. A time crunch
c. A workaholic
d. Chronic lateness

5. Which of the following are the three major, future oriented temporal perspectives?
a. Optimism, resilience, and hope
*b. Self-efficacy, optimism, and hope
c. Self-efficacy, resilience, and hope
d. Optimism, adaptation, and hope

6. Who is credited with founding the concept of self-efficacy?

a. Martin Seligman
b. Phil Zimbardo
c. Wally Piper
*d. Albert Bandura

7. What is at the core of the concept of self-efficacy?

a. An ability to see alternate routes to a desired goal
*b. A belief that you can accomplish what you want
c. A belief that good things will happen to you
d. A belief that a bad outcome is specific to that domain

8. Who described self-efficacy as “what I believe I can do with my skills under certain conditions?”
*a. Maddux
b. Bandura
c. Seligman
d. Zimbardo

9. “Judgments about what needs to be done in order to reach a desired goal” is the definition of
what term?
*a. Outcome expectancies
b. Self-efficacy
c. Self-esteem
d. Efficacy expectancies

10. “The analyses of one’s capabilities to complete the necessary actions to reach a goal” best
describes what term?
*a. Efficacy expectancies
b. Outcome expectancies
c. Self-efficacy
d. Self-esteem

11. According to Bandura, people’s beliefs in their abilities to produce desired effects is called
___________, while an examination of what needs to be done in order to reach a desired goal is called
________________.
a. efficacy expectancies; outcome expectancies
*b. self-efficacy; efficacy expectancies
c. self-efficacy; outcome expectancies
d. outcome expectancies; efficacy expectancies

12. According to Bandura ______________ do not (or does not) add much to efficacy expectancies when
predicting human actions.
*a. outcome expectancies
b. efficacy expectancies
c. self efficacy
d. optimism

13. Which of the following statements best describes the social cognitive perspective?
a. Humans are largely shaped by environmental forces.
*b. Humans actively shaped their lives rather than passively reacting to environmental forces
c. Humans affect their environment as much as their environment affects them.
d. Human cognition is greater determined of our outcomes than our behaviors are.

14. Which of the following is NOT an idea upon which social cognitive theory is built?
a. Humans have powerful symbolizing capacities.
b. People become skilled at self-regulating by observing themselves in relation to cognitive models.
c. People are the result of reciprocal interaction between their thoughts in their environments.
d. All of the above are the building blocks of social cognitive theory.*

15 . Given that self-efficacy is based on social cognitive theory, where does self-efficacy come from?
a. It is inherited.
b. Peer influence
*c. It is learned over time.
d. Secure attachments

16. In comparing men and women with regard to self-efficacy

a. Women had higher self-efficacy in math and social science, while men had higher self-efficacy in
language arts.
*b. Men had higher self-efficacy in math and social science, while women had higher self-efficacy in
language arts.
c. A difference was found for self – efficacy in math, but not in language.
d. The difference was found for self-efficacy in language arts, but not social sciences.

17. The threat that one feels at being judged on performance relative to negative stereotypes about
one’s group is called
*a. stereotype threat
b. efficacy failure.
c. group efficacy deficit.
d. impaired efficacy expectations.
18. Which of the following people is most likely to fall victim to stereotype threat?
a. John, who has to write a paper for his sociality class.
b. Mary, who has to give a speech at her high school graduation.
c. Joseph, who is taking an IQ test.
*d. Sarah, who is applying to get a math scholarship.
19. According to harassment and colleagues, self-efficacy and technological pursuits was highest for
a. men.
b. women.
c. people who were androgynous.
*d. people scored higher in masculine gender role traits.

20. Self-efficacy for science appears to stem from _________________ for female students, and for
____________________ for male students.
a. mastery experiences; vicarious learning
*b. vicarious learning; mastery experiences
c. mastery experiences; mastery experiences
d. vicarious learning; vicarious learning

21. Which of the following is a developmental antecedent of self-efficacy?

a. Parental divorce
b. Secure attachment
c. Childhood trauma
*d. Modeling

22. From a neurobiological perspective, what areas of the brain are believed to play a role in self-
efficacy?
a. Lateral and temporal lobes
b. Frontal lobe and the neocortex
*c. Frontal and prefrontal lobes
d. Temporal and occipital lobes

23. With regard to assessing self efficacy, what would Bandura state?
*a. Self-efficacy should reflect beliefs about using abilities and skills in specific circumstances and
domains.
b. Self-efficacy is a dispositional trait that is stable across various contexts and domains.
c. Self-efficacy is ever evolving and constantly changing; therefore it can not be measured.
d. Self-efficacy should be measured in childhood so that appropriate changes in the environment
can be made.

