Water Quality Status in KPK

Publication No.
142-2010
Water Quality Status of Upper KPK

and Northern Areas of Pakistan
Dr. Manzoor Ahmad Malik

Engr. Muhammad Azam
Abdus Saboor
PAKISTAN COUNCIL OF RESEARCH IN WATER RESOURCES

Water Resources Research Centre, Peshawar
Ministry of Science and Technology
May 2010
Copyright ©2010 by PCRWR
Khyaban-e-Johar, H-8/1, Islamabad – Pakistan
Email: pcrwr@isb.comsats.net.pk
ISBN 978-969-8469-35-1
CONTENTS
Page No.
Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................................iv
List of Tables...................................................................................................................................................v
List of Figures .............................................................................................................................................. vii
Chapter: 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background ..............................................................................................................................1
1.2 North Western Frontier Province ...............................................................................................2
1.3 Physiography and Climate .........................................................................................................2
1.4 Demography and Water Resources ............................................................................................3
1.5 Northern Areas of Pakistan (Geography and Demography) ......................................................3
1.6 Climate and Water Resources ....................................................................................................4
1.7 Water Quality Implications ........................................................................................................4
1.8 Water Quality Monitoring of NWFP and Northern Areas .........................................................5
1.9 Objectives ..................................................................................................................................5
1.10 Scope of the Study .....................................................................................................................5
1.11 Relationship of the Project to PCRWR ......................................................................................6
Chapter: 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Natural Sources of Contaminations and Health Effects .............................................................7
2.2 Physical and Aesthetic Parameters.............................................................................................7
2.2.1 pH................................................................................ ………………….…………7
2.2.2 Electrical Conductivity (EC) and total Dissolved Salts (TDS).................................8
2.2.3 Turbidity...................................................................................................................9
2.2.4 Colour ......................................................................................................................9
2.2.5 Taste .......................................................................................................................10
2.2.6 Odor .......................................................................................................................10
2.3 Chemical Parameters................................................................................................................10
2.3.1 Alkalinity (Alk) .......................................................................................................10
2.3.2 Bicarbonate (HCO3) ..............................................................................................11
2.3.3 Carbonate (CO3) ...................................................................................................12
2.3.4 Calcium (Ca)..........................................................................................................12
2.3.5 Magnesium (Mg) ....................................................................................................13
2.3.6 Hardness ................................................................................................................13
2.3.7 Sodium (Na) ...........................................................................................................14
2.3.8 Potassium (K).........................................................................................................15
2.3.9 Chloride (Cl) ..........................................................................................................15
2.3.10 Sulphate (SO4) .......................................................................................................16
2.3.11 Nitrate (NO3) .........................................................................................................16
2.4 Trace Elements.........................................................................................................................17
2.4.1 Arsenic (As)............................................................................................................17
2.4.2 Iron (Fe).................................................................................................................18
2.4.3 Fluoride (F)............................................................................................................18
2.5 Bacteriological Parameters.......................................................................................................19
2.5.1 Total Coliforms ......................................................................................................19
i
2.5.2 Fecal Coliforms......................................................................................................19
2.5.3 Escherichia Coliform (E.Coli) ...............................................................................20
2.6 Causes of Water Pollution.......................................................................................................21
2.6.1 Sanitation ..............................................................................................................21
2.6.2 Masses and Institutional Awareness ......................................................................21
2.6.3 Leakage of Pipelines ..............................................................................................21
2.6.4 Location of Pipe lines.............................................................................................21
2.6.5 Clogging of Sewerage System ................................................................................22
2.6.6 Growing of Field Crops and Vegetables ................................................................22
2.6.7 Groundwater Pollution ..........................................................................................22
Chapter: 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Grid Size and Number of Samples...........................................................................................23
3.2 Monitoring Area ......................................................................................................................24
3.3 Sample Collection and Preservation ........................................................................................24
3.3.1 Tap Water...............................................................................................................24
3.3.2 Tube Well Water.....................................................................................................25
3.3.3 Water from Distribution Network...........................................................................25
3.3.4 Hand Pump/Open Well Water................................................................................25
3.3.5 Stream Water..........................................................................................................26
3.3.6 Spring Water ..........................................................................................................26
3.3.7 Microbiological Samples........................................................................................27
3.3.8 Type of Water Samples and Preservatives .............................................................27
3.4 Analytical Methods ..................................................................................................................27
3.4.1 Alkalinity ................................................................................................................28
3.4.2 Arsenic ...................................................................................................................29
3.4.3 Bicarbonates ..........................................................................................................30
Chapter: 4 WATER QUALITY STANDARDS

4.1 WHO Guidelines......................................................................................................................31
4.2 Standards Drafted by PCRWR.................................................................................................32
4.3 Pakistan Standard Institution....................................................................................................33
4.4 International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) Standards ...................................................34
4.5 Food Development Authority (FDA) Water Standards............................................................35
4.6 National Environmental Quality Standards by EPA (Liquid Industrial Effluents) ..................35
4.7 Indian Water Quality Standards ...............................................................................................36
4.8 Water Quality Standards of Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia,
Thailand, Philippines and Brunei .............................................................................................37
4.9 Water Quality Standards of Vietnam, Japan, China, Hong Kong,
Korea and Taiwan ....................................................................................................................38
4.10 Water Quality Standards of Saudi Arabia, Guam, Australia,
Argentina, Mexico and Canada................................................................................................39
ii
Chapter: 5 RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
5.1 Mardan .....................................................................................................................................42
5.2 Buner........................................................................................................................................46
5.3 Swat .........................................................................................................................................49
5.4 Dir Lower.................................................................................................................................52
5.5 Dir Upper .................................................................................................................................54
5.6 Gilgit ........................................................................................................................................57
5.7 Skardu ......................................................................................................................................59
5.8 Ghanche ...................................................................................................................................61
5.9 Diamer .....................................................................................................................................63
5.10 Ghizer.......................................................................................................................................64
5.11 Over All Water Quality Situations in NWFP & Northern Areas .............................................66
Chapter: 6 FINDINGS & RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 Findings ...................................................................................................................................71
6.2 Conclusions..............................................................................................................................72
6.3 Recommendations....................................................................................................................72
References .................................................................................................................................................75
Annexure
Annexure-01-(a) Water Quality Analysis results of District Mardan (2004-05) ...........................................79
Annexure-01-(b) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Mardan (2005-06) .........................................83
Annexure-02-(a) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Buner (2004-05) ............................................86
Annexure-02-(b) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Buner (2005-06) ............................................88
Annexure-03-(a) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Swat (2004-05) ..............................................91
Annexure-03-(b) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Swat (2005-06)..............................................93
Annexure-04-(a) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Dir (Lower) (2004-05)...................................95
Annexure-04-(b) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Dir (Lower) (2005-06) ..................................96
Annexure-05-(a) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Dir (Upper) (2004-05) ...................................97
Annexure-05-(b) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Dir (Upper) (2005-06)...................................98
Annexure-06-(a) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Gilgit (2004-05).............................................99
Annexure-06-(b) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Gilgit (2005-06) ..........................................100
Annexure-07-(a) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Skardu (2004-05).........................................101
Annexure-07-(b) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Skardu (2005-06).........................................102
Annexure-08-(a) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Ghanche (2004-05)......................................103
Annexure-08-(b) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Ghanche (2005-06)......................................104
Annexure-09-(a) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Diamer (2004-05) ........................................105
Annexure-09-(b) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Diamer (2005-06)........................................106
Annexure-10-(a) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Ghizer (2004-05) .........................................107
Annexure-10-(b) Water Quality Analysis Results of District Ghizer (2005-06) .........................................108
Annexure-11 Summary of Overall Water Samples Collected and Status of Contaminants .................109
iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
S/cm Micro Siemens Per Centimeter MAC* Maximum Acceptable Concentration

AAS Atomic Absorption MAC** Maximum Allowable Concentration
Spectrophotometer
ADB Asian Development Bank MAF Million Acre Feet
AF Acre Feet MAR Mardan
Alk Alkalinity Mg Magnesium
As Arsenic mg/l Milligram Per Liter
BDL Below detectable Limit MPL Maximum Permissible Level
BOD Biological Oxygen Demand MPN Most Probable Number
Ca Calcium N Nitrate/Normal
Cl Chloride NO3 Nitrate
CNS Central Nervous System NRSP National Rural Support Program
Cº Centigrade NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit(s)
CO3 Carbonate PO4 Phosphate
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand Ppb Parts Per Billion
Cr Chromium Ppm Parts Per Million
DO Dissolved Oxygen PSI Pakistan Standards Institution
E.Coli Escherichia Coliform PSQCA Pakistan Standards & Quality Control Authority
EC Electrical Conductivity/ PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
European Community
EDTA Ethylenediamine Tetraacetate RO Reverse Osmosis
Dehydrate
EPA Environmental Protection Sm-1 Siemens Per Metre
Agency
F Fluoride SO4 Sulphate
FDA Food Development Authority SPADNS Sodium 2-(parasulfophenylazo) -1, 8-dihydroxy-
3, 6-napthalene disulfonate
Fe Iron SW Surface Water
Ft Foot TCU True Color Unit
TW Tube well TDS Total Dissolved Solids
OW Open well TMA Tehsil Municipal Administration
DTW Domestic tube well TW Tube well
Km Kilometer WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority
HDL Highest Desirable Level WHO World Health Organization
IWCP Improved Water Conservation WRRC Water Resources Research Centre
Practices for NWFP and
Northern Areas of Pakistan
IBWA International Bottled Water WSS Water Supply Scheme
Association
JICA Japanese International M Molar
Cooperation Agency
K Potassium m Meter
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Page No.
Table 3.1: Details of Water Quality Monitoring Network ........................................................................23
Table 3.2: Water Quality Parameters and Methods used for Analysis......................................................28
Table 4.1: WHO Guidelines......................................................................................................................31
Table 4.2: Standards Drafted by PCRWR.................................................................................................32
Table 4.3: Pakistan Standard Institution....................................................................................................33
Table 4.4: International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) Water Standards ........................................34
Table 4.5: Food Development Authority (FDA) Water Standards............................................................35
Table 4.6: National Environmental Quality Standards by EPA (Liquid Industrial Effluents) ..................35
Table 4.7: Indian Water Quality Standards ...............................................................................................36
Table 4.8: Water Quality Standards of Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand,
Philippines and Brunei .............................................................................................................37
Table 4.9: Water Quality Standards of Vietnam, Japan, China,Hong Kong, Korea & Taiwan ................38
Table 4.10: Water Quality Standards of Saudi Arabia, Guam, Australia, Argentina,
Mexico and Canada .................................................................................................................39
Table 5.1: No. of samples collected from five districts of Northern NWFP .............................................40
Table 5.2: No. of samples collected from five districts of Northern Areas...............................................40
Table 5.3: Distribution of water sources among the northern districts of NWFP .....................................41
Table 5.4: Distribution of water sources in all the districts of Northern Areas .........................................41
Table 5.5: Land use statistics of the district Mardan.................................................................................43
Table 5.6: Types of water sources and number of samples taken thereof in Mardan................................43
Table 5.7: Water quality parameters found having values beyond permissible
limits in water samples collected from district Mardan ...........................................................44
Table 5.8: Land use statistics of the district Buner ...................................................................................46
Table 5.9: Types of water sources and number of samples collected from district Buner ........................47
limits in water samples collected from district Buner ..............................................................47
Table 5.11: Land use statistics of the district Swat .....................................................................................49
Table 5.12: Types of water sources and number of samples taken thereof in Swat ....................................50
limits in water samples collected from district Swat................................................................50
Table 5.14: Land use statistics of the district Dir Lower.............................................................................52
Table 5.15: Types of water sources and number of samples taken thereof in Dir Lower ...........................53
Table 5.16: Water quality parameters found having values beyond permissible limits
in water samples collected from district Dir Lower .................................................................54
Table 5.17: Land utilization statistics among various sectors of district Dir Upper....................................55
Table 5.18: Distribution of the water sources in district Upper Dir ............................................................55
limits in water samples collected from district Dir Upper ......................................................56
Table 5.20: Types of water sources and number of samples collected from district Gilgit.........................57
limits in water samples collected from district Gilgit ..............................................................58
Table 5.22: Types of water sources and number of samples collected from district Skardu.......................59
limits in water samples collected from district Skardu ............................................................60
Table 5.24: Types of water sources and number of samples collected from district Ghanche....................61
limits in water samples collected from district Ghanche..........................................................62
Table 5.26: Types of water sources and number of samples collected from district Diamer ......................63
limits in water samples collected from district Diamer............................................................64
v
Table 5.28: Types of water sources and number of samples collected from district Ghizer .......................65
limits in water samples collected from district Ghizer .............................................................65
Table 5.30 Type of source and number of samples taken from all over the
10 districts during the first year 2004-05 .................................................................................66
Table 5.31 Type of source and number of samples taken from all over the 10 districts during
the second year 2005-06 ..........................................................................................................66
Table 5.32 Overall type of source and number of samples taken from all over the 10 districts ...............67
Table 5.33 Overall Water Quality Situation of 10 Districts and Causes of Contamination .......................68
Table 5.34: Summary of over all water samples collected the five districts of NWFP
and status of contaminants .......................................................................................................70
Table 5.35: Summary of over all water samples collected from entire Northern Areas
and status of contaminants .......................................................................................................70
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Page No.
Figure 1: IWCP Project Area of NWFP ....................................................................................................3
Figure 2: Geographical map of Northern Areas ........................................................................................4
Figure 5.1: Geographical map of district Mardan.......................................................................................42
Figure 5.2: Percentage of samples having different parameter values beyond permissible
limits in district Mardan ...........................................................................................................45
Figure 5.3: Graphical presentation of safe and un-safe water sources in district Mardan ..........................45
Figure 5.4: Geographical map of district Buner .........................................................................................46
limits in district Buner..............................................................................................................48
Figure 5.6: Graphical presentation of safe and un-safe water sources in district Buner.............................48
Figure 5.7: Geographical map of district Swat ...........................................................................................49
limits in district Swat ...............................................................................................................51
Figure 5.9: Graphical presentation of safe and un-safe water sources in district Swat...............................51
Figure 5.10: Geographical map of district Dir Lower ..................................................................................52
limits in district Dir Lower.......................................................................................................54
Figure 5.12: Geographical map of district Dir Upper...................................................................................54
limits in district Dir Upper .......................................................................................................56
Figure 5.14: Geographical map of district Gilgit..........................................................................................57
limits in district Gilgit ..............................................................................................................58
Figure 5.16: Geographical map of district Skardu........................................................................................59
limits in district Skardu ............................................................................................................60
Figure 5.18: Geographical map of district Ghanche.....................................................................................61
limits in district Ghanche .........................................................................................................62
Figure 5.20: Geographical map of district Diamer .......................................................................................63
limits in district Diamer ...........................................................................................................64
Figure 5.22: Geographical map of district Ghizer ........................................................................................64
limits in district Ghizer ............................................................................................................65
Figure 5.24: Overall %age of sources selected for sampling during the two years 2004-06........................67
Figure 5.25: %age of water samples found beyond permissible limits against different
water quality parameters 2004-06 ............................................................................................68
Figure 5.26: Overall water quality situation in NWFP & Northern Areas 2004-06 .....................................69
Figure 5.27: Water Quality Status of NWFP & Northern Areas of Pakistan 2004-06…………………….69
vii
Foreword
Water is essential for existence of life; it seems to be in abundance on the

earth. Nevertheless, its 97.5% is saline, mostly in the form of oceans, seas and
salty lakes etc, whereas the freshwater just makes 2.5%. A predominant quantity
of freshwater (69.8%) is trapped as permanent snow covers, mountainous
glaciers, soil moisture and swamps etc, 29.9% exists as groundwater of which
about 50% is at an uneconomical pumping depth of 800 m. Therefore, the global
renewable freshwater, comprising of precipitation and resultant streamflow
merely becomes 0.3% of the freshwater or 0.02% of the global water, which is
almost rejuvenated every year. Even then, these meagerly quantified freshwater
resources of the world are sufficient to support more than five times the current
global population, provided it is uniformly distributed amongst inhabitants. In
contrast, the geographical distribution of freshwater is quite uneven ranging
from more than 100,000 to less than 50 m3 per capita per annum. The countries
having low freshwater availability i.e. below 1700 m3 are categorized as water
stressed, while those less than 1000 m3 are considered water scarce. The current
per capita freshwater availability in Pakistan is around 1200 m3 and is therefore
categorized as a water stressed country. It is expected to be soon included among
water scarce countries due to rapidly growing population.
Quality of water is of prime importance along with its availability, it is
inextricably linked with water quantity as per assimilation principles of water
resource management i.e. lesser the water quantity, the greater it is prone to
contamination. Water quality has therefore become a major concern and
fundamental cause of diseases in the last few decades in developing countries,
leading to reduced life expectancy. The issue has been considered so serious that
the theme for the World Water Day of 2010 has been chosen as, “Clean Water for
a Healthy World”.
The situation in Pakistan is rather worst where about 4 MAF (million acre-
foot) of industrial and domestic wastewater is produced every year, of which
merely 3% is got treated while the remaining is directly discharged into
freshwater bodies. Similarly, in urban areas 60,000 tons of solid waste is
generated daily, out of which 60% is got collected. All that is rapidly
deteriorating the water quality in the already water stressed country. It has been
reported that almost 40% of diseases in the country are water-borne and is taking
a major chunk of the national health budget. Individualistically, people have to
spend substantial portion of their income on fighting with these water-borne
viii
diseases which is further adding to the financial miseries of the poverty stricken
citizens. Rising public and global concern over water quality has been sensitized
by the planners and policy makers to make necessary arrangements for provision
of safe water. However, planning and implementation of projects for provision of
safe water could not be realized unless baseline survey data of water quality
status is made available so that remedial measures could be devised accordingly
by the responsible agencies. PCRWR took the initiative for the challenging job
and launched numerous projects such as “National Water Quality Monitoring”,
“Rural Water Quality Monitoring” and “Arsenic Monitoring and Mitigation”.
The outcomes of those projects have led the government to launch mega projects
such as “Provision of Safe Drinking Water” and “Clean Drinking Water for All”.
Improved Water Conservation Practices (IWCP) is a project launched by
the PCRWR exclusively for northern mountainous areas of NWFP and the entire
Northern Areas (Gilgit-Baltastan) of Pakistan. These are remote, rugged and
highly poverty stricken areas; therefore required special attention. The report
pertains to water quality monitoring of the said area over the years 2004-06,
highlights major contaminants and identifies hot spots of poor water quality. The
report summarizes the findings of water quality survey, draw conclusions and
gives recommendations for interventions to improve water quality of the
surveyed area. The study will definitely be helpful for planners and policy
makers for strategic move towards provision of safe drinking water for the area. I
would like to appreciate efforts of the PCRWR scientists and supporting staff for
carrying out this enormous task in highly rugged and remote areas for
betterment of Pakistan, the future of which lies in water.
Dr. Muhammad Aslam Tahir