24 . What was the Occupational Questionnaire designed to measure?

a. Students’ mastery of various academic subjects
*b. Students’ mastery of various vocations
c. Students’ ability to hold a part-time job
d. Students’ preferences for their parents’ occupations
25 . Sherer’s Self-Efficacy Scale is what type of index?
*a. Trait-like
b. Global
c. General
d. Specific

26. The Self-Efficacy Scale measures two factors. What are these factors?
a. General self-efficacy and academic self-efficacy
b. Social self-efficacy and psychological self-efficacy
c. Learned self-efficacy and inherent self-efficacy
*d. General self-efficacy and social self-efficacy

27 . What do high levels of situation-specific self-efficacy predict?

a. Increased happiness
b. Lower divorce rates
c. Lower pain tolerance
*d. Lower anxiety

28. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the relationship between self-efficacy and
psychological health?
*a. Lower self-efficacy’s have been linked with depression.
b. Higher self-efficacy has been found to be associated with avoidance.
c. Self-efficacy has not been found to be helpful in overcoming abuse.
d. All of the above are correct.

29. Self-efficacy can play a role in dealing with psychological factors through what mechanism?
a. Social support
b. Learned optimism
*c. Enablement factors
d. Reciprocal determinism

30. A study investigating the effect of self-efficacy for people dealing with multiple sclerosis found that
a. people with higher self-efficacy had fewer symptoms.
b. were able to lead normal lives.
c. were less likely to be hospitalized
*d. were more likely to engage in physical actions to promote better quality of life.
31 . What is negatively correlated with elevated self-efficacy?
a. Health-related behaviors
b. Effective study skills
c. Amount of exercise
*d. Unhealthy behaviors

32. The sense of assurance in one’s ability to participate and interact in a culture of origin and a second
culture is referred to as
a. cultural self-efficacy.
*b. bicultural self-efficacy
c. adaptive self-efficacy.
d. acculturation.

33. The perception of one’s capability to mobilize motivation, cognitive resources, and actions in
situations characterized by diversity is referred to as
*a. cultural self-efficacy.
b. bicultural self-efficacy
c. adaptive self-efficacy.
d. acculturation.

34. The extent to which we believe we can work together effectively to accomplish our shared goals
is the definition of which term?
a. Individual self-efficacy
b. Specific self-efficacy
*c. Collective self-efficacy
d. General self-efficacy
35. Which of the following is true about self-efficacy?a. Self-efficacy is more helpful to people of
minority cultures than two people of majority cultures.
b. Exposure is more important than self-efficacy in determining the ability to navigate in more than one
culture.
*c. Self efficacy can operate when large numbers of people are pursuing shared objectives.
d. Self-efficacy is a largely Western concept that has limited applicability to other cultures.

36 . Who is considered the founder of the theory of learned optimism?

a. Bandura
b. Zimbardo
*c. Seligman
d. Snyder

37 . What is the basis of the theory of learned optimism?

a. When a route is blocked, people find alternate pathways to their goals.
*b. People make attributions or explanations about the things that happen to them.
c. Optimism is the belief that good rather than bad things will happen.
d. People succeed when they believe in their capabilities to produce desired effects.

38. Which type of attributions do optimists tend to make for negative outcomes?
a. Internal, variable, and global
b.External, stable, and specific
c. External, stable, and global
*d. External, variable, and specific

39 . How would a pessimist explain a bad event?

a. As external, variable, and specific
*b. As internal, stable, and global
c. As external, stable, and specific
d. As internal, variable, and global

40. The sense of assurance in one’s ability to participate and interact in a culture of origin and a second
culture is referred to as
a. cultural self-efficacy.
*b. bicultural self-efficacy
c. adaptive self-efficacy.
d. acculturation.

41. The sense of assurance in one’s ability to participate and interact in a culture of origin and a second
culture is referred to as
a. cultural self-efficacy.
*b. bicultural self-efficacy
c. adaptive self-efficacy.
d. acculturation.

42. The perception of one’s capability to mobilize motivation, cognitive resources, and actions in
situations characterized by diversity is referred to as
*a. cultural self-efficacy.
b. bicultural self-efficacy
c. adaptive self-efficacy.
d. acculturation.

43. How would a pessimist explain a bad event?

a. As external, variable, and specific
*b. As internal, stable, and global
c. As external, stable, and specific
d. As internal, variable, and global
44. How would an optimistic student who received a poor grade on an exam likely explain his/her poor
performance?
a. I screwed up.
*b. The exam was poorly written.
c. I always do lousy on exams.
d. I am also not doing well in other areas of my life.

45. What is the evidence that suggests there is some genetic component to explanatory style?
a. Scores are highly correlated for parents and their children.
b. Scores are more highly correlated for identical than fraternal twins.
c. Scores among siblings are not highly correlated.
*d. There is not enough evidence to support a genetic component to explanatory style.

46 . What types of environments are most likely to promote optimism?

*a. Those which are safe.
b. Those which are disorganized.
c. Those in which the parents are divorced.
d. Those in which mothers stay home with their children.

47 . Children who experience trauma and parental divorce are likely to have what type of
explanatory style?
a. Optimism
b. Hope
*c. Pessimism
d. Despair

48 . What is The Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ) designed to measure?

a. Hope
*b. Learned optimism
c. Subjective well-being
d. Self-efficacy

49 . The ability to go back and explore the explanatory style of famous historical figures in their
speeches, diaries, or newspapers is a benefit of what measure of attributional style?
a. The ASQ
*b. The CAVE approach
c. The Hope Scale
d. The LOT

50 . Which researcher(s) would define optimism as the stable tendency to believe that good rather
than bad things will happen?
*a. Carver and Scheier
b. Seligman
c. Snyder
d. Diener

51 . What does The Life Orientation Test (LOT) measure?

a. Optimism as defined by Seligman
b. Optimism as defined by Snyder
*c. Optimism as defined to Carver and Scheier
d. Optimism as defined by Diener

52 . Why was The Life Orientation Test (LOT) revised?

a. Because adequate construct validity was not established.
b. Because it measured the same construct as the ASQ.
c. Because people who scored highly on the LOT also scored highly on The Hope Scale.
*d. Because it overlapped with neuroticism.
53. What best predicts approach-oriented coping strategies and planfulness?
a. Pessimism
b. Hope
c. Self-efficacy
*d. Optimism

54. Which of the following statements comparing optimists and pessimists is true?
a. With regard to problem-solving, optimists tend to use denial tactics.
b. With regard to problem-solving, pessimists tend to use positive reframing.
*c. When faced with uncontrollable circumstances, optimists tend to accept their plight.
d. Differences between optimists and pessimists are found with regard to problem-solving, but not in
situations where problems are not solvable.

55. Which of the following is a true statement about culture, optimism, and pessimism?
*a. African-Americans and Caucasians show similar relationships between optimism and mental health
measures.
b. Asian-Americans and Asians from China both scored higher in pessimism than Caucasian Americans.
c. African-Americans in Asian Americans were similar to each other, and different from Caucasian
Americans in their measures of optimism.
d. Asian-Americans showed higher levels of pessimism than Caucasian Americans.
56 . For Asian Americans, higher pessimism was associated with what?
a. Less problem solving
*b. Greater problem solving
c. Greater self-efficacy
d. Lower self-efficacy

57. A person’s belief that good things are more likely to happen to them than to other people is called
a. personal optimism
*b. comparative optimism
c. relative optimism
d. self-serving optimism

58. When comparing men and women on the measures of comparative optimism in personal optimism,
man scored _________ than women on comparative optimism and____________ than women on
personal optimism.
a. Higher; lower
b. Lower; higher
c. Lower; lower
*d. Higher; higher

59. In assessing why men scored higher on measures of personal control, Helwag – Larson and
colleagues suggest that
a. women are less likely to promote themselves.
*b. men may feel they have more control over their futures.
c. women are more likely to be involved in child care.
d. Men are more likely to overestimate their level of control.