Chairman, PCRWR
ix
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to acknowledge the services rendered by all
technical and supporting staff of WRRC, Peshawar in sample collection, analysis,
data compilation and composing of the report.
Thanks are due to technical staff of National Water Quality Laboratory,
PCRWR, Islamabad, who carried out analysis of the samples for the year 2004-05.
Special thanks are due to Engr. Samar Gul, Deputy Director, who managed
logistics, Engr. Hubib-ur-Rehman, Assistant Director and Mr. Ghulam Haider,
Lab. Assistant, who carried out field sampling and Mr. Fida Hussain and Mr.
Nisar Ahmad, Research Officers, who assisted in compiling the data.
The authors are also thankful to Mr. Tariq Mahmood, Stenographer, Mr.
M. Saeed Akhtar Mirza, Technical Officer, who carried out formatting of the text
and thanks to all those who directly or indirectly assisted in carrying out this
study but their names might have remained unmentioned. Last but not the least
our special thanks to Engr. Ahmad Zeeshan Bhatti, Assistant Director, and Mrs.
Hifza Rasheed, Deputy Director, for thorough review and proof reading of the
entire report and giving valuable input for its improvement.
Dr. Manzoor Ahmad Malik

Director (Water Management)
x
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Water is source of life and essential for survival of mankind on the earth. It is backbone of
agriculture and ecological balance. Development of civilizations ever remained dependent on
availability of reliable fresh water resources. Its quality and quantity are inextricably linked
and are equally important. However, that very source and essential ingredient of life has now
become a cause of multiple health hazards. Apart from geological origin, quality of water is
also related to population density, extent of availability, human activities, industrial growth,
and agricultural practices. The greater the population density, the more is water quality prone
to degradation and deterioration. According to a UN study, while the world population is
surging, the availability of freshwater is on the decline, and in the next two decades, many of
the countries in South Asia, Middle East and Africa would face a crunch. While the water
quantity is becoming scarce, its quality is deteriorating due to urbanization, industrialization,
deforestation, land degradation, global warming, population increase and diversified
domestic uses. As such, water quality issues are of prime concern followed by air pollution
and solid waste management especially in developing countries.
Water contaminated with fecal bacteria, parasites and other microbes, causes about 6,000
deaths of adults and children every day. According to the World Health Organization,
diarrheal disease accounts for an estimated 4.1% of the total daily global burden of diseases
and is responsible for the deaths of about 1.8 million people every year. It was estimated that
88% of that burden is attributable to unsafe water supply, sanitation and hygiene, and
children are most vulnerable especially in developing countries. The public health decision-
makers in the developing countries are either not well aware of the gravity of the situation, or
not equipped with feed back infrastructure and remedial measures. Even if they are, the lack
of proper management and professionalism, together with financial constraints contributed
significantly to the water-borne health risks.
In Pakistan, per capita water availability, which was more than 5000 m3 half a century before
has now fallen to about 1200 m3, and as such it is rapidly entering into what are called water
scarce countries. Increase in population density and decrease in water availability has
become dual threat to water quality, and impact of which on public health is becoming
significantly visible. It has been estimated that in Pakistan around 30% to 40% of all reported
diseases and deaths are due to poor water quality. Moreover, the leading cause of deaths in
infants and children up to 10 years age as well as mortality rate of 136 per 1,000 live births is
reported owing to diarrhea, whereas every fifth citizen suffers from illness caused by polluted
water. The situation in the North Western Frontier Province (NWFP) is rather worst due to
being amongst the backward and poverty stricken areas.
1
1.2 North Western Frontier Province
The NWFP, which lies between latitude 31o 40’ to 36o 57’ N and longitude 69o 19’ to 74o 70’
E, mostly comprises mountainous terrain located in the lap of Hidukush and Hamalaya
Ranges, the world’s highest mountain ranges. The Hindukush range extends along its western
border, whereas Hamalaya originates from its north eastern part. The southern boundary is
formed by the east-west tending Safaid Koh Cherat range. The mighty Indus runs through its
northern part and below Harripur forms its eastern boundary with Punjab. Geographical area
of the province including FATA is 10.17 million hectares (NWFP 7.45 million hectares and
FATA 2.72 million hectares). However FATA comprising seven agencies falls under
administrative control of Federal Government. An Additional Chief Secretary stationed at
FATA secretariat Peshawar coordinates its affairs between provincial and federal
government. The NWFP with its capital at Peshawar comprises 24 districts, 48 tehsils and
986 union councils. The seven agencies of FATA comprise 43 tehsils. There is no local
government system in FATA.
1.3 Physiography and Climate
The landscape of the province presents variety of physiographic features ranging from
deserts in the south, fertile valleys in the middle and high altitude mountains in the north.
There are great number of inter mountainous basins in the central and southern parts of the
province. Some are no more than flat bottomed river valleys. Others, like Peshawar valley
and the Bannu basin cover thousands of square kilometers. Most plains are crossed by one or
more rivers, making it possible to irrigate some of the soils. Moreover plains are the sites
with best ground water resources, for the coarse alluvial deposits make good aquifers.
Sharp variation in physiographic features and altitudinal difference create a diverse climate in
the province. Therefore southern parts are arid and hot, whereas north is humid and cold. The
northern mountains form a high altitude cold desert. Somewhat temperate climate prevails in
the middle – the Peshawar valley. Average annual temperature varies between 5.9 oC in the
north and 31.2 oC in the south. Snow fall is common at high altitudes and winter frosts in
inter mountainous valleys. Kalam in district Swat is the coldest point where winter
temperature frequently falls below zero. The average annual rainfall ranges between 363 mm
in Peshawar to 1240 mm in Dir. Southern parts receive rather less rainfall. Major tributaries
of the River Indus, which pass through NWFP, comprise the River Swat, Punjgor, Kabul,
Kurram and Tochi etc. The River Kunhar is the only tributary that drains into the River
Jehlum, which forms eastern boundary of NWFP.
1.4 Demography and Water Resources
Population of NWFP according to the 1998 census was 17.7 million, which has now
escalated to 22 million by the year 2007. Population density accordingly is 288 persons per
sq. km as compared with the national density of 193 persons per sq. km. In addition, 2.5
million Afghan refugees after the outbreak of war in 1979 have settled in NWFP. Population
density wise, it is the second most thickly populated province of Pakistan, Punjab has the
highest population density.
2
This increase in population will have direct
impact on the water sector, which has to
cater the increased domestic, industrial and
agricultural demands. The quality of
surface-water is already poor and is further
deteriorating because the increased
municipal, industrial, and agricultural uses
have boosted up yield of waste water, which
is disposed of unchecked and untreated into
natural streams. Marble industry is rapidly
growing along river banks and nullas and is
adding into natural water bodies the
substantial amount of mineral impurities
such as salts of calcium, magnesium and
sodium etc. Ground water is limited, and
where available is being over exploited
causing groundwater mining, which activate
oxidation of otherwise inactive minerals
resulting into mineralogical contamination
or intrusion of contaminated water into
otherwise fresh and sweet water aquifers.
Water quality monitoring and information Figure 1: IWCP Project Area of NWFP
sharing is lacking, even though it is crucial
to any water quality management program.
1.5 Northern Areas of Pakistan
Geography and Demography
As the name implies, Northern Areas are situated in the extreme north of Pakistan. It borders
the Wakhan corridor of Afghanistan to the northwest, the Xingjian province of China to the
northeast, the Indian held Kashmir to the east and southeast, the Azad Kashmir to the
southeast and NWFP to the south and west. Most of the area comprises rugged mountains,
the higher elevations having permanent snow cover and extensive glaciers. Northern Areas,
having total geographical area of 72971 sq. km, are dominated with one of the most
mountainous landscapes on earth, with an arm of the Hindu Kush to the south-west, the
Himalaya to the south east, the Karakuram to the north-east and the Palmir range to the
north-west. It is junction of the three highest mountain ranges in the world. More than half of
the Northern Areas is located above 4500 meters and several of the snow covered highest
peaks of the world are located therein – K2, Nanga Parbat and Raka Poshi are among the
highest in the area.
3
According to the 1998 census, the population of the area
was 0.88 million, which has now escalated to 1.5 million
(2007), indicating population density of 20 persons per sq.
km, of which only 10% is urban while the remaining is
settled in rural areas. The population of the region is
scattered in small valleys along the riverbanks among the
high peaks of the Himalaya, Karakorum, and Hindu-kush
mountain ranges.
Figure 2: Geographical Map of NAs
1.6 Climate and Water Resources
Climatic condition varies widely in Northern Areas, ranging from the monsoon-influenced
moist temperate zone in the western Himalaya, to the arid and semi-arid cold desert in the
north Karakuram and Hindu Kush. Below 3000 meters, precipitation is minimal, rarely
exceeding 200 millimetres per annum. However there is strong gradient with altitude and at
6000 meters, an equivalent of 2000 millimetres per year falls as snow. The NAs contain the
greatest area (22,000 sq. km) of perennial glaciers outside the polar regions and estimates
are that as much as 28% of the region is glaciated; the area of winter snow cover reaches up
to 30-40% (Ahmed and Joyia, 2001). There are more than 100 glaciers that are over 10 km in
length and many go beyond 50 km. Hence glaciers and seasonal snow constitute a huge
reservoir of freshwater in the area and contribute 60% to 80% waters of the River Indus,
which with its several tributaries such as the River Gilgit, Hunza, Ishkoman, Yasim, and the
River Shiok pass through it.
Ground water is almost non existent. Therefore, water supply in Northern Areas depends
largely on surface water, which is conveyed through open channels and thus prone to
contamination. Although official statistics exhibit that over 40 per cent of the Northern Areas
rural population has access to piped water supplies, but many systems are out of order, and
actual coverage may be as low as 20 per cent. The majority of the region has no proper water
supply and the people are bound to consume raw water of springs, streams, khawars and
nullas. That is adversely affecting health of the inhabitants and precious man-hours are
wasted due to illness (IUCN 2003).
1.7 Water Quality Implications
Safe water is not only a vital health factor for life, but has also an important role in socio-
economic development of population. The high death rate, sickness and poor standards of
health are mostly due to unsafe water. Water quality is therefore crucial for the prevention of
diseases and promotion of health of individuals and communities. In 1981, the 34th World
Health Assembly in a resolution stressed that safe drinking water is a basic element of
primary health care, which is the key to attainment of “Health for All”. PCRWR (1985) and
WHO (1972-73) reported that after installation of new water supply pipes alone in 30 rural
settlements of Japan, communicable intestinal diseases were reduced by 72% and that of
4
trachoma by 64% while the infants and young children death rate fell by 52%. Similarly in
Uttarpardesh (PCRWR, 1985) after carrying out improvements in water works, sewerage,
and sanitation, the cholera caused death rate decreased by 74%, typhoid rate by 63.3%, and
dysentery by 23%. Additionally, 10% productive time of each person, wasted due to water-
related diseases, was also saved. WHO estimates exhibit that only in Asia some 500 million
diarheal cases occur every year. These figures therefore reveal an alarming impact of unsafe
water on public health, thus demanding an immediate attention.
1.8 Water Quality Monitoring of NWFP and Northern Areas
Previously, PCRWR collected data of surface and groundwater quality only in a few districts
of NWFP, under “National Water Quality Monitoring Program”. As such, no comprehensive
data set became available on quality of drinking water pertaining to most parts of NWFP and
the entire Northern Areas. Different organizations including Pakistan Council of Research in
Water Resources (PCRWR), Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA),
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and some individual consultants also have
conducted short-term water quality assessment studies, but that too pertains to a few districts
only.
Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) therefore launched an exclusive

project entitled “Improved Water Conservation Practices for NWFP and Northern Areas of
Pakistan” on 1st July 2004. The program aims at, inter alia, undertaking water quality
monitoring in mountainous areas comprising five northern districts of NWFP (Mardan,
Bunner, Swat, Lower Dir, and Upper Dir) and entire NAs (Diamer, Gilgit, Ghizer, Skardu,
and Ghanche).
1.9 Objectives
The general objective of water quality monitoring under the project “IWCP” is to provide the
information on the level of pollution in the water resources of the project area. It is expected
that this information would help in identifying the problem areas for initiating appropriate
remedial measures. The specific objectives of the water quality monitoring under the project
are:
 To monitor the surface and ground water quality of the mountainous areas, which so far
remained more or less out of the water quality monitoring network.
 To provide a feed back to the consumers and policy makers for adopting precautionary
measures well in time.
 To prepare national water quality map for researchers and planners for conserving the
water quality in the upper tracts of the Indus Basin.
1.10 Scope of the Study
To tackle the alarming scenario of water quality concerns in Pakistan, several studies to
monitor the drinking water quality have been carried out, but the remote, rugged and poverty
stricken mountainous areas remained least monitored or almost neglected. After observing
5
the gravity of the situation at national level, the Pakistan Council of Research in Water
Resources (PCRWR) launched a project entitled “Improved Water Conservation Practices for
NWFP and Northern Areas of Pakistan” on 1st July 2004. Water quality monitoring of the
project area was one of the objectives of the project. The phase-I and phase-II of the program
have been completed over the years 2004-05 and 2005-06. This report pertains to both the
years of water quality monitoring. Analytical data has been incorporated and presented
covering five districts (Mardan, Buner Swat, Upper Dir and Lower Dir) of NWFP and the
entire Northern Areas of Pakistan (Gilgit, Skardu, Ghanche, Diamar and Ghizer).
The information regarding water quality problems/issues all over the districts would be
available free of cost on Water Quality Website of PCRWR for researchers, policy makers,
planners and citizens for utilization in preparation of development schemes on water supply,
agriculture, livestock and fisheries etc.
1.11 Relationship of the Project to PCRWR
The PCRWR, with its headquarters at Islamabad, is a national research institution, which is
mandated to conduct, organize, coordinate and promote research on all aspects of water
resources including drinking water quality. The Council has five regional offices stationed at
Lahore, Peshawar, Quetta, Bahawalpur, and Tandojam and 18 district water quality
laboratories to address regional problems related with water resources and give feed back to
policy makers. The central office at Islamabad has established National Water Quality
Laboratory, which has secured accreditation of ISO 17025. Regional Water Quality
Laboratories have also been set at all the regional offices. The regional laboratories have
recently been strengthened with latest equipment and state of the art technology such as
Atomic absorption spectrophotometers. All the laboratories are capable of carrying out
analysis of parameters pertaining to issues of water quality assessment, water pollution, and
environmental and waste water management. ISO accreditation of the regional laboratories is
also being sought. PCRWR has so far undertaken numerous studies and facilitated different
organizations including educational institutes in the area of water quality research. Recently
PCRWR undertook a mega project of consultancy regarding water quality assessment survey
of the sites for installation of water filtration plants at Union Council level all over the
country under the project “Clean Drinking Water for All.” Water supply schemes assessment
survey all over the country is also being carried out by the organization under another project
entitled “Provision of Safe Drinking Water.”
6
CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
The water quality parameters being studied by WRRC, Peshawar, for Water Quality
Monitoring in NWFP and Northern Areas of Pakistan under the project “Improved Water
Conservation Practices for NWFP and Northern Areas of Pakistan” are reviewed in this
chapter which are mainly focused on natural sources of contaminations and the health effects
in respect of various Physical, Aesthetic, Chemical, Trace Elements and Microbiological
parameters.
2.1 Natural Sources of Contaminations and its Health Effects
In under developed and developing countries of the world; most of transmissible diseases are
water borne due to drinking of unsafe water which- cause morbidity and mortality. In
developing countries, the mortality rate especially in the infants is very high. In Pakistan
more than 1,100 children less than five years of age die everyday, about 600 of them are
under one month of age. This means that in Pakistan an estimated 423,000 children under
five years of age die every year. The most common causes of death amongst children under
five, aside from newborns, are pneumonia and diarrhea. Simply ensuring clean drinking
water, sanitation and hygienic practices for everyone can cut deaths by diarrhea by half and
prevent the spread of disease (UNICEF). Unfortunately public and decision makers of the
most developing world are not well aware of the gravity of the situation. In all developed
countries drinking water quality is considered a very serious issue and improvement
measures were taken about a century ago. For the evaluation of water pollution, water quality
parameters are used for analytical purpose and also provision of safe drinking water to the
citizens or public. The general public of these countries are aware of water quality impacts on
human health, hence they are very conscience about it. For the reduction of pollution or
improvement in quality of water used for human consumption depend on reliable analytical
measurements of contaminants. So analytical water quality parameters are utmost important
and are playing a key role for water pollution assessment. The prime objective of this chapter
is to know about natural sources of contaminations, health effects and guideline values of
some basic drinking water quality parameters.
2.2 Physical and Aesthetic Parameters
2.2.1 pH
The pH of a sample of water is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions.

Mathematically it is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration and the
term pH was derived from the manner in which the hydrogen ion concentration is calculated.
The term implies that at higher pH, there are fewer free hydrogen ions and vice versa, and
that a change of one pH unit reflects a tenfold change in the concentration of the hydrogen
ions. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is considered to be neutral. Substances
with pH less that 7, are acidic and those with greater than 7 are basic. The diagram below
7
reflects pH of various common solutions and substances. The pH of most raw water sources
lies within the range of 6.5-8.5. Chlorination tends to lower the pH, whereas water softening
using the excess lime/soda ash process raises the pH level. A direct relationship between
human health and pH of drinking water is difficult to ascertain because pH is also closely
associated with other aspects of water quality. In so far as pH affects the various processes in
water treatment that contribute to the removal of viruses, bacteria and other harmful
organisms, it can be claimed that pH has an indirect effect on human health. WHO
recommended guideline value for pH is 6.5-8.5, although it is recognized that some problems
can arise within a distribution system with water having pH level below 7.0 because the pH
of water determines the solubility of chemical constituents. In the case of heavy metals, the
degree to which they are soluble determines their toxicity. Metals therefore tend to be more
toxic at lower pH because they are more soluble. It has also been reported that drinking water
at high pH level acquires bitter taste. The efficiency of coagulation and flocculation process
is also markedly dependent on pH (Kahlown et. al. 2006).
2.2.2 Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Total Dissolved Salts (TDS)
Pure water free of ions is an excellent insulator, but even the deionized water is not free of
ions. As water is a good solvent, it almost always has dissolved mineral salts in the form of
ions. These ions make it to transmit electric current by the phenomenon what is known as
ionic conduction. The electrical conductivity of water is therefore used as indirect measure of
ionic activity of dissolved mineral salts. The electrical conductivity of aqeous solution
depends on concentration of ions, their nature and temperature of measurement. The
measurement at 25 oC are used as reference. The unit of electrical conductivity is Siemen per
meter (S/m) but dS/m, or mS/cm, is commonly used for better covering the range of
8
measurement in case of water. In dilute solutions, Total Dissolved salts (TDS) and electrical
conductivity are reasonably comparable. The TDS of a water sample based on the measured
EC value can be calculated using the following equation.
TDS (mg/l) = 640 x EC (dS/m) = 640 x EC (mS/cm)
The above relationship can applied EC rangeing from 0.5 to 5 dS/m (Kahlown and Khan
2002). It does not however apply to wastewater.
Total Dissolved Salts (TDS) consist mainly of carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, sulfates,
phosphates, nitrates, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, manganese, and a few
others. They do not include gases, colloids, sediment or other minerals found on the earth’s
surface. The dissolved minerals can produce an unpleasant taste or appearance and can
contribute to scale deposits on pipe walls. There is no consensus on the negaetive, or
otherwise, impacts on human health of TDS in excess of 1,000 mg/1.It has been reported
elsewhere that excess TDS in drinking water may even have beneficial health effects.
Extremely low TDS level may also be unacceptable owing to its flat insipid taste (Kahlown
et. al. 2006). WHO however has recommended permissible range of 500 mg/l and admissible
range of 1000 mg/l for drinking purpose.
2.2.3 Turbidity
Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of water caused by suspended individual particles that
are generally invisible to the naked eye and do not settle down easily, or may be caused by
growth of phytoplankton. In drinking water, the higher the turbidity level, the higher the risk
that people may develop gastrointestinal diseases. This is especially problematic for immune-
compromised people, because contaminants like viruses or bacteria can become attached to
the suspended solids. The suspended solids interfere with water disinfection with chlorine
because the particles act as shields for the virus and bacteria. Similarly, suspended solids can
protect bacteria from ultraviolet (UV) sterilization of water. In case of filtration plants, higher
turbidity also requires frequent replacement of filtration material. The turbidity is therefore a
key parameter of water quality and is measured in terms of light absorbing or light scattering
property of water. It is expressed by US Environmental Monitoring Standard unit what is
called Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU). Public health services drinking water
standards (1962) stated that turbidity excess of the guideline value of 5 NTU is generally
unacceptable to consumers. In water supplied through pipe distribution system, presence of
high turbidity at consumer end as compared to that at source may indicate on the way
intrusion of contaminants or corrosion of pipes etc (Kahlown et al).
2.2.4 Colour
Clean water is supposed to be clear without any noticeable colour. Color of water may be
characterized as true or apparent. The apparent blue color of water bodies is owing to
selective absorption and scattering of light spectrum. The true colors in water may be due to
suspended material, dissolved mineral salts such as ferric hydroxide and manganese, and
dissolved organic substances such as humic acids, corrosive material, colored industrial
waste or other substances from anthropogenic sources. Colour can also indicate the presence
9
of certain runoff or discharges into the water. These colored impurities undermine aesthetic
value of drinking water. As reviewed by Kahlown et al. (2006), Washington Administrative
Code for Public Water Supplies has set a maximum limit of 15 color units for physical
characteristics of water under use for drinking purpose. WHO (1996) recommended level is
15 TCU above which consumer complaints start arising because of unacceptable appearance.
2.2.5 Taste
Taste (or, more formally, gustation) is a form of direct chemoreception and is one of the
traditional five senses. It refers to the ability to detect the flavor of substances such as food,
certain minerals, and poisons. Traditionally identified taste sensations are: sweet, salty, sour,
bitter, piquance (the sensation provided, among other things, by chili peppers) and savoriness
(also known as umami). Taste is a sensory function of the central nervous system. The
receptor cells for taste in humans are found on the surface of the tongue, along the soft
palate, and in the epithelium of the pharynx and epiglottis (Wikipedia). As reviewed by
Kahlown et al (2006), Taste threshold in distilled water for the major cations of drinking
water i.e. calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium have been reported to be
approximately 100, 30,100 and 300 mg/l respectively (National Academy of Sciences, 1973).
2.2.6 Odor
Pure water is odorless. An odor in water is caused by one or more volatilized chemical
compounds, generally at a very low concentration, that humans or other animals can sense.
The most minimal concentration of a substance that can be detected by a human nose is
termed as odor threshold value. Odors are also called smells, which are categorized both
pleasant and unpleasant Pleasant odor are primarily used in food and cosmetic industry. In
contrast, an unpleasant odor refers to malodor or stink. Kahlown et. al. (2006) reviewed that
a great number of organic and some inorganic substances contribute to the odor of waters.
The non-specific fishy, grassy and musty odors normally associated with biological growth
tend to occur most frequently in warm surface water in the warmer months of the year. Odor
in potable water is almost invariably indicative of some form of pollution of the water source,
malfunction during distribution or water treatment. Chlorinated water may have some odor
due to residual chlorine which is rather indicator of proper chlorination. Drinking water
should however have no observable odor to any consumer (WHO, 1984).
2.3 Chemical Parameters
2.3.1 Alkalinity (Alk)
The Alkalinity may be defined as the capacities of some of its components to accept protons
or to bind an equivalent amount of a strong acid (Kahlown et al 2006). It is therefore a
measure of the ability of a solution to neutralize acids to the equivalence point of carbonate
or bicarbonate and is equal to the stoichiometric sum of the bases in solution. In natural
environment, carbonate alkalinity tends to make up most of the total alkalinity due to the
common occurrence and dissolution of carbonate rocks and presence of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere. Other common natural components that can contribute to alkalinity include
borate, hydroxide, phosphate, silicate, nitrate, dissolved ammonia, the conjugate bases of
10
some organic acids and sulfide. Limestone is rich in carbonates, so waters flowing through
limestone regions generally have high alkalinity — hence its good buffering capacity.
Conversely, granite does not have minerals that contribute to alkalinity. Therefore, areas rich
in granite have low alkalinity and poor buffering capacity. Alkalinity is sometimes
incorrectly used interchangeably with basicity. For example, the pH of a solution can be
lowered by the addition of CO2 which will reduce the basicity; however, the alkalinity will
remain unchanged. The common unit of alkalinity is m.Eq/L (milliequivalent per liter) but
the other unit as ppm (parts per million) still prevails.
Alkalinity is not a pollutant. Its measurements are however used in the interpretation and
control of water and waste water treatment processes. Raw domestic waste water has an
alkalinity less than or slightly greater than that of the water supply. Jaffer et al. (1985), as
reported by Kahlown et al (2006), gave the maximum permissible level/range of alkalinity as
50 to 500 mg/1 as CaCO3.
2.3.2 Bicarbonate (HCO3)
The bicarbonate ion (hydrogenated-carbonate ion) is an anion with a charge of negative one
with empirical formula HCO3− it is the conjugate acid of CO32− . The weathering of rocks
contributes to bicarbonate content in water as mostly these are soluble in water. However,
their concentration in water depends on water pH and is generally less than 500 mg/l in
groundwater. It is a principal alkaline constituent in almost all water sources, therefore
influences hardness and alkalinity of water. Many types of bicarbonate are soluble in water at
standard temperature and pressure, particularly sodium bicarbonate and magnesium
bicarbonate; both of these substances contribute to total dissolved salts, a common parameter
for assessing water quality. The flow of bicarbonate ions from weathered rocks by carbonic
acid in rainwater is an important part of the carbon cycle.
Bicarbonate is vital component of the pH buffering system of the body (maintaining acid-
base homeostasis) as 70%-75% of CO2 of the body is converted into carbonic acid (H2CO3,)
with carbonic acid as the central intermediate specie. Bicarbonate, in conjunction with water,
hydrogen ions, and carbon dioxide forms this buffering system which is required to provide
prompt resistance to drastic pH changes in the body. This is especially important for
protecting tissues of the central nervous system and heart throb rate. Bicarbonate also serves
in the digestive system. It raises the internal pH of the stomach, after highly acidic digestive
juices have finished their digestion of food. Ammonium bicarbonate is used in digestive
biscuit manufacture. The blood value of bicarbonate is one of several indicators of the state
of acid-base physiology in the body. The parameter Standard bicarbonate concentration
(SBC) is the measure of bicarbonate concentration in the blood. The major intake of
bicarbonate into the human body is through drinking water, however, there is no guideline
value set for concentration of bicarbonate in drinking water.
11
2.3.3 Carbonate (CO3)
Carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid, characterized by the presence of the carbonate ion
(CO2−3) which originates from dissolving of carbonate minerals. The carbonate minerals are
extremely varied and ubiquitous in chemically-precipitated sedimentary rocks. The most
common are calcium carbonate (CaCO3 - the main constituent of limestone), mollusk shells,
coral skeletons, dolomite, and siderite etc. A carbonate salt forms when a positively charged
ion, attaches to the negatively charged oxygen atoms of the carbonate ion. Metal carbonates
generally decompose on heating. Calcium carbonate, on burning in a lime kiln, liberates
carbon dioxide through a process called calcination and leaves behind an oxide of calcium
(CaO) which is known as quicklime. The most carbonate salts are insoluble in water at
standard temperature and pressure with exceptions of sodium, potassium and ammonium
carbonates including many uranium carbonates.
In aqueous solution, carbonate, bicarbonate, carbon dioxide, and carbonic acid exist together
in a dynamic equilibrium. In strongly basic conditions, the carbonate ion predominates, while
in weakly basic conditions, the bicarbonate ion is prevalent. In more acid conditions, aqueous
carbon dioxide, is the main form, which, with water is in equilibrium with carbonic acid - the
equilibrium lies strongly towards carbon dioxide. Thus sodium carbonate is basic; sodium
bicarbonate is weakly basic, while carbon dioxide itself is a weak acid.
Carbonated water is formed by dissolving CO2 in water under pressure. When the partial
pressure of CO2 is reduced, for example when a can of soda is opened, the equilibrium for
each of the forms of carbonate (carbonate, bicarbonate, carbon dioxide, and carbonic acid)
shifts until the concentration of CO2 in the solution is equal to the solubility of CO2 at that
temperature and pressure.
2.3.4 Calcium (Ca)
Calcium is soft gray alkaline earth metal, and is the fifth most abundant element by mass in
the Earth's crust as well as the fifth most abundant dissolved ion in seawater. Calcium is
essential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology and mineralization of bones and
shells. It is the most abundant metal by mass in many animals. Approximately ninety-nine
percent of the body's calcium is stored in the bones and teeth. The rest of the calcium in the
body has other important uses, such as some exocytose, especially neurotransmitter release,
muscle contraction and cardiac action. Long-term calcium deficiency can lead to rickets and
poor blood clotting and in case of a menopausal woman, it can lead to osteoporosis, in which
the bone deteriorates and there is an increased risk of fractures. While a lifelong deficit can
affect bone and tooth formation, over-retention can cause hypercalcemia (elevated levels of
calcium in the blood), impaired kidney function and decreased absorption of other minerals
however, vitamin D is essential for absorption of calcium.
High calcium intakes or high calcium absorption were previously thought to contribute to the
development of kidney stones however, this notion has been nullified by the latest research.
However, in most studies strong co-relation have been found between cardiovascular
diseases and exceeding calcium concentration. The presence of calcium in water supplies
results from deposits of limestone, dolomite, calcite, gypsum and gypsiferous shale. The
12
calcium minerals and compounds are not easily soluble in pure water, the presence of carbon
dioxide readily increases their solubility and sources of water containing up to 100 mg/liter
are fairly common in arid regions having pH above 7.0. WHO (1996) and PSI (1987)
recommended 75 mg/l as permissible amount of calcium in drinking water, whereas PSQCA
(2002) recommends 200 mg/l. However the body demand of an adult is 1000 mg/day.
2.3.5 Magnesium (Mg)
Magnesium is an alkaline earth metal and the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's
crust by mass and is the third most abundant element dissolved in seawater. It is the 11th
most abundant element by mass in the human body where 60% is in the skeleton, 39%
intracellular (20% in skeletal muscle), and 1% extracellular. Its ions are essential to all living
cells, where they play a major role in manipulating important biological polyphosphate
compounds like ATP, DNA, and RNA. Hundreds of enzymes thus require magnesium ions in
order to function. Magnesium is a common constituent of natural water. Michael (1981)
found that magnesium and calcium both produce the property of hardness in water.
Magnesium (Mg+2) hardness is usually approximated at 33% of the total hardness of a
particular water supply. Magnesium is found in many minerals, including dolomite,
magnesite, and many types of clay. Acu-Cell (2003) had reported that about 19g of
magnesium per 70kg human body weight is involved in the synthesis of protein as well as
acts as co-factor in 300 enzymatic reactions. WHO recommends the maximum permissible
limit for magnesium in water to be 150 mg/l.
2.3.6 Hardness
Hard water is water with high mineral contents. It primarily contains excessive calcium and
magnesium metal cations, and sometimes other dissolved compounds such as bicarbonates
and sulfates. Hard water is generally not harmful to one's health. The measurements of
hardness can be obtained through a wet titration. Although water hardness usually measures
only the total concentrations of calcium and magnesium (the two most prevalent, divalent
metal ions), iron, aluminum, and manganese may also be present at elevated levels in some
geographical locations. Iron in this case is important for, if present, it will be in its trivalent
form. Water becomes hard during its movement through soil and rock; it dissolves small
amounts of these naturally-occurring minerals and carries them into the groundwater. Hard
water forms precipitates on boiling or when soap is added to it. Total hardness is expressed
as mg/l of calcium carbonate because calcium and carbonate are the dominant ions in most
hard waters. The following table gives the concentration of CaCO3 dissolved in water by its
degree of hardness.
13
Degree of Hardness mg/l as CaCO3
Soft 0-60
Moderately Hard 60-120
Hard 120-180
Very Hard Greater than 180
Bokina (1965) found increased incidence of urolithiasis due to hard water in the USSR where
the local domestic tubewell contained 300-500 mg of calcium per liter. Guidelines for
Canadian drinking water quality (1979) documented that there is no firm evidence that water
hardness causes ill effects in man. Marier (1979) observed that there is a close association
between death rates from strokes and the acidity of river derived drinking water. Since that
time, a number of studies in various parts of the world have demonstrated that there is high
statistically significant negative association between water hardness and cardiovascular
disease. Very hard water can cause household pipes choking, scaling, incrustations on
kitchen utensils and increasing soap consumption. Hard water can create both nuisance and
economic burden to community. A hardness level of about 100 mg/l provides an acceptable
balance between corrosion and the problems of incrustation, although, from drinking
considerations 500 mg/1 is recommended as a guideline value.
2.3.7 Sodium (Na+)
Sodium is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal which does not occur naturally in
elemental form on earth as it quickly oxidizes in air and is violently reactive with water, so it
must be stored in an inert medium, such as liquid hydrocarbon. Sodium is present in
abundance or in less quantity in natural waters. Seawater contains relatively high levels of
sodium about 10 g/l (WHO, 1979). The sodium salts are highly soluble in water and found
abundance in mineral deposits. Sodium is the principal cation (Na +) in the extra-cellular fluid
(ECF) and it has several physiological roles including maintaining acid-base balance,
generating transmembrane gradients (which allow cells to take up nutrients) maintenance of
ECF volume and osmotic pressure and in the electro-physiology of nerve and muscle cells
(Healthnet, 2003). Acu-Cell (2003) reported that deficiency of sodium in the body may
appear as mental apathy, low blood pressure, fatigue, depression, seizures, dehydration etc.,
whereas overdose can cause edema, hypertension, stroke, headaches, kidney damages,
stomach problems and nausea. The co-relation of sodium intake with cardiovascular diseases
and hypertension is so well established that such persons are advised to desist from sodium
salts (sodium chloride). WHO (1984) reported that in most of the countries, the majority of
water supplies contain less than 20 mg/l but in some countries sodium levels can exceed 250
mg/l. According to WHO (1979) water treatment chemicals such as sodium fluoride,
sodiumsilico fluoride, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and sodium
hypochlorite can add significant amounts of Na (30 mg/l) in drinking water. WHO (1996)
recommended the 200 mg/l to be the maximum permissible limit for drinking water.
14
2.3.8 Potassium (K+)
Potassium is a soft silvery-white metallic alkali metal that oxidizes rapidly in air and is very
reactive with water. Potassium in nature occurs only as ionic salt. As such, it is found
dissolved in seawater, and as a part of many minerals. Potassium ion is necessary for the
function of all living cells, and is thus present in all plant and animal tissues. It is found in
especially high concentrations in plant cells and fruits.
Though potassium and sodium are chemically similar yet their functions in organisms are
quite different, especially potassium content of drinking water varies greatly depending on its
source and it tends to be larger in mineral and seawaters than ordinary tap water. However,
on average the daily water consumption by adults, the K intake is less than 0.1% of their diet.
Potassium abundance in drinking waters can reach upto 20 mg/l (APHA, et al., 1992). The
potassium is very significant body mineral important to both cellular and electrical function.
The total potassium in the body and blood serum varies from 4-5 mg/100 ml. An amount of
1600 to 3500 mg of potassium consumption per day has been recommended by Anderson &
Young (2002). Potassium deficiency causes irregular and rapid heart beat, hypertension,
muscle weakness, bladder weakness, kidney disease and asthma whereas over dose may
appear as irregular/rapid heart beat, cystitis, bladder infection, ovarian cysts, and weakened
immune system (Acu-Cell, 2003). An increased level of potassium in the blood is known as
hyper-kalemia appears as reduced renal function, an abnormal breakdown of protein and
severe infection (Aparna, 2001). WHO recommend the maximum permissible limit of
potassium in drinking water as 12 mg/l.
2.3.9 Chloride (Cl-)
Chloride is an anion mainly derived from dissociation of salts of hydrochloric acid such as
NaCl, KCl and CaCl2 originating from geological formations. It is also added through
pollution with sewage, industrial waste, sea water or saline water intrusion. Surface water
normally has low concentration of chlorides as compared to groundwater. Chloride is a
chemical the human body needs for metabolism (the process of turning food into energy). It
also helps keep the body's acid-base balance. The amount of chloride in the blood is carefully
controlled by the kidneys. Chloride ions have important physiological roles. For instance, in
the central nervous system, the inhibitory action of glycine and some of the action of GABA
relies on the entry of Cl− into specific neurons. Also, the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger
biological transport protein relies on the chloride ion to increase the blood's capacity of
carbon dioxide, in the form of the bicarbonate ion. The normal blood reference range of
chloride for adults in most labs is 95 to 105 mili equivalents (m. Eq) per liter. The normal
range may vary slightly from lab to lab. Normal ranges are usually shown next to your results
in the lab report.
The major source of chloride for humans is table salt (NaCl) which is recommended to be 1 g
per person per day for normal health. For children up to 18 years of age, a daily dietary
intake of 45 mg chloride per kg of body weight is sufficient. The other major source of
chloride for human body is drinking water. The salty taste produced by chloride depends on
the chemical composition of water. The salty taste with chloride concentration of 250 mg/1
15
may be detectable in water containing sodium ions, but the taste may be absent in water
containing 1000 mg/1 chloride when calcium and magnesium ions are predominant. High
chloride content has a deleterious effect on metallic pipes and structures. WHO (1984)
recommended 250 mg/1 as the maximum permissible value of chloride for drinking water
(Kahlown et al 2006).
2.3.10 Sulphate (SO4-)
Sulfate (SO4) is polyatomic anion mostly derived from the dissociation of the salts of
sulphuric acid Na2SO4, Ca SO4, K2SO4 etc and occurs in almost all natural water due to high
solubility. Most sulfate compounds originate from the oxidation of sulfite ores, the presence
of shales, and the existence of industrial wastes. Sulfate is one of the major dissolved
constituents in rain, but one of the least toxic anions. The lethal dose for humans as
potassium or zinc sulphate is 45 g. The reported minimum lethal dose of magnesium sulphate
in mammals is 200 mg/kg. (Faust and Osman, 1983). The major physiological effects
resulting from the ingestion of large quantities of sulphate are catharsis and gastrointestinal
irritation (Mckee and Wolf, 1963). Water containing magnesium sulphate at levels above
1000 mg/L acts as a purgative in adults. Lower concentrations may affect bottle-fed infants
and adults who have just been introduced to the water (Wikipedia). Sulphates can interfere
with disinfection efficiency by scavenging residual chlorine in the distribution system
(Arther, 1971). The presence of sulphate salts in drinking water could increase corrosion of
mild steel in the delivery system (Larson 1971) Bacteria, which attack and reduce sulfates,
causes hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) formation. No symptoms of sulphate deficiency have been
reported in humans. No optimum dietary intake for inorganic sulphate has been suggested.
Fingl (1980) reported the dehydration as a common side effect due to the ingestion of large
amounts of magnesium or sodium sulphate. The taste threshold concentrations of sulphate
salts are 250-500 mg/l for sodium sulphate, 250 to 900 mg/l for calcium sulphate and 400 to
600 mg/l for magnesium sulphate (NAS, 1977). WHO (1996) has set the sulphate level of
250 mg/l in drinking water above which consumer may feel problem in taste (Kahlown et al.
2006).
2.3.11 Nitrate (NO3-)
The nitrate is a polyatomic ion with molecular formula NO3- . Nitrogen trioxide is an
alternative name for nitrate. It is one of the important diseases causing drinking water quality
parameter. The major sources of Nitrate are nitrogen cycle, nitrogenous fertilizers, decay of
organic matter, solid waste, domestic and industrial effluent etc. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite
in the body. As early as 1940, it was recognized that consuming waters with high nitrate
levels contributed to methemoglobinemia ("blue baby" syndrome). This condition, usually in
infants, impairs the ability of blood to carry oxygen. Nitrate toxicities in humans occur
through enterohepatic metabolism of nitrates to ammonia, with nitrite being an intermediate.
Nitrites oxidize the iron atoms in hemoglobin from ferrous iron to ferric iron, rendering it
unable to carry oxygen. This process can lead to generalized lack of oxygen in organ tissues
and a dangerous condition called methaemoglobinaemia. Infants in particular are especially
vulnerable to methaemoglobinaemia due to nitrate metabolizing triglycerides present at
higher concentrations than at other stages of development. Furthermore, pregnant women are
at greater risk as compared to other adults due to nitrate induced Methaemoglobinaemia. The
16
disease can be treated with methylene blue, which reduces ferric iron in affected blood cells
back to ferrous iron. Gastric cancer as cause of comparatively high mortality rate has been
reported in China in the areas having high levels of nitrates and nitrites in drinking water as
well as vegetables of the area. Maximum permissible limit for nitrate in drinking water, as
per WHO Standard (1986), is 10 mg/1 (Kahlown et. al., 2006).
2.4 Trace Elements
2.4.1 Arsenic (As)
Arsenic is a metalloid, present naturally in surface and ground water due to erosion of rocks.
It is concentrated in shale, clays, phosphorites, coal, sedimentary iron and manganese ores.
The chemical form of arsenic depends on its source. Arsenic is notoriously poisonous
element and its toxicity depends on its chemical form. It is more commonly found as arsenide
and in arsenate compounds. Arsenic and its compounds are used in pesticides, herbicides,
insecticides and in various alloys. Aqueous arsenic in the form of arsenite, arsenate and
organic arsenicals may result from mineral dissolution, industrial discharges or the
application of herbicides.
The arsenic in the groundwater is predominantly of natural origin, and is released from the
sediment into the groundwater owing to the anoxic conditions of the subsurface. Arsenic
contamination of ground water has led to a massive epidemic of arsenic poisoning in
Bangladesh. Many other countries such as Vietnam, Cambodia, China, Thailand and South
East Asia have geological environments conducive to generation of high-arsenic
groundwater. Arsenic has also been reported in the groundwaters of the several states of
USA. PCRWR studies have revealed arsenic contamination in several districts of Southern
Punjab and Central Sindh (Kahlown et. al. 2006). Presently 42 major incidents around the
world have been reported on groundwater arsenic contamination. It is estimated that
approximately 57 million people are drinking groundwater with arsenic concentrations
elevated above the WHO standard of 10 ppb. Lamm et. al. (2006) after a study of cancer
rates in Taiwan suggested that significant increases in cancer mortality appear only at levels
above 150 parts per billion. Pakistan’s standard of Arsenic contamination is 50 ppb against
WHO standard of 10 ppb.
Early evaluations of the removal of dissolved arsenic by drinking water treatment processes
demonstrated that arsenic is very effectively removed by co-precipitation with either iron or
aluminum oxides. The use of iron as a coagulant, in particular, was found to remove arsenic
with efficiencies exceeding 90%. (O,Coner and Gulledge 1973). A methodology termed as
Subterranean Arsenic Removal (ARS) Technology for in situe remediation of Arsenic has
been introduced in West Bengal whereby arsenic is left as an insoluble form in the
subterranean zone by recharging aerated water into the aquifer and thus developing an
oxidation zone to support arsenic oxidizing micro-organisms (Wikipedia). Magnetic
separations of arsenic at very low magnetic field gradient have been demonstrated in point-
of-use water purification with high-surface-area and monodisperse magnetite (Fe3O4)
nanocrystals (Yavuz et al. 2005). PCRWR has recently developed a low cost household
Arsenic Removal Technology which has proved very effective.
17
2.4.2 Iron (Fe)
Iron is fourth most abundant element on the earth making up about 5% of its crust. It is
essential to nearly all organisms. Iron in water occurs in the ferrous and ferric forms. The
solubility in natural waters is dependent upon the pH and the oxidation-reduction potential.
In reducing conditions; iron exists in the ferrous state. On exposure to air oxidized to the
ferric form and with water hydrolyzes to insoluble hydrated ferric oxide that makes iron-
laden waters objectionable. As concentrations increase visible orange/brown staining appears
and any increase in concentrations may create conditions where complex insoluble oxides,
hydroxides and carbonates of iron start precipitating out producing a semi-gelatinous and
dense floc carpeting the river bed. Such conditions are very deleterious to most organisms
and can cause serious damage in a river system. Iron in water can cause staining of laundry
and porcelain, deposit a slimy coating on the piping.
In drinking water a concentration above 1 mg/l., a bittersweet astringent taste is detectable. It

is an essential element in human nutrition and is contained in a number of biologically
significant proteins as hemoglobin and cytochromes. Iron also promotes the growth of “iron
bacteria” which derive their energy from the oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron. Iron
deficiency can lead to anemia and fatigue. However, its distribution is heavily regulated in
mammals, partly because it has a high potential for biological toxicity. The higher iron intake
through drinking water/food may produce symptoms of anorexia, dizziness, nausea,
vomiting, headache, weight loss, shortness of breath and possibly a graying color to the skin.
Therefore iron supplements are not considered appropriate unless iron deficiency is
diagnosed (Wikipedia). WHO (1996) have recommended the guideline value for iron in
drinking water as 0.3 mg/l (Kahlown et al. 2006).
2.4.3 Fluoride (F)
Fluoride is the anion F−, the reduced form of element fluorine. Compounds containing
fluoride anions and in many cases those containing covalent bonds to fluorine are called
fluorides. Fluorine containing compounds range from potent toxins such as sarin to life-
saving pharmaceuticals (Wikipedia).Traces of fluorides occurrence are widespread in waters
and higher concentrations are often associated with groundwater sources in areas where
fluoride-bearing minerals are common. Edmunds and Smedley (1996) have found high
fluoride concentrations in groundwater from calcium-poor aquifers and where exchange of
sodium for calcium occurs. In areas that are rich in fluoride containing minerals e.g.
flourapatite, the groundwater may contain up to 10 mg of fluoride per liter or even more
(Bulusu et al, 1979). Most of the waters contain below 1 mg of fluoride per liter (WHO,
1970). Drinking water is typically the largest single contributor to the daily fluoride intake
(WHO, 1986). However, this is not necessarily true in every case. Optimal concentrations are
1 mg/l, however, chronic ingestion greater than 1.5 mg/l (WHO guideline value) is linked
with development of dental fluorosis and in extreme cases, skeleton fluorosis. Linkage of
cancer to high doses of Fluoride have also been reported (Kahlown et al. 2006).
British Geological Survey (2003) has found that a minor concentration of fluoride in drinking
water is beneficial due to having significant mitigating effect against dental cavities. Peterson
18
and Lennon (2004) also reported that mild concentration of fluoride reduces tooth decay and
cavities in both children and adults. Therefore, the developed countries, such as USA, UK,
Canada and Australia etc, carry out water fluoridation, which is the controlled addition of
fluoride to a public water supply. Fluoridation of water is, however, still controversial and
many developed nations have abandoned it. A 1994 WHO expert committee suggested a
level of fluoride from 0.5 to 1.0 mg/l depending on climate. Bottled water typically has
unknown fluoride levels, and some domestic water filters remove some or all fluoride.
(Hobson et al. 2007).
2.5 Biological Parameters
2.5.1 Total Coliforms
Coliforms are facultatively anaerobic rod-shaped Gram-negative non-spore forming

organisms of Enterobacteriaceae family and are commonly used bacterial indicator of
sanitary quality of foods and water. Coliforms are abundant in the feces of warm-blooded
animals, but can also be found in the aquatic environment, in soil, on vegetation, in decaying
matter, and can even grow in water distribution system. Total Coliforms include genera that
originate in feces (Fecal Coliforms e.g. Escherichia) as well as genera not of fecal origin
(non-Fecal Coliforms e.g. Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Citrobacter). However, total coliforms
are an indicator of fecal contamination and subsequently of Escherichia coliform, which is an
indicator microorganism for other pathogens, such as viruses, protozoa and many
multicellular parasites that may be present in feces. Almost all surface waters have some
form of bacteria, but ground water is normally free of that unless some sort of contaminated
or wastewater gets intruded into it. Symptoms of exposure to the bacteria include, inter alia,
abdominal cramps and diarrhea. For safe drinking water, WHO standard requires zero
coliforms per 100 ml of water sample (Kahlown et al. 2006).
2.5.2 Fecal Coliforms
Fecal coliforms are sub set of total coliforms. They are capable of growth in the presence of
bile salts or similar surface agents, oxidase negative, and produce acid and gas from lactose
within 48 hours at 44 ± 0.5ºC. The presence of fecal coliforms in aquatic environment may
indicate that the water has been contaminated with the fecal material of concern. It is
considered an indicator of Escherichia coliform, which is further indicator microorganism for
other fecal oriented pathogens. However, presence of fecal coliforms in water may not be
directly harmful, and does not necessarily indicate the presence of feces. In general,
increased levels of fecal coliforms provide a warning of failure in water safety from possible
contamination with pathogens.
Fecal coliform bacteria can enter surface water bodies through several routs such as direct
discharge of waste from mammals and birds, from agricultural and storm runoff and from
municipal sewage. Their presence may also be the result of plant material, and paper mill
effluent. Failing home septic systems can allow coliforms to flow into groundwater aquifers,
drainage ditches and nearby surface water. Sewerage system that carry both sewage and
storm water can cause intrusion of sewage into surface waters during high rainfall periods.
Runoff from roads, parking lots, and yards can carry animal wastes to streams through storm
19
sewers. Birds and waterfowl can elevate bacterial counts, especially in wetlands, lakes, ponds
and rivers. Allowing livestock grazing near water bodies, spreading manures on fields, using
sewage sludge biosolids and watering livestock in streams can all contribute to fecal
coliforms contamination. Large quantities of fecal coliforms bacteria in water are not harmful
according to some authorities, but may indicate a higher risk of pathogens being present in
the water. Some waterborne pathogenic diseases that may coincide with fecal coliform
contamination include ear infections, dysentery, typhoid, viral and bacterial gastroenteritis,
and hepatitis A (Wikipedia, 2010).
2.5.3 Escherichia Coli (E.Coli)
Escherichia coliform are unicellular microorganisms, virtually always associated with fecal
contamination of water. It appears as straight rods, single or in pairs forms, and can grow on
simple nutrient media. It is the fecal coliform group of bacteria found in much higher
concentration than other coliforms. Waite (1985) estimated that E. Coliform could be 95%
of all coliforms found in human feces. Chiang (2003) found that Escherichia coli is a specific
subset of thermotolerant coliform bacteria which possess the enzymes B-galactosidase, B-
glucuronidase and hydrolyzes 4-methyl-umbelliferyl-B-D-glucuronidase. Sewage, treated
effluents, all natural water which was subjected to recent fecal contamination from humans
or wild animals will contain E. Coliform. Usually it cannot multiply in any natural water
environment and is, therefore, used as specific indicator for fecal contamination (WHO,
1996). The presence of E. Coliform can cause diarrhea, nausea and other problems especially
for infants, children and those with weak immune systems and may become fatal. An acute
disease caused by E. Coliform is Hemorrhagic colitis which results in severe abdominal
cramps, watery diarrhea, and lower intestinal bleeding; with occasional vomiting and fever.
In severe cases, hemolytic uremic syndrome or renal failure can occur. E. Coliform is
transmitted through fecal-oral ingestion of the bacteria by direct ingestion (i.e. drinking),
primary contact recreation (i.e. swimming), or secondary contact (i.e. fishing). WHO
standards require zero E. Coliform to be found per 100 ml of safe drinking water (Kahlown
et al. 2006).
2.6 Causes of Water Pollution
2.6.1 Sanitation
Sanitation coverage in urban areas of Pakistan has been reported as 92% including 42% with
sever connections. The coverage in rural areas was 41% including 6% with sewer
connections. Situation is rather poor in NWFP and Northern Areas. Solid and liquid excreta
are the major source of water pollution in the country and resultantly fundamental cause of
widespread waterborne diseases (UNICEF & META-META 2009).
2.6.2 Masses and Institutional Awareness
Contaminated or even turbid water is consumed for drinking purpose in many rural areas of
Pakistan. That exhibit lack of awareness among the general public about water quality related
health risks. That awareness is lacking even at institutional level as per PCRWR (2006)
survey reports indicate. The concerned agencies such as PHED restrict themselves to the
20
execution of development schemes for provision of water without bothering whether, or not,
it is safe. No doubt such institutions have their own water quality laboratories, but such
laboratories are either not functional or ill equipped with required apparatus and manpower.
Very often water supply operators are found not well acquainted with chlorination techniques
and dosage. Water in many rural areas is found safe at source but poor water handling due to
lack of aware ness renders it unsafe for drinking purpose. Widespread awareness campaign is
required for improving the situation.
2.6.3 Leakage of Pipelines
The water at the source is usually safe if groundwater, or fit for human consumption if
treated from surface water, but it gets contaminated and polluted in the transmission system
when pipelines are tempered for illegal connections or when abandoned hydrants are not
properly closed or left unattended. The old, rusted, substandard and exposed distribution
pipelines can trigger holes and cracks in the network and pave the way for intrusion of
sewage or polluted water.
2.6.4 Location of Pipelines
Drinking water supply lines are often laid close to, parallel and beneath the sewerage system
or wastewater channels. That practice is very common especially in unplanned towns and
localities. Resultantly, the seepage from sewerage system being towards lower level envelope
the supply lines and intrude into it through holes, cracks or damaged parts especially when
back pressure develops in the system. Under rationing of water compel consumers to pump
water from supply lines which promotes development of back pressure and contaminated
water intrusion. Personal experience has shown that at the time of installation of service
supply lines, the consumers prefer to get the service line passed through wastewater disposal
drains holes instead of drilling a new hole for the purpose. Any damage or leakage in the
service line becomes a regular passage for easy access of bacterial contamination.
2.6.5 Clogging of Sewerage System
Uncollected or improperly disposed off municipal solid waste makes its way towards
sewerage drains and manholes which, causes their choking. Very often sewerage serves the
dual purpose of wastewater and storm water disposal and remains blocked due to poor
maintenance and overloading resulting in overflows which gets mixed with natural water
channels and municipal water works. In severe storm conditions, polluted water may enter
into bore holes, open wells and domestic water tanks. Proper cleansing and disinfection after
such events is seldom carried out. Solid waste and storm water disposal require due
consideration right at the stage of planning and designing sewerage systems.
2.6.6 Growing of Field Crops and Vegetables
In the urban peripheries, farmers adjoining municipal disposal drains prefer to irrigate their
agricultural fields with untreated wastewater due to its easy, reliable, free of cost availability
and high fertility without awareness of health risks involved and long term soil degradation
impact. Waste water is even used for fish farms. Kahlown et al (2006) carried out a case
21
study of Faisalabad and found that crops grown and fish raised with municipal and industrial
waste were highly contaminated with heavy metals. Soil fertility was also found degrading
by irrigation with the wastewater. Crop production with wastewater without its primary
treatment is restricted under United Nations Environmental Programme whereas less than
one percent industries in Punjab are equipped with wastewater treatment facilities. The
authors further reported that about 20 million hectares in 50 countries are being irrigated with
raw or partially treated wastewater.
2.6.7 Groundwater Pollution
Groundwater is major source of drinking water in Pakistan and about 70% population relies
on it for domestic purpose. However, over the last three decades, agriculture has become the
major consumer of groundwater and strength of tubewells which was one lakh in 1970s has
now gone above ten lakh. Out of total groundwater potential of about 63 BCM, an estimated
amount of 50 BCM is being abstracted per annum (Kahlown and Majeed 2004). Industrial
use of groundwater has also grown accordingly. However, groundwater development is
largely un-managed and unmonitored activity in Pakistan. Resultantly serious threats are
emerging such as groundwater mining, saline water ingression, secondary salinization and
sodification and rising levels of arsenic and fluoride. Quality of groundwater is, therefore,
under sever threat and major concern. In many urban areas and around industries,
groundwater is polluted by wastewater, oil residuals and several heavy metal contaminants.
Arsenic and fluoride problem is rising in many areas of Sindh and Punjab. The most
widespread problem however is biological contamination leading to a high child mortality
rate of 128 per 1000 (UNICEF & Meta-Meta).
22
CHAPTER-3
METHODOLOGY
The methodology adopted for water quality monitoring under the project “Improved Water
conservation Practices for NWFP and Northern Areas of Pakistan” was more or less the same
as designed by Kahlown et al (2006) in National Water Quality Monitoring Programme. It
consisted of establishing a network for collection of water samples, monitoring stations, and
sample size and details of analysis etc. A brief description of these components of
methodology follows.
3.1 Grid Size and Number of Samples
Grid size was designed keeping in view population density, access, extent and ruggedness of
the area. As such grid size increased from fine to coarse while moving from thickly
populated lower district of NWFP to thinly populated and scattered districts of northern
NWFP and Northern Areas of Pakistan. Accordingly a grid size of 16 km 2 for thickly
populated district of Mardan, 100 and 169 km2 for scattered districts of Swat, Bunner and
Dir, and 225 km2 for thinly populated, remote and rugged Northern Areas was adopted.
Sampling points were chosen preferably those under regular public use. A minimum distance
of 3 to 4 km was endeavored to maintain between the two sampling points. Sample ID for
monitoring purpose was marked according to prescribed sequence to avoid amalgamation of
collected samples. Following identifications as per prevailing practice were marked on
samples collected for different analytical purposes from each of the selected sampling points:
1. A for bacterial analysis; 3. C for Nitrate (NO3) analysis;

2. B for trace element analysis; 4. D for other water quality parameters;
The details regarding grid size and sampling points (number) are shown in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1: Details of Water Quality Monitoring Network

No. of
No. of
Sr. # District District code Grid size (Km2) Grid No. samples
samples
collected
1. Mardan MAR 16 70 70 36
2. Buner BUN 100 34 34 33
3. Swat SWA 100 30 30 30
4. Lower Dir L.DIR 169 11 11 12
5. Upper Dir U.DIR 169 10 10 11
6. Gilgit GLT 225 36 18 14
7. Skardu SKD 225 22 22 14
8. Ghanche CHE 225 15 15 8
9. Diamar DIM 225 21 21 9
10. Ghizer GHR 225 24 24 8
23
3.2 Monitoring Area
The water quality monitoring program under the project (IWCP) covered five districts of
NWFP and the entire Northern Areas. The details of the districts covered for sampling and
corresponding grid size, number of grids, sampling code and number of samples collected are
given in table 3.1. All samples were collected and data compiled by WRRC, Peshawar
centre. Samples for the first year (2005) of monitoring were got analyzed from National
Water Quality Laboratory, PCRWR, Islamabad as by then the Water Quality Laboratory at
WRRC Peshawar was not yet commissioned. However analyses for the second year (2006)
were carried out at Peshawar after duly commissioning the PCRWR Regional Water Quality
Laboratory over there.
3.3 Sample Collection and Preservation
Water samples were collected for physical, chemical, bacteriological and for analysis of trace
elements. Sampling was carried out in bottles of 0.5 to 1 liter capacity. Due care was taken
that the sampling bottles are washed several times with clean water followed by washing
with distilled water before collection of samples. The samples for bacterial analysis were
collected in duly sterilized containers of 100 ml capacity. Nitric acid as preservative was
used in sampling bottles for trace elements and similarly boric acid was used in sampling
bottles for nitrates. These preservations were added in duly marked respective bottles well
before sample collection. Furthermore, recommended practices and protocol were observed
for sample collection in the field.
3.3.1 Tap Water
For collection of water samples, the un-rusted and undamaged taps were selected. The
selected taps were duly washed, cleaned and allowed to run for a couple of minutes before
carrying out sample collection.
Sample Collection from Tap
24
3.3.2 Tube Well Water
In case of tubewells, water samples were collected after running the tubewell for at least ten
minutes so that the best representative sample of groundwater could be collected. Additional
data of tube well location and depth to water table were also recorded.
Water Sample from Source (Tube Well)
3.3.3 Water from Distribution Network
Water samples from distribution network were collected both at source and at the consumer
end for evaluating the impact of distribution network on water quality. Samples at source
were from the point where there was least possibility of contamination in original quality at
the source. The samples at consumer end were collected from the point the water was
supposed to have passed enough time or distance in the system so that the functionality of the
system could be evaluated.
Sample Collection from Distribution Network and Field Testing
3.3.4 Hand Pump/Open Well Water
Samples from hand pumps were collected after ensuring that water columns hanging in the
suction pipe and strainer has adequately been pumped out. That was carried out adopting a
usual practice of at least ten full strokes per foot length of the water column. The purpose
was to get best representative sample without trace of corrosive material from pumping
system.
25
Water Sample from the Hand Pump and Open Well
3.3.5 Stream Water
Samples from stream water were endeavored to be collected from cross sectional centeroid of
the stream. Neither too wide nor too narrow stream section was selected to avoid floating
material or stream turbulence. Sampling bottles were kept well above the stream bed to
minimize chances of intrusion of bed material into the sampled water.
Sample Collection from Stream
3.3.6 Spring Water
Water samples from springs were also endeavored to collect from almost mid point of the
cross section of the spring pond but not exactly over the point of turbulence.
Water sample collection from the spring
26
3.3.7 Microbiological Samples
For the microbiological contamination analysis, water samples were collected in duly
sterilized clean plastic bottles. Sterilization of taps was carried out by flame. Due care was
taken to avoid contamination during sampling or post sampling. Therefore sampling was
avoided from taps which were damaged or leaking due to inadequate repair and maintenance
for avoiding the risk of secondary contamination. Microbiological testing was carried out in
the field for presence of coliform, and E. Coli bacteria using Colitag test kits.
Sample Taking for Microbiological Analysis
3.3.8. Type of Water Samples and Preservatives
As stated earlier, four categories of samples were collected comprising those for
microbiological analysis, for trace elements, for nitrates, and for other chemical water quality
parameters. Samples categories and preservatives used for each of the category are detailed
hereunder.
 Type A – All sites – Sterilized sampling bottles for microbiological analysis;

 Type B – All sites – 2+10 ml/litre HNO3 as preservative for trace elements;
 Type C – All sites – 1 ml/100 ml, 1 M Boric acid as preservative for Nitrate (N); and
 Type D – All sites – No preservative for other water quality parameters.
These types of samples pertain to single sampling point. Items required and things needed to
do before proceeding on sampling has been well documented by Kahlown et al. (2006) which
was followed for sampling.
3.4 Analytical Methods
The collected water samples were analyzed either in Water Quality Laboratory, Water
Resources Research Centre, Peshawar, or in the National Water Quality Laboratory,
PCRWR, Islamabad. The methods of analysis adopted for individual water quality
parameters are summarized in table below, whereas the details of a few in the subsequent
sections.
27
Table 3.2: Water Quality Parameters and Methods Used for Analysis
S. # Parameters Test Method

1 Alkalinity (m.mol/l as CaCO3) 2320, Standard method (1992)
2 Bicarbonate 2320, Standard method (1992)
3 Calcium (mg/l) 3500-Ca-D, Standard Method (1992)
4 Carbonate (mg/l) 2320, Standard method (1992)
5 Chloride (mg/l) Titration (Silver Nitrate), Standard Method (1992)
6 Conductivity (mS/cm) E.C meter, Hach-44600-00, USA
7 Fluoride (mg/l) 8029, SPADNS Method (Hach) by Spectrophotometer
8 Hardness (mg/l) EDTA Titration, Standard Method (1992)
9 Iron (mg/l) TPTZ Method (Hach-8112) by Spectrophotometer
10 Magnesium (mg/l) 2340-C, Standard Method (1992)
11 Nitrate Nitrogen (mg/l) Cd. Reduction (Hach-8171) by Spectrophotometer
12 pH at 25oC pH Meter, Hanna Instrument Model 8519, Italy
13 Potassium (mg/l) Flame photometer PFP7, UK
14 Sodium (mg/l) Flame photometer PFP7, UK
15 Sulfate (mg/l) SulfaVer4 (Hach-8051) by Spectrophotometer
16 Total Coliform and E.Coli ONPG and MUG-Colitag kits by CPI International, USA
17 TDS (mg/l) 2540C, Standard method (1992)
18 Turbidity (NTU) Turbidity Meter, Lamotte, Model 2008, USA
19 Arsenic (mg/l) AAS, varios Analytic AG,Germany
3.4.1 Alkalinity
Alkalinity can be measured by titrating a sample with a strong acid until all the buffering
capacity of the aforementioned ions above the pH of bicarbonate or carbonate is consumed.
This point is functionally set to pH 4.5. At this point, all the bases of interest have been
protonated to the zero level species; hence they no longer cause alkalinity.
The method used for analysis of alkalinity parameter was 2320 Standard Method (1992).
Chemicals used for the analysis included:
i. Carbon dioxide free distilled water;

ii. Sodium carbonate solution, 0.05 mol/l;
iii. HCl 0.02 M;
iv. Phenolphthalein indicator; and
v. Methyl orange indicator.
A 100 ml sample was mixed with 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator in a conical flask.
The alkalinity due to phenolphthalein was considered zero in case no color was produced
after addition of few drops of phenolphthalein. In case of the otherwise, the phenolphthalein
alkalinity of the sample was determined by titrating with standard acid (HCl 0.02 M) until the
disappearance of pink color. The methyl orange alkalinity of the sample was determined by
titrating with standard acid (HCl 0.02 M) until the color changes from yellow to orange. The
total alkalinity as carbonates was calculated by:
28
Total alkalinity as CaCO3 (m.mol/l) = 1000 x B x C
V
where:
B = standard acid solution to reach the end point of methyl orange (ml);
C= Concentration of acid in mol/l; and
V= sample volume (ml).
Using 100 ml of sample and 0.1 mol/l standard acid solutions, the numerical value of
alkalinity is directly expressed in m.mol/l by the volume (ml) of titrant consumed.
3.4.2 Arsenic
Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (Hydride Generation mode) was used for the analysis of
arsenic in water samples. All samples were analyzed on HS 55 Mercury/Hydride system, an
accessory (AAS, Vario 6 Analytic Jena AG) for the matrix free determination of the hydride
forming elements such as As, Bi, Sb, Se, Sn and Te. The Hydride technique makes use of the
fact that hydrogen liberated in the reaction of the weakly acidic sample solutions with sodium
boro-hydride combines with metal ions to form gaseous hydrides. These are carried to the hot
quartz cell by the carrier gas and decomposed by collision processes in a series of steps, until
free As atoms were obtained. For the analysis of arsenic the Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer (AAS Vario 6 Analytik Jena AG), Mercury/Hydride System HS55
(Analytik Jena AG), and Argon Gas with 99.99% purity were used. The following common
reagents were used for the analysis;
i. Sodium borohydride (NaBH4, 98% purity)

ii. Sodium hydroxide, NaOH
iii. Hydrochloric Acid (Concentrated 37% HCl)
iv. Arsenic Standard (1007 mg/ml, As in 2% HNO3, BDH)
In order to make reducing solution (Reductant), 15 g sodium borohydride (NaBH 4) and 5 g of

sodium hydroxide were dissolved in 500 ml distilled water. This reagent was used as
reducing agent for Arsenic analysis. The HS 55 Mercury/Hydride system consisting of a
basic unit and the cell unit was operated and controlled from PC. Basic unit consists of three
accessories. These include batch module, single channel-peristaltic pump and gas valve box.
The gas valve box supplied argon gas for scavenging and for transporting the metal hydrides
to the system.
Pressure of the argon gas cylinder was adjusted at 3-5 bars. After attaining the necessary
temperature (950 oC), reducing agent was fed by the peristaltic pump. A 10 ml sample was
taken into reaction cell and 0.8 ml of concentrated HCl was dispensed into sample and
reaction cell was adjusted properly at its place. Calibration standards of arsenic with
concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 ppb) and (50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 ppb) were prepared.
New method of calibration was developed using these standards under the operation of
software, and then the method developed was loaded for analysis of actual samples. HS 55
hydride system analyzes the water samples in the following sequences:
29
 Pre-wash time
 Reaction time
 Rewash time
The detection limit of this method is 0.1 ppb.
3.4.3 Bicarbonates
The method used for this analysis was 2320 Standard Method (1992).
The reagent used for the analysis included:
i. Methyl orange indicator; and

ii. Standard acid (HCl) 0.02 N.
A 50 ml sample was taken in a flask and added one drop of methyl orange. The sample was
then titrated against the standard acid until its color changed from yellow to orange. The
volume of the acid consumed was recorded as “R 2”. Concentration of Bicarbonate was
determined using the expression:
Bicarbonate (mg/l) = R2 x20-R1x20x2
where:
R1= Volume of acid used for phenolphthalein alkalinity.
30
CHAPTER-4
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
The basic purpose of making guidelines or standards is to ensure safe drinking water to all
citizens. The World Health Organization (WHO) has provided guidelines for drinking water,
which are advisory in nature, and are based on scientific research and epidemiological
findings. The values of various water quality parameters recommended by WHO are the
general guidelines. That is why; different countries have established their own water quality
standards to meet their national priorities taking in to account their economic, technical,
social, cultural, and political requirements. The PCRWR and Pakistan Standard Institution
(PSI) have already drafted drinking water quality standards; however, the enforcement of
these standards is still pending. This matter needs to be addressed on top priority basis. The
WHO guidelines and standards proposed by national agencies like PCRWR, Pakistan
Standard Institution (PSI), International Bottled Water Association (IBWA), Food
Development Authority (FDA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other countries
are given in this chapter.
4.1 WHO Guidelines
A. Biological Qualities
Source/Organisms Guideline Value

 All water intended for drinking (E. Coli or  Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample
thermo tolerant Coliform bacteria)
 Treated water entering the distribution  Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample
system (E. Coli or thermo tolerant
coliform and total coliform bacteria)  In the case of large supplies, where
 Treated water in the distribution system sufficient samples are examined, must not be
(E. Coli or thermo tolerant coliform and present in 95% of samples taken throughout
total coliform bacteria) any 12-month period.
B. Chemicals of Health Significance
Inorganic mg/l Inorganic mg/l Inorganic mg/l

Antimony 0.005 Copper 2.000 Molybdenum 0.070
Arsenic 0.010 Cyanide 0.070 Nickel
Barium 0.700 Fluoride 1.500 Nitrate(NO3) 0.020
Boron 0.300 Lead 0.010 Nitrite(NO2) 50.00
Cadmium 0.003 Manganese 0.500 Selenium 03.00
Chromium 0.050 Mercury 0.001 0.010
31
C. Other Parameters
Inorganic mg/l Inorganic mg/l Inorganic mg/l

Colour 15 TCU 1,2 dichlorobenzene 1-10 Hardness, pH, -
Taste, Odour. - 1,4-dichlorobenzene 0.3-30 DO
Turbidity 5 NTU Dichlorobenzene 5-50 Hydrogen sulfide 0.05
Toluene 24-170 Synthetic detergents - Iron 0.3
Xylenes 20-1800 Aluminum 0.2 Manganese 0.1
Ethyl-benzene 2.4-200 Ammonia 1.5 Sodium 200
Styrene 4-2600 Chloride 250 Sulfate 250
Monochlorobenzene 10-120 Copper 1 TDS 1000
Zinc 3
D. Disinfectants and Disinfectant by-Products
Name Value Name Value

Chlorine chlorophenol 600-1000 2,4,6-trichlorophenol 2-300
2,4-dichlorophenol 0.3-40 2-chlorophenol 0.1-10
4.2 Standards Drafted by PCRWR
A. Biological Standards (Urban and Rural water supplies)

Categories Standards
A. Piped Water Supplies
A-1 Treated water entering the distribution system
· Faecal Coliform 0/100 ml
· Coliform organisms 0/100 ml
A-2 Un-treated water entering the distribution system
A-3 Water in the distribution system
B. Un-piped Water Supplies
· Coliform Organisms 10/100 ml
B. Standards for Inorganic Health Related Constituents

Constituent Unit HDL* MPL** Toxic Effects
Fluoride mg/l 1.000 1.500 Dental fluorosis in children, excessive
concentrative may cause crippling skeletal
fluorosis.
Nitrate (NO3) mg/l 45.000 45.000 Infantile methaemoglobinaemia.
Lead mg/l 0.050 0.050 Children particularly susceptible to effects of lead
on central nervous system
Mercury mg/l 0.001 0.001 Neurological effects
* **
Highest Desirable Level. Maximum Permissible Level.
32
C. Other Parameters
Constituent Unit HDL* MPL** Undesirable Effects
Turbidity NTU 2.5 5 Un-aesthetic, decrease in efficiency of disinfections
Colour PCU 5 15 Un-aesthetic
Taste & Odour - Unobjectionable Taste & Odour
TDS mg/l 500 1500 Fault or salty taste, corrosion or instruction
Iron mg/l 0.1 0.3 Taste, discoloration
Manganese mg/l 0.05 0.5 Taste, discoloration
Magnesium mg/l 30 150 Stomach disturbances
Copper mg/1 0.05 1.5 Taste, corrosion of pipes and utensils taste
Zinc mg/l 5 15.0 Taste
Sulfate mg/l 200 400 Corrosion, Laxative effect
Chloride mg/l 200 600 Taste, Corrosion
pH - 7.0-8.5 6.5-9.2 Taste, Corrosion
Hardness mg/l 200 500 Corrosion or scale formation
Phenolic substances mg/l 0.001 0.002 Taste
* **
Highest Desirable Level. Maximum Permissible Level.
4.3 Pakistan Standard Institution
Drinking Water Quality Standards
A. Physical Requirements
S. # Characteristics Unit MAC* MAC**

1. Turbidity NTU 5 25
2. Colour TCU 5 50
3. Taste & Odour - Unobjectionable
4. pH - 7.0-8.5 ³ 6.5- £ 9.2
B. Chemical Requirements
1. Total Dissolved Salts mg/l 1000 1500
2. Chloride (Cl) mg/l 200 600
3. Sulfate (SO4) mg/l 200 400
4. Nitrate (NO3) mg/l - 45
5. Total Hardness (CaCO3) mg/l 20 500
6. Nitrite (NO2) mg/l Nil Nil
7. Magnesium (Mg) mg/l 500 1000
8. Total Ammonia mg/l 0.1 0.5
9. Hydrogen Sulfide mg/l Undetectable odor
10. Fluoride (F) mg/l - 1.5
11. Iron (Fe) mg/l 0.3 1.0
12. Zinc (Zn) mg/l 5.0 15.0
13. Manganese (Mn) mg/l 0.1 0.5
14. Copper (Cu) mg/l 1.0 1.5
15. Calcium (Ca) mg/l 75 200
16. Magnesium (Mg) mg/l 50 150
17. Phenolic Substances mg/l 0.001 0.002
18. Alkyl Benzyl Sulfates mg/l 0.5 1.0
19. Carbon Chloroform Extract mg/l 0.2 0.5
33
C. Limits of Toxic Substances
1. Arsenic (As) mg/l 0.01 -

2. Cadmium (Cd) mg/l 0.01 -
3. Chromium (Cr) mg/l 0.05 -
4. Cyanide (Cn) mg/l 0.20 -
5. Lead (Pb) mg/l 0.05 -
6. Selenium (Se) mg/l 0.20 -
7. Radionaclider Uo/l 1000 -
D. Biological Requirements (Chemical Indicators of Pollution)
1. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/l 10 -

2. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) mg/l 6 -
3. Ammonia (NH3) mg/l 0.5 -
4. Grease mg/l 1 -
E. Limits for Biological Contaminants
Acceptable bacterial standards for potable water supplies:

i) Standard plate count (SPC)/mls No more than 100
ii) Presumptive test for Coliform Negative
iii) Most probable number (MPN) < 101 subject to the frequency of opportunity for
water analysis.
* Maximum Acceptable Concentration. ** Maximum Allowable Concentration.
4.4 International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) Standards
A. Chemical Quality
Characteristics Unit Standard Characteristics Unit Standard

Arsenic (As) mg/l 0.05 Mercury (Hg) mg/l 0.001
Barium (Ba) mg/l 1 Nitrate (NO3) mg/l 10
Cadmium (Cd) mg/l 0.005 Nitrite (NO2) mg/l 1
Chromium (Cr) mg/l 0.05 Selenium (Se) mg/l 0.01
Chloride (Cl) mg/l 250 Silver (Ag) mg/l 0.025
Copper (Cu) mg/l 1 Sulfate (SO4) mg/l 250
Cyanide (Cn) mg/l 0.1 Phenolic mg/l 0.001
Fluoride (F) mg/l 4 PCB mg/l 0.0005
Iron (Fe) mg/l 0.3 TDS mg/l 500
Lead (Pb) mg/l 0.005 Zinc (Zn) mg/l 5
Manganese (Mn) mg/l 0.05 Turbidity NTU 0.5
34
B. Biological Quality
Escherichia Coli MPN/100 ml Nil Coliform MPN/100 ml Nil
4.5 Food Development Authority (FDA) Water Standards

Characteristics Unit Standard Characteristics Unit Standard
Arsenic (As) mg/l 0.05 Nitrate (NO3) mg/l 10
Barium (Ba) mg/l 1 Selenium (Se) mg/l 0.01
Cadmium (Cd) mg/l 0.01 Silver (Ag) mg/l 0.05
Chromium (Cr) mg/l 0.05 Sulfate (SO4) mg/l 250
Chloride (Cl) mg/l 250 Phenolic mg/l 0.001
Copper (Cu) mg/l 1 Ra 226 activity (pCi/l) - 5
Iron (Fe) mg/l 0.3 Total Beta activity (pCi/l) - 8
Lead (Pb) mg/l 0.05 TDS mg/l 500
Manganese (Mn) mg/l 0.05 Zinc (Zn) mg/l 5
Mercury (Hg) mg/l 0.002 Coliform (MPN/100 ml) <2,20
4.6 National Environmental Quality Standards by EPA (Liquid Industrial Effluents)

Sr.# Parameter Standards
1. Temperature 40 °C
2. pH Value (acidicity/basicity) 6-10 pH
3. 5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) at 200C 80 mg/l
4. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 150 mg/l
5. Total Suspended Solids 150 mg/l
6. Total Dissolved Salts 3500 mg/l
7. Grease and Oil 10 mg/l
8. Phenolic Compounds (as phenol) 0.1 mg/l
9. Chloride (as Cl) 1000 mg/l
10. Fluoride (as F) 20 mg/l
11. Cyanide (as Cn) 2 mg/l
12. An-ionic detergents (as MBAS) 3 20 mg/l
13. Sulfate (SO4) 600 mg/l
14. Sulfide (S) 1.0 mg/l
15. Ammonia (NH3) 40 mg/l
16. Pesticides, herbicides, fungicides and insecticides 6.15 mg/l
17. Cadmium 0.1 mg/l
18. Chromium (trivalent and hexavalent) 1.0 mg/l
19. Copper 1.0 mg/l
20. Lead 0.5 mg/l
21. Mercury 0.01 mg/l
22. Selenium 0.5 mg/l
23. Nickel 1.0 mg/l
24. Silver 1.0 mg/l
25. Total Toxic Metals 2.0 mg/l
26. Zinc 5.0 mg/l
27. Arsenic 1.0 mg/l
28. Barium 1.5 mg/l
29. Iron 2.0 mg/l
30. Manganese 1.5 mg/l
31. Boron 6.0 mg/l
32. Chlorine 1.0 mg/l
35
4.7 Indian Water Quality Standards
A. Physical and Chemical Standards
Sr. Characteristics Sr. Characteristics

Acceptable Marginal Acceptable Marginal
#. (mg/l) #. (mg/l)
1 Turbidity (NTU) 2.5 10 7 Fluoride 1.0 1.5
2 Colour (TCU) 5 25 8 Nitrate (N) 45 45
3 Taste & Odour Unobjectionable 9 Calcium 75 200
4 pH 7-8.5 6.5-9.2 10 Magnesium 30 150
5 TDS 500 1500 11 Iron 0.1 1.0
 The figures indicated under the column “Acceptable” are the limits up to which
the water is generally acceptable to the consumers.
 Figures in excess of those mentioned under “acceptable” render water not
acceptable, but still may be tolerated in absence of alternative and better source
but up to the limits indicated under column “Marginal” above which the supply
will have to be rejected.
B. Biological Standards
Water entering the distribution system should have a coliform count of zero in any
sample of 100 ml.
 Water in the distribution system shall satisfy all the three criteria indicated
below:
 E.Coli count in 100 ml of any sample should be zero;
 Coliform organisms no more than 10 per 100 ml shall be present in any
sample; and
 Coliform organisms should not be detectable in 100 ml of any two
consecutive samples or more than 50% of the samples collected for the year.
 Individual or small community supplies.
 E.Coli count should be zero in any sample of 100 ml and coliform organisms
should not be more than 3 per 100 ml.
C. Virological Aspects
 A level of 0.5 mg/l of free chlorine residual for one hour is sufficient to inactivate
virus, even in water that was originally polluted. This free chlorine residual is to
be insisted in all disinfected supplies in areas suspected of endemicity of
infectious hepatitis to take care of the safety of the supply from virus point of
view, which incidentally takes care of the safety from the bacteriological point of
view as well. For other areas 0.2 mg/l of free chlorine residual for half an hour
should be insisted.
 The water quality standards developed and enforced by various countries are
given below:
36
4.8 Water Quality Standards of Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand,
Philippines and Brunei.
A. Chemical Quality
S. # Substances Unit Indonesia Singapore Malaysia Thailand Philippines Brunei

1 Arsenic (As) mg/l 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 <0.003
2 Barium (Ba) mg/l - 1 - 1 - <0.02
3 Borate (BO3) mg/l - 0.03 30 - - 0.2
4 Cadmium (Cd) mg/l 0.1 0.01 0.01 0.005 0.01 <0.002
5 Chromium (Cr) mg/l - 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 <0.01
6 Chloride (Cl) mg/l 250 0.05 - 250 - -
7 Chlorine (Cl2) mg/l - - 1 1 - -
8 Copper (Cu) mg/l 0.5 - - 0.1 1 <0.01
9 COD mg/l - - 0.01 1 - -
10 Cyanide (CN) mg/l 0.05 0.01 2 - 0.01 -
11 Fluoride (F) mg/l 1 2 - - 2 0.09
12 Hardness (CaCO3) mg/l 170 - - 100 - -
13 Iodine (I) mg/l - 1 - 0.3 - -
14 Iron (Fe) mg/l 0.1 - - 0.05 1 -
15 Lead (Pb) mg/l 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 <0.01
16 Manganese (Mn) mg/l 0.05 2 2 0.002 0.1 0.01
17 Mercury (Hg) mg/l 0.001 1 0.001 - 0.001 <0.005
18 Mineral Oil mg/l - ND ND - - -
19 Nitrate (NO3) mg/l ND 45 45 4 45 <0.01
20 Nitrite (NO2) mg/l ND 0.005 0.005 - 0.01 -
21 Organic Matter mg/l 1 0.003 3 - 5 -
22 Selenium (Se) mg/l - 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 -
23 Silver (Ag) mg/l - - - 0.05 - -
24 Surfactant mg/l - ND ND - 2 -
25 Sulfide (S) mg/l ND 0.05 0.05 - - -
26 Sulphate (SO4) mg/l 200 - - 250 - -
27 Phenolic mg/l - ND ND 0.001 0.001 -
28 Ra 226 activity pCi/l - 30 - - - -
29 Total Beta activity pCi/l - 1 - - - -
30 TDS mg/l 500 - - 500 - -
31 Zinc (Zn) mg/l - - 5 5 5 -
B. Microbiological Quality
1 Total Plate Count/ml CFU/ml Max 1x104 Max.1x105 - - - -

2 Coliform(MPN/100 ml) MPN/100ml <2.20 0/250 ml Max.10 <2,20 <2.20 Nil
3 Escherichia coli MPN/100ml 0 0 0 Negative - Nil
4 Salmonella/100 ml CFU/100ml - 0 - - - -
Staphylococcus
CFU/250ml - 0 - - - -
5 Aureus/250 ml
Pseudomonas
CFU/250ml 0 0 - - - -
6 Aeruginosa/250 ml
1/100
MPN/20ml - - - - -
7 Fecal Streptococci/20 ml ml
37
4.9 Water Quality Standards of Vietnam, Japan, China, Hong Kong, Korea and
Taiwan
A. Chemical Quality
Sr. # Substances Unit Vietnam Japan China H. Kong Korea Taiwan

1 Arsenic (As) mg/l 0.05 <0.2 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.05
2 Ammonium (NH4) mg/l - <0.5 - 1.5 0.5 -
3 Barium (Ba) mg/l - - - 0.7 - -
4 Borate (BO3) mg/l 10 - - 0.3 - -
5 Cadmium (Cd) mg/l 0.01 <0.05 0.01 0.003 0.01 0.01
6 Chromium (Cr) mg/l - <0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
7 Chloride (Cl) mg/l - <350 250 250 150 250
8 Chlorine (Cl2) mg/l - - - - - 1
9 Copper (Cu) mg/l 1 <0.05 1 2 1 0.01
10 COD mg/l - - - - - 0.8
11 Cyanide (Cn) mg/l 0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.07 ND -
12 Fluoride (F) mg/l 2 <1.5 0.8 1.5 1 -
13 Hardness (CaCO3) mg/l - 100-500 250 - 300 250
14 Iodine (I) mg/l - - - - - 0.3
15 Iron (Fe) mg/l - <0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.05
16 Lead (Pb) mg/l 0.05 <0.1 0.05 0.01 0.1 0.05
17 Manganese (Mn) mg/l 2 <0.1 0.05 0.5 0.3 0.001
18 Mercury (Hg) mg/l - - 0.001 0.001 ND -
19 Nitrate (NO3) mg/l 45 <5.0 10 50 10 10
20 Nitrite (NO2) mg/l - - ND 3 - ND
21 Organic Matter mg/l 3 - 0.1 - - 0.1
22 Selenium (Se) mg/l - <0.05 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
23 Silver (Ag) mg/l 0.01 - 0.05 - 0.05
24 Sulphate (SO4) mg/l - <250 250 250 200 250
25 Phenolic mg/l - <0.001 - - 0.005 -
26 Total Beta activity pCi/l - - - 1.0 Bq/I - -
27 TDS mg/l - <1000 500 1000 - 500
28 Zinc (Zn) mg/l 5 <5 5 3 1 5
1 Total Plate Count/ml CFU/ml <10 - 100 - <100 -

2 Coliform (MPN/100 ml) MPN/100ml - <15.100 3 <2.2 0 -
3 Escherichia coli MPN/100ml 2.2 - - - - 0/100 ml
38
4.10 Water Quality Standards of Saudi Arabia, Guam, Australia, Argentina, Mexico
and Canada
A. Chemical Quality
Sr.# Substances Unit S. Arabia Guam Australia Argentina Mexico Canada

1 Arsenic (As) mg/l 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.025
2 Ammonium (NH4) mg/l - - - 0.2 0.5 -
3 Barium (Ba) mg/l 1 1 1 - 0.7 1
4 Borate (BO3) mg/l - - 30 - - 5
5 Cadmium (Cd) mg/l 0.01 0.01 0.005 0.01 0.005 0.005
6 Chromium (Cr) mg/l 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 - 0.05
7 Chloride (Cl) mg/l 250 250 - 350 250 -
8 Chlorine (Cl2) mg/l - - 0.01 0.5 0.1 -
9 Copper (Cu) pCi/l 1 1 1 2 1 -
10 COD mg/l - 3 - - -
11 Cyanide (Cn) mg/l 0.05 - 0.1 0.10 - 0.2
12 Fluoride (F) mg/l - - 1.5 2 2 -
13 Iron (Fe) mg/l 0.3 0.3 - 2 0.3 -
14 Lead (Pb) mg/l 0.05 0.05 - 0.05 0.02 0.01
15 Manganese (Mn) mg/l 0.05 0.05 2 0.1 0.05 -
16 Mercury (Hg) mg/l - 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
17 Nitrate (NO3) mg/l - 10 45 45 10 45
18 Nitrite (NO2) mg/l - - 0.01 0.1 - 3.2
19 Selenium (Se) mg/l - 0.01 0.01 - 0.05 0.01
20 Silver (Ag) pCi/l 0.05 0.05 - 0.05 - -
21 Surfactant mg/l - - - - 0.5 -
22 Sulfide (S) mg/l - - 0.05 - - -
23 Sulphate (SO4) mg/l 250 250 - 500 250 -
24 Phenolic mg/l 0.001 0.001 - - 0.001 -
25 Ra 226 activity pCi/l 3 5 1 - - -
26 Total Beta activity pCi/l - 8 - - - -
27 TDS mg/l - 500 - 1500 500 -
28 Zinc (Zn) mg/l 5 5 5 5 3 -
1 Total Plate Count/ml CFU/ml - - <1 500 100 100

2 Coliform (MPN/100 MPN/100ml
- <2.20 Max.10 3 <2 -
ml)
3 Escherichia coli MPN/100ml - - - Negative - 0
4 Pseudomonas CFU/250ml
- - - Negative - 0
Aeruginosa/250 ml
39
CHAPTER-5
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
This chapter is pertaining to the results and discussion of IWCP Water Quality Monitoring
Program conducted over the years 2004-05 and 2005-06. The IWCP is a project of PCRWR,
covering water quality monitoring program in five northern districts of NWFP and the entire
Northern Areas. The five districts of NWFP include: Mardan, Bunner, Swat, Lower Dir and
Upper Dir, and the Northern Areas comprising districts of Gilgit, Skardu, Ghanche, Diamar
and Ghizer. The sampling water sources locations in all the districts were selected from
where the people get water largely for drinking purpose. During 2004-05, altogether 186
locations from ten districts were selected for water sampling, while in 2005-06 total 181
locations from the ten districts were chosen for water sampling. Hence a total of 367 Nos. of
water samples were collected for water quality testing during the two years from five
northern districts of NWFP and Northern Areas of Pakistan. Number of water samples
collected from each of the districts of NWFP and NAs are given in Table 5.1 and 5.2
respectively.
Table 5.1: No. of Samples Collected from Five Districts of Northern NWFP
S. No. of samples No. of samples Total No. of samples of

Name of district
No. collected 2004-2005 collected 2005-2006 both the years
1 Mardan 51 36 87
2 Bunner 31 33 64
3 Swat 30 30 60
4 Lower Dir 11 12 23
5 Upper Dir 10 11 21
Total No. of samples 133 122 255
Table 5.2: No. of Samples Collected from Five Districts of Northern Areas.
S. No. of samples No. of samples Total No. of samples of

Name of district
No. collected 2004-2005 collected 2005-2006 both the years
1 Gilgit 14 14 28
2 Skardu 14 14 28
3 Ghanche 08 09 17
4 Diamar 09 14 23
5 Ghizer 08 08 16
Total No. of samples 53 59 112
Distribution of water sources from where the samples were collected in each district are
given in Table 5.3 and 5.4. These water sources mostly include groundwater, surface water,
community and public water supply schemes, hand pumps, open wells and springs etc. The
major water sources available in Mardan and Bunner districts are domestic wells, in Swat
and Lower Dir are tube wells, while in Upper Dir the major water sources are springs.
40
Table 5.3: Distribution of Samples Across Water Sources Among the Northern Districts of
NWFP
S. Domestic Tap Surface

District Tube well Open well Spring Hand pump
No. tube well (WSS) water
2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06
1. Mardan 03 09 - 06 30 16 04 02 02 02 12 01 - -
2. Bunner 01 02 - 02 13 16 07 04 - 03 01 03 09 03
3. Swat 11 12 01 01 02 03 08 08 - 02 03 04 05 -
4. Dir Lower 06 06 - - 02 04 01 02 - - 02 0 - -
5. Dir Upper - - - - - - 04 08 - - 05 03 01 -
Total 21 29 01 09 47 39 24 24 02 07 23 11 15 03
Glacier and snow deposits are the principal sources of all water in the Northern Areas. The
melted water enters streams, which subsequently feed man-made channel -Kuhls- that bring
water into the settlements for agriculture, livestock and domestic requirements.
Surface water based water supply schemes are constructed in most parts of the Northern
Areas except in Diamer where surface water is directly consumed. According to Muneeba et
al. (1994) most villages use the same channel for irrigation and domestic use. In some
villages the people go up the channel to get water for drinking since they realize that water
passing through the village can be contaminated. This has a basis in fact since most of the
channels are open and wastewater from homes and feces can flow into them, plus clothes and
domestic utensils are also washed in these channels.
Table 5.4: Distribution of Samples Across Water Sources in all the Districts of Northern Areas
Tape (WSS based

S. Domestic tube well Spring Surface water
District On surface water)
No.
2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06
1. Gilgit - - 01 - 09 09 04 05
2. Skardu - - - - 10 12 04 02
3. Ghanche - 01 01 01 01 03 06 04
4. Diamar - 01 - 01 - 02 09 10
5. Ghizer - - 01 01 04 04 03 03
Total - 02 03 3 24 30 26 24
Water quality analytical parameters evaluated in the water samples of the aforementioned
areas can be divided into following three categories,
1. Physical and Aesthetic Parameters:
Parameters evaluated under the name physical and aesthetic include qualitative and
quantitative examination of pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Turbidity, Colour,
Taste and Odour.
2. Chemical Parameters:
These include Bicarbonate (HCO3), Carbonate (CO3), Nitrate (NO3), Sulphate (SO4),
Hardness, Calcium (Ca), Alkalinity (Alk), Magnesium (Mg), Potassium (K), Sodium
41
(Na), Chloride (Cl-), Total dissolved salts (TDS), Arsenic (As), Fluoride (F), Iron (Fe)
and trace elements.
3. Biological Parameters:
Evaluation of bacteriological or microbiological parameters depicts qualitative

examination of Protozoan/Microbes present in water which are the potential carriers
of various types of health hazards.
All the analyzed parameters were compared with permissible limits given by PSI reproduced
in Table 4.3, to evaluate as “Safe” or “Unsafe” for drinking purpose. Before presenting the
results of each district, a brief of the geography, demography, climate, water resources and
land use statistics is given so that the results could be seen and discussed in the context and
prospective of these indicators as they may have direct impact on ecology and water quality
of the area.
5.1 Mardan
The district lies at the longitude 71o 48’ to 72 o

52’ E and latitude 34o 05’ to 34o 32’ N. Average
altitude of the district is 750 m. Geographical
map of the district is given in Figure-5.1. As is
evident from the Figure, Malakand and Bunner
are its northern neighbours, district Charsadda
falls in the west, while Swabi and Nowshera
form its eastern and southern boundaries
respectively. Geographical area of the district is
1632 sq. km and its population according to
1998 census was 1.46 million and population
density of 895 persons per sq. km which now
has escalated to 1.93 million in 2007. As such
the current population density becomes 1180 Figure 5.1: Geographical Map of District Mardan
persons per sq. km.
Climatically Mardan can be divided into two sharp zones, south-eastern part and north-
western part. South-eastern part falls under the climatic range of semi arid subtropical
continental low land where annual rainfall is 340 mm, most of which (up to 60%) occurs in
winter. Maximum temperature is 41oC in summer and minimum winter temperature is 4.5 oC.
The north-western part lies in the climatic range of sub-humid sub-tropical continental low
land, annual rainfall ranges from 500 to 1000 mm. Land use statistics of the district are given
in Table 5.5
42
Table 5.5: Land Use Statistics of the District Mardan
Percentage of Percentage of
Land utilization Area in (000) hectares
geographical area reported area
Geographical Area 163 - -
Reported Area 163 100 -
Cultivated 113 69 69
Irrigated area 80 49 49
Cropped area 126 77 77
Uncultivated area 49 30 30
Culturable waste 3 2 2
Forest area 8 5 5
Not available for cultivation 38 23 23
Cropping intensity: 112.2%
Land use intensity: 97.2%
Altogether 51 samples were collected in 2004-05 and 36 samples in 2005-06 from various
sources in the entire district. Sources of these samples are given in Table 5.6, which indicates
that domestic pump, and WSS tube wells are the common sources from where the public
fulfil its domestic water requirements, whereas at some places spring water is also used. Due
to availability of ground water at shallow depth and of acceptable quality, surface/river water
consumption for domestic purposes is not in practice in the district.
Table 5.6: Types of water Sources and Number of Samples Taken thereof in Mardan (2004-06)
No of samples No. of samples Total No. of samples

Source Source
2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06
Tube well 08 09 Open well - 06
Domestic tube well 30 16 Spring 04 02 51 36
Tap (WSS) 07 01 Hand pump 02 -
Analytical results of the samples are presented in the Table 5.7 and graphical representation
is given in Figure 5.2, which exhibit that major contaminants in the area are bacteria,
calcium, nitrate and fluoride. Analytical results of the water samples collected during the
year 2004-05 show that 88% water samples were microbiologically polluted, 14% of the
water samples have turbidity beyond permissible limit of WHO standard, 18% have slightly
more concentration of NO3 against 10 mg/l acceptable level of WHO, 10% samples have
higher concentration of Sodium (Na), 16% samples exceed in respect of calcium value,
whereas 2% samples were identified possessing higher levels of chloride and hardness
compared with international permissible water quality standards. Fluoride and TDS were
found beyond permissible range in 6% and 4% samples respectively. On the overall basis,
92% samples were found to be unsafe for drinking purpose with respect to the either tested
parameters.
However out of 36 samples tested in 2005-06, 67% were biologically contaminated, followed
by 15% samples having calcium excess of permissible limit. Each of fluoride and nitrate was
found having concentration beyond permissible limits only in 3 % samples. On the overall
basis, 80% samples were detected as unsafe against only 20% samples which were found
43
safe. Combined results of 2004-5 and 2005-6 indicate 87% samples unsafe and only the
remaining 13 % samples safe for drinking purpose as shown in Figure 5.3.
Table 5.7: Water Quality Parameters Found Having Impermissible Values in Water Samples
Collected From District Mardan (2004-06)
S. No. of unfit samples No. of unfit samples Percentage Overall

No. Parameters out of total 51 out of total 36 %age
(2004-05) (2005-06) 2004-05 2005-06 2004-06
1 Bact. Cont. 45 24 88 67 79
2 Calcium (Ca) 8 5 16 15 15
3 Fluoride (F) 3 1 6 3 5
4 Nitrate (NO3) 9 1 18 3 11
Total Dissolved
5 Salts (TDS) 2 0 4 0 2
6 Chloride (Cl) 1 0 2 0 1
7 Sodium (Na) 5 0 10 0 6
8 Hardness 1 0 2 0 1
9 Turbidity 7 0 14 0 8
Mardan is one of the most populated areas and population wise the second largest district of
NWFP. Overall geographical area is comparatively small and of which most of the area is
fertile and cultivated. Cropping intensity in Mardan, which falls in Peshawar valley, is 112%
as given in Table 5.5, which is amongst the highest in the country. Water table is shallow and
ground water exploitation is common. The leakage within the distribution network and the
location of drinking water sources being close to septic tanks etc. together with shallow water
table seem common reasons of contaminants intrusions into the water source and water
supply network. At the same time, high population density and high cropping intensity
necessitate use of nitrate fertilizers, which also appears to be the source feeding high
concentration of nitrate and hence bacteria that are major contaminants getting intruded into
the supply network. Low literacy level (36.45%) and poor economic condition of the area are
apparent reasons of lack of awareness, poor hygienic conditions and improper maintenance,
which are certainly adding to contaminants yield and intrusion.
44
90
2004-05
2005-06
80
70
60
50
Percentage
40
30
20
10
0
Bact. Cont. Calcium Fluoride Nitrate TDS Chloride Sodium Hardness Turbidity
Parameters
Figure 5.2: Percentage of Samples Having Impermissible Values for different parameters in District Mardan
Percentage of safe and unsafe water samples

2004-05 Percentage of safe and unsafe water samples
2005-06
Safe
8% Safe
20%
Unsafe
92% Unsafe
80%
Overall %age of safe and unsafe water samples

2004-06 Safe
13%
Unsafe
87%
Figure 5.3: Graphical Presentation of Safe and Un-Safe Water Sources in District Mardan.
45
5.2 Buner
The district lies at the longitude 72o 30’ to 72 o

altitude of the district is 1500 m. As is evident
from the geographical map given in Figure-5.4,
that district Swat and Shangla are its northern
neighbours, district Mardan lies towards its
west, while district Mansehra and Swabi form
its eastern and southern boundaries respectively.
Geographical area of the district is 1865 sq. km.

According to 1998 census, its population was
0.51 million with population density of 271 Figure 5.4: Geographical Map of District Bunner
persons per sq. km which now has escalated to
0.73 million in 2007. As such the current
population density becomes 393 persons
per sq. km.
Climatically Bunner falls in sub humid and subtropical continental high land where average
annual rainfall ranges from 750 mm to 1000 mm. Bunner is comparatively colder than
district Mardan. Maximum temperature is 38oC in summer and minimum winter temperature
is 2oC. Land use statistics of the district are given in Table 5.9.
Table 5.8: Land Use Statistics of the District Bunner
Geographical area 186 - -
Reported area 172 92 -
Cultivated 55 30 32
Forest area 41 22 24
Cropping intensity: 181%
Land use intensity: 91%
In district Buner, altogether 64 locations were selected for water sampling during the two
years (2004-06) keeping in view the source where most of the population consume water for
drinking purpose. Sources of these samples are given in the Table 5.9 which indicates that
domestic pump, and water supply schemes based on springs are the common sources from
where the public fulfil their domestic water requirements. Whereas at some hilly terrain
surface water is also used as ground water exploration is not possible in those areas of the
district.
46
Table 5.9: Types of Water Sources and Number of Samples Collected from District Buner
No. of samples No. of samples Total No of samples

Source Source
2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06
Tube well 01 02 Surface water 09 03
Spring 07 04
Domestic tube well 13 16 31 33
Open well - 02
Tap (WSS) 01 03 Hand pump - 03
Water quality results of the samples are presented in Table 5.10 and graphical representation
is given in Figure-5.5, which exhibit that major contaminants in the area are bacteria,
calcium, hardness and turbidity. Processing and compilation of water quality data revealed
that out of total 64 samples (2004-06), 86% samples were found unfit for human
consumption either chemically or biologically as shown in Figure 5.6. Out of 31 samples
collected during the year 2004-05, 71% samples were found contaminated biologically; 19%
samples had turbidity higher than the admissible range; 3% with high level of , calcium,
sodium and hardness, 13% samples had high concentration of Nitrate, whereas 6% samples
were found with objectionable muddy colour. On the overall basis, 84% samples were found
as unsafe either biologically or chemically against the survey of the year 2004-05.
Whereas 33 samples were collected from district Bunner during the next year 2005-06, on
the overall basis 88% samples were found contaminated either chemically or biologically as
in Figure 5.6. However 70% samples were found contaminated biologically; 27% samples
had turbidity higher than the admissible range; 12% with high level of hardness, 30%
samples had high concentration of Calcium (Ca), 3% samples had high concentration of
Nitrate, whereas 6% samples were found having excessive concentrations of Potassium,
Total Dissolved Salts (TDS) or with objectionable muddy colour.
Table 5.10: Water Quality Parameters Found Having Values Beyond Permissible Limits in
Water Samples Collected from District Buner (2004-06)
Sr. No. of unfit samples out No. of unfit samples Overall

of total 31 out of total 33 Percentage
No. Parameters %age
(2004-05) (2005-06) 2004-05 2005-06 2004-06
1 Bact. Cont. 22 23 71 70 70
2 Turbidity 6 9 19 27 23
3 Color 2 2 6 6 6
4 Nitrate (NO3) 4 1 13 3 8
5 TDS 1 2 3 6 5
6 Calcium (Ca) 1 10 3 30 17
7 Sodium (Na) 1 0 3 0 2
8 Hardness 1 4 3 12 8
9 Potassium 0 2 0 6 3
47
100
2 0 0 4 -0 5
90 2 0 0 5 -0 6
80
70
60
% age
50
40
30
20
10
0
B a c t. C o n t. T u rb id ity C o lo r N itra te (T D S ) C a lc iu m S o d iu m H ard n ess P o ta s s iu m
Figure P a r a m e te r s
5.5:
Percentage of Samples Having Impermissible Values in District Buner
Buner is one of the thinly populated district of NWFP, where almost entire population is rural
and population density is comparatively low. Almost the entire district is mountainous. Out
of total 0.17 million hectares reported area, 9% of land is irrigated. Cropping intensity in
Bunner, which falls in Swat valley, is 181%, which is amongst the highest in the country.
Generally ground water aquifer is deep. Due to scattered population, water supply schemes in
the area are not well planned and well maintained, that combined with low literacy ratio
(23%), poor hygienic condition and lack of awareness seem the probable reasons of
bacteriological contamination. At the same time scattered population and high cropping
intensity necessitate use of nitrate fertilizers, which also appear to be source feeding high
concentration of bacteria and nitrate which, are major contaminants getting intruded into
water resources. Marble stone cutting is an important industry of the district which seems to
be the cause of high concentration of calcium & hardness. Low literacy level and poor
economic condition of the area are apparent reasons of lack of awareness, poor hygienic
conditions and improper maintenance, which are certainly adding to contaminants yield and
intrusion.
Pe rce ntage of safe and unsafe wate r sample s
Percentage of safe and unsafe water samples
2004-05
Safe 2005-06 Safe
16% 12%
Unsafe Unsafe
84% 88%
Overall % age of safe and unsafe water samples

2004-06
Safe
14%
Unsafe
86%
Figure 5.6: Graphical Presentation of Safe and Un-Safe Water Sources in District Bunner
48
5.3 Swat
District Swat lies at the longitude 71o 19’ to 72 o
map of the district is given in Figure-5.7. As is
evident from the Figure, Chitral and Northern
Areas are its northern neighbours, Kohistan and
Dir lies on its east and west side respectively,
while Bunner and Shangla form its southern and
eastern boundaries respectively. Geographical
area of the district is 5337 sq. km and its
population according to 1998 census was 1.26
million which now has escalated to 1.74 million
Figure 5.7: Geographical Map of District Swat
in 2007. As such the current population density
becomes 326 persons per sq. km.
Climatically Swat lies in sub-humid-subtropical continental highland. Average annual rain

fall in district Swat is about 800 mm. Maximum temperatures is 35 oC in summer, while
minimum winter temperature is 3oC in south-western part. North eastern part (Kalam area) is
much colder where temperature in winter frequently falls below zero. Winter snow fall is
common in that area and melting of seasonal snow pack feeds river Swat from April to July.
Land use statistics of the district are given in the Table 5.11
Table 5.11: Land Use Statistics of the District Swat
Cultivated 96 18 19
Altogether 30 samples were collected each year (2004-06) from various sources in the entire
district. Sources of these samples are given in Table5.12, which indicates that tube wells and
springs are the common sources used for domestic water requirements. Most of the rural
population is scattered in mountainous areas and use water from domestic water supply
schemes based on springs. Due to availability of ground water at affordable depth and of
adequate quality, surface water consumption for domestic purposes is not normally in
practice in south-western part of the district. However in north-eastern Swat, spring or
surface water is commonly used.
49
Table 5.12: Types of Water Sources and Number of Samples Taken Thereof in Swat
No. of samples No. of samples Total No. of samples

Source Source
2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06
Tube well 11 12 Open well 01 01
Spring 08 08
Domestic tube well 02 03 30 30
Surface water 05 -
Tap (WSS) 03 04 Hand pump - 02
Analytical results (Annexure-03-a) of the samples are presented in Table 5.13 and graphical
representation is given in Figure 5.8, which exhibit that major contaminants in the area are
bacteria, calcium, nitrate and turbidity. Out of 30 samples collected during 2004-05, 73%
were biologically contaminated, followed by 17% samples having nitrate excess of
permissible limit. Ten percent of samples were found having turbidity and calcium beyond
the permissible limits. Each of hardness and potassium was found having value beyond
permissible limits only in 3 % samples. On the overall basis, 77% samples were detected as
unsafe against only 23% samples which were found safe during 2004-5 as depicted in Figure
5.9.
During the year 2005-06, altogether 30 samples were collected from various sources in the
entire district. It is evident from the analysis reports (Annexure-03-b) that 77% samples were
biologically contaminated, followed by 20% samples having calcium and nitrate excess of
permissible limit. Turbidity was found in excess in 10% of samples. Each of hardness and
colour was found having value beyond permissible limits only in 3 % samples. On the overall
basis, 87% samples were detected as unsafe against only13% samples which were found safe
pertaining to the year as shown in Figure 5.9.
Collected From District Swat (2004-06)
Sr. No. of unfit samples No. of unfit samples Overall

out of total 30 out of total 30 Percentage
No. Parameters %age
(2004-05) (2005-06) 2004-05 2005-06 2004-06
1 Bact. Cont. 22 23 73 77 75
2 Nitrate (NO3) 5 6 17 20 18
3 Calcium (Ca) 3 6 10 20 15
4 Hardness 1 1 3 3 3
5 Turbidity 3 3 10 10 10
6 Colour 0 1 0 3 2
Swat is one of the famous tourist resort and population wise third largest district in NWFP.
Overall geographical area is comparatively large and of which only 18% is cultivated. Water
Table is at moderate depth in inter mountainous valleys where tube well is the main source of
water. Population is scattered in most of hilly areas where domestic water supply schemes
are installed on springs having no regular employees for their maintenance. Water supply
lines at places are damaged or punctured allowing intrusion of pollutants, which is the main
50
cause of poor water quality condition. Similarly spring water is also distributed unplanned
locally with out due care of the schemes.
90
2004-05
80 2005-06
70
% age 60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Bact. Nitrate Calcium Hardness Turbidity Colour Potassium
Cont. Parameters
Figure 5.8: Percentage of Samples Having Impermissible Values in District Swat
Percentage of unsafe and safe water samples Percentage of safe and unsafe water samples
2004-05 2005-06
Safe
23% Safe
13%
Unsafe Unsafe
77% 87%
Overall %age of safe and unsafe water samples

2004-06
Safe
18%
Unsafe
82%
Figure 5.9: Graphical Presentation of Safe and Un-Safe Water Sources in District Swat.
51
5.4 Dir (Lower)
The district lies at the longitude 71o 47’ to 72 o 05’

E and latitude 33o 59’ to 34o 58’ N. Average
map of the district is given in Figure-5.10, which
shows that Malakand and Bajaur agency forms its
southern and south-western boundaries, district
Swat and Upper Dir are its north-eastern and
northern districts respectively, whereas a small
part of its western boundary forms Durand line
with Afghanistan. Geographical area of the
district is 1583 sq. km and its population
according to 1998 census was 0.72 million, which
now has escalated to 1 million in 2007. As such
the current population density becomes 631 Figure 5.10: Geographical map of district Dir Lower
persons per sq. km.
Climatically Lower Dir falls under the climatic range of sub humid subtropical continental
highland, where annual rainfall is up to 875 mm, 60% of which falls in late summer. Maximum
temperature is in the range of 32-38 oC in summer, while average minimum winter temperature
is 3 oC. Land use statistics of the district Dir Lower are given in the Table 5.14.
Table 5.14: Land Use Statistics of the District Dir Lower
Area in (000) Percentage of Percentage of

Land utilization
hectares geographical area reported area
Cultivated 45 71 79
Culturable waste 1 0.6 0.7
Forest area 8 5 6
Altogether 23 samples, 11 samples in 2004-05 and 12 samples in 2005-06, were collected

during the two years from different sources in the entire district. Sources of these samples are
given in Table5.15, which shows that domestic pump and tube wells are the common sources
from where the public fulfil their domestic water requirements, whereas at some places
spring water is also used. Due to availability of ground water at shallow depth and of
acceptable quality, surface water consumption for domestic purposes is not normally in
practice in the district.
52
Table 5.15: Types of Water Sources and Number of Samples Taken Thereof in Dir Lower
No. of samples No. of samples Total No. of samples

Source Source
2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06
Tube well 06 06 Tap (WSS) 02 0
11 12
Domestic tube well 02 04 Spring 01 02
Analytical results of the samples are presented in Table 5.16, which is graphically represented in
Figure 5.11. The data revealed that major contaminants in the area are bacteria, nitrate and calcium.
Out of 11 samples collected in 2004-05, all were biologically contaminated, followed by 54%
samples having nitrate excess of permissible limit. Iron was found having concentration beyond
permissible limits in 18 % samples. One out of 11 samples (9%) was found having calcium
concentration beyond permissible limits.
Over the year 2005-06, all the 12 samples (100%) were found biologically contaminated, followed by
33% samples having calcium excess of permissible limit. Each of turbidity and nitrate was found
having concentration beyond permissible limits only in 8 % samples.
Collected From District Dir Lower (2004-06)
S. No. of unfit samples No. of unfit samples out Overall

out of total 11 (2004-05) of total 12 (2005-06) Percentage
No. Parameters %age
2004-05 2005-06 2004-06
1 Bact. Cont. 11 12 100 100 100
2 Calcium (Ca) 1 4 9 33 22
3 Iron (Fe) 2 0 18 0 9
4 Nitrate (NO3) 6 1 54 8 30
5 Turbidity 0 1 0 8 4
Lower Dir is one of the districts of the province having much scattered population. Out of
0.16 million hectares area, 71% is cultivated. Water table is at affordable depth and ground
water exploitation is common. High cropping intensity (120%) necessitate use of fertilizers,
which appear to be source feeding high concentration of bacteria and nitrate, which are major
contaminants getting intruded into supply network. Reason of high concentration of calcium
appears geological strata of the district. Low literacy level (30%) and poor economic
condition of the area are apparent reasons of lack of awareness, poor hygienic conditions and
improper maintenance, which are certainly adding to contaminants yield and intrusion.
53
100
2004-05
90
80 2005-06
70
60
% age
50
40
30
20
10
0
Bact. Cont. Calcium Iron Nitrate Turbidity
Parameters
Figure 5.11: Percentage of Samples Having Impermissible Values in District Dir Lower
5.5 Dir (Upper)
The district is one of the remote northern

districts of the NWFP which lies at longitude
71o 00’ to 72 o 07’ E and latitude 34o 20’ to
34o 24’ N. Average altitude of the district is
1800 m. Geographical map of the district is
given in Figure-5.12, which shows that district
Dir (U) lying on Afghanistan boarder. District
Chitral and Swat form its north-western and
north-eastern boundaries respectively,
whereas Dir Lower makes its southern
boundary. Its total geographical area is 3699
sq. km with rugged mountainous topography.
Figure 5.12: Geographical Map of District Dir (Upper)
Population of the district according to 1998 census was 0.58 million and population density
156 person per sq. km, which have now increased to 0.75 million 2007 with population
density 203 person per sq. km. Upper Dir falls under the climatic range of sub humid
subtropical continental highland, where annual rainfall is up to 875 mm, 60% of which falls
in late summer. Maximum temperature in summer is 32-38 oC while minimum winter
temperature is 3 oC. Land use statistics of the district is summarized in Table 5.17.
54
Table 5.17: Land Utilization Statistics Among Various Sectors of District Dir Upper
Area in (000) Percentage of Percentage of

Land utilization
hectares geographical area Reported area
Geographical Area 370
Reported Area 127 34
Cultivated 42 11 33
Culturable waste 0.6 0.2 0.5
Dir Upper has hard and rugged mountainous terrain. Most of the population is scattered,
where well-planned water distribution infrastructure is not normally possible. Poor economic
condition, low literacy ratio (21%) and rugged mountainous topography persuade the people
to use easily available spring water sources.
Altogether 21 water samples, ten in 2004-05 and 11 in 2005-06, were collected from
different sources in the entire district. Sources of these samples are given in Table 5.18,
which indicates that springs are the common sources from where the public fulfil their
domestic water requirements, whereas at some places water supply schemes are also in use.
Table 5.18: Distribution of the Water Sources in District Upper Dir
No. of samples Total No. of samples

Source
2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06
Tube well 05 03
Spring 04 08 10 11
Surface water 01 -
Analytical results of the samples are presented in Table 5.19 and are graphically represented
in Figure-13, which exhibit that major contaminants in the district are bacteria, nitrate and
turbidity. In 2004-05 out of 10 water sources, 80% were found biologically contaminated.
Data processing revealed that all the water samples were contaminated biologically; 40%
samples were either turbid or with high concentration of nitrate.
While over the year 2005-06, out of 11 water sources, none was supplying safe drinking
water. Data processing revealed that all the water samples were contaminated biologically;
9% (1 sample) were either turbid or with high concentration of calcium and 27% samples had
excess of nitrate.
55
Water Samples Collected from District Dir Upper 2004-06
S. No. of unfit samples out No. of unfit samples out Overall

of total 10 (2004-05) of total 11 (2005-06) Percentage
No. Parameters %age
2004-05 2005-06 2004-06
1 Bact. Cont. 8 11 80 100 90
2 Calcium (Ca) 0 1 0 9 5
3 Nitrate (NO3) 4 3 40 27 33
4 Turbidity 4 1 40 9 24
110
2004-05
100
2005-06
90
80
70
% age
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Bact. Cont. Calcium Nitrate Turbidity
Parameters
Figure 5.13: Percentage of Samples Having Impermissible Values in District Dir Upper
The deteriorated microbiological water quality in district Dir (U) seems due to poorly
maintained water supply schemes. Population is scattered and people mostly consume water
directly from springs which being open are prone to contamination. Water supply schemes if
exist have no regular employees for their maintenance. Leaked and contaminated water was
found accumulated around the leakage points, hence further deteriorating the supply. Lack of
awareness and poor hygienic condition in such a rugged and remote area are other reasons of
highest level of contamination.
56
Gilgit
Gilgit, the administrative capital of NAs, is an

important city on ancient silk route, which is a
famous passage from China to other countries of
the world, lies at the longitude 74o 17’ to 76o
map of the district is given in Figure 5.14,
which indicate that China and Afghanistan
makes its northern and northern-east boundaries,
district Ghizer lies towards its west, while
district Skardu and Diamer makes its southern
boundary. Geographical area of the district is
21300 sq. km. According to 1998 census,
population of the district was 0.24 million and Figure 5.14: Geographical Map of District Gilgit
population density 11 person per sq. km. Maximum summer temperature is 33 oC whereas
the minimum goes down to 16 oC, while maximum winter temperature is 28 oC and a
minimum of -11 oC.
Altogether 28 samples were collected from different sources in the entire district during two
years 2004-06. Sources of these samples are given in Table 5.20, which shows that direct
surface water and water supply schemes (based on surface water) are the common sources
from where public fulfil their domestic water requirements. Due to rugged topography and
rocky underground strata, exploring of ground water is difficult and therefore ground water
consumption for domestic purposes is not normally in practice in the district.
Table 5.20: Types of Water Sources and Number of Samples Collected from District Gilgit
(2004-06)
Source
2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06
Surface water 04 05
Spring 01 - 14 14
Water supply scheme 09 09
Analytical results of the samples are presented in Table 5.21 and graphical representation is
given in Figure 5.15, which exhibit that major contaminants in the area are bacteriological
contamination, turbidity and color. Out of 14 samples collected during 2004-05, 57%
samples show objectionable colour, taste and turbidity followed by 7% samples having
potassium excess of permissible limit, while biologically all the samples were found
contaminated (see annexure-06-a). In the following year (2005-06), the same 14 No. of
samples were collected, analytical results of which show that, 29% samples have
objectionable colour and taste, followed by 50% samples having turbidity excess of
permissible limit, while biologically all the samples were found contaminated (see annexure-
06-b).
57
Table 5.21: Water Quality Parameters Having Impermissible Values in Water Samples
Collected from District Gilgit (2004-06)
Sr. No. of unfit samples No. of unfit samples

Percentage Overall %age
No. Parameters out of total 14 out of total 14
(2004-05) (2005-06) 2004-06
2004-05 2005-06
1 Bact. Cont. 14 14 100 100 100
2 Turbidity 8 7 57 50 54
3 Color 8 4 57 29 43
4 Taste 8 4 57 29 43
110
2004-05
100
2005-06
90
80
70
% age
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Bact. Cont. Turbidity Color Taste Potassium
Parameters
Figure 5.15: Percentage of Samples Having Impermissible Values in District Gilgit (2004-06)
Glacier and snow deposits are the principal sources of water in the district. Groundwater use
for domestic purpose is not common except in some low lying settlements in Gilgit town,
where people draw water from shallow wells. People depend mainly on their irrigation
channels for the supply of water for domestic consumption. Water from these channels is
stored in small pits, which is generally reserved for drinking and cooking purposes. The
supply during winter is reduced due to minimal snow and glacier melt, which affect water
quality of stored water. In summer months, the pit water is replenished more frequently, but
turbulent flow and frequent landslides in the district induce high turbidity and muddy colour
into the water. It was also noted that the contamination levels in the delivery systems were
comparatively lower during the winter season. The important factor affecting the water
quality is the human and the animal activities in the surrounding of the water delivery
system. Water pits also contribute to the contamination primarily due to inappropriate
location and lack of proper disposal of animal and human waste especially in rainy season.
58
Skardu
Skardu is the capital of Baltistan, lying at

longitude 75º38’24” E and latitude
35º17’31” N, is situated at an altitude of
2438 meters above sea level in the lap of
the great peaks of the Karakuram
mountain range. Geographical map of the
district is given in Figure 5.16, which
indicates that it borders district Gilgit and
the Xinjiang autonomous region of China
to the north and northwest respectively,
the district Ghanche to the east, the Indian
held Kashmir to the southeast, the district Figure 5.16: Geographical Map of District Skardu
Diamer to the west.
Most of the area consists of rugged mountains, the higher elevation remaining snow covered
throughout the year. Geographical area of the district is 18000 sq. km. Climate of the district
during summer is moderate (maximum 27 oC) due its high altitude mountain setting, which
also block monsoon. Winter temperature can drop to -10 oC. Population of the district,
according to the 1998 census, was 0.21 million and population density 12 persons per sq. km.
Satpara Tso, Katzura Tso, Phooq Tso are the important lakes of the district. Skardu is the
district where Indus River enters the NAs from the Indian occupied Kashmir.
Water quality survey was conducted in 2004-05 and 2005-06. Altogether 28 samples were
collected from various sources in the entire district. Sources of these samples are given in
Table 5.26, which indicates that surface water either directly or in the form supply schemes
are the principal sources of drinking water in the district. Due to unavailability of
groundwater at shallow depth and of acceptable quality, groundwater consumption for
domestic purposes is not in practice in the district.
Table 5.22: Types of Water Sources and Number of Samples Collected from District Skardu
No of samples Total No. of samples

Source
2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06
Surface water 04 02
Water supply scheme 10 12 14 14
Analytical results of the samples are presented in the Table 5.23 and graphical representation
is given in Figure 5.17, which exhibits that major contaminants in the area are bacteria,
calcium, turbidity, taste and fluoride. Out of 14 samples collected during 2004-05, it was
found that all of the sample were biologically contaminated, 64% samples were found having
turbidity excess of permissible limit, followed by 50% samples having objectionable color,
14% samples show objectionable taste, while one sample out of 14 found having fluoride
concentration beyond permissible level. On the overall basis, one or more parameter(s) were
found falling in the range of non-acceptable guideline values, Annexure-07-a.
59
Over the year 2005-06, 14 samples were collected. Out of 14 samples, 86% were biologically
contaminated, followed by 28% samples having turbidity excess of permissible limit. Each of
fluoride, taste and colour was found having concentration beyond permissible limits only in 3
samples (21%), (annexure-07-a).
Water Samples Collected from District Skardu (2004-06)
Sr. No. of unfit samples No. of unfit Overall

Percentage
No. Parameters out of total 14 samples out of %age
(2004-05) total 14 (2005-06) 2004-05 2005-06 2004-06
1 Bact. Cont. 14 12 100 86 93
2 Turbidity 9 4 64 28 46
3 Color 7 3 50 21 36
4 Taste 2 3 14 21 18
5 Fluoride 1 3 7 21 14
Glacier and snow deposits are the principal sources of all water in the district. People depend
mainly on their irrigation channels for the supply of water for domestic purpose. Water from
these channels is stored into small pits, which is generally reserved for drinking and cooking
purposes. The supply during winter is reduced due to minimal snow and glacier melt, which
affects water quality of stored water. In summer months, the pit water is replenished more
frequently, but turbulent flow