60. In an examination of neurological factors and one’s ability to be optimistic, it has been found that
individuals high in dispositional optimism also appear to have
a. stronger melatonin responses when waking up in the morning.
b. stronger cortisol response when waking up in the morning.
*c. weaker cortisol response when waking up in the morning.
d. weaker HGH levels when waking up in the morning.

61. Which term best describes the ability to see alternatives when one’s route to a goal is blocked?
*a. Pathways Thinking
b. Agency
c. Optimism
d. Self-efficacy
62 . People who see themselves as having a greater capacity for energetic personal self-talk
statements such as “I will keep going” are said to have high levels of what?
a. Self-esteem
*b. Agency
c. Optimism
d. Subjective well-being

63 . How would you complete the equation: Agency + Pathways = ________?

a. Pessimism
b. Self-efficacy
c. Optimism
*d. Hope

64. Teaching children pathways as an antecedent of hope reflects what kind of learning in children?
*a. Cause-and-effect
b. Insight
c. Learned optimism
d. Self-efficacy

65 . In childhood, what is considered crucial in imparting hope?

*a. Strong attachment
b. Financial stability
c. Having fewer siblings
d. Having good friends

66. Lopez talks about creating hope from memories. Which part of the brain is involved in this process?
a. Amygdala
b. Hypothalamus
c. Prefrontal cortex
*d. Hippocampus

67. In proving its concurrent validity, what was The Hope Scale negatively correlated with?
*a. Depression
b. Optimism
c. Anger
d. Self-esteem

68. In discussing the predictors of hope and its factors of pathways and agency, which of the following
statements about ethnic differences is true?
a. In Asian-Americans, life satisfaction was the strongest predictor of agenic thinking.
*b. In European Americans life satisfaction was the strongest predictor of agenic thinking.
c. In Latinos, rational problem-solving was not predictive of agenic thinking.
d. In Asian-Americans, positive affect was not a predictor of agenic thinking.

69 . What is an advantage of a present temporal orientation?

*a. We can experience great pleasure in intense activities.
b. It provides a sentimental perspective than enhances pleasure.
c. We are able to set clear goals and construct the appropriate pathways to those goals.
d. It increases the likelihood that we will engage in preventative behaviors.

70 . What is a disadvantage of a past temporal orientation?

*a. It can produce a conservative and overly cautious approach to life.
b. We may suffer the consequences of hedonistic adventures such as injuries.
c. We may not derive pleasure in our relationships that come from just being with others.
d. We may not think ahead about the potential consequences of our behaviors.

71 . Who developed the Time Perspective Inventory?

*a. Zimbardo
b. Seligman
c. Carver and Scheier
d. Bandura

72 . What temporal perspective is emphasized in the dominant Caucasian cultural groups in Western
cultures?
a. Past
*b. Future
c. Present
d. Contemporary

73. African-Americans and Asian-Americans perceive time as ________________,and European

Americans perceive time as___________________.
*a. polychromic; monochromic
b. monochromic; polychromic
c. polychromic; polychromic
d. monochromic; monochromic

74. Native Americans, Latinos, African-Americans, and Asian Americans tend to perceive time in a
manner in which many things are conceptualized as happening at once with people. What is this called?
*a. Polychromic
b. Polysequential
c. Polychromatic
d. Polytemporal
75. Which of the following cultures is likely to accentuate the here and now?
a. Caucasian Americans
b. African-Americans
*c. American Indians
d. Asian-Americans

Essay Questions

1. Discuss Bandura’s concept of self-efficacy with regard to its origins, the cultural context, and its
effects on psychological and physical health.

2. Your text lists eight factors that are associated with optimism. Discuss four of them.

3. Differentiate Seligman’s learned optimism from Carver and Scheier’s definition of optimism.
Describe the assessments that are used to measure these two different types of optimism.

4. Discuss how hope develops, what neurobiology is involved, and what hope predicts.

5. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the three temporal orientations – past, present,
and future. How do these temporal perspectives differ across cultures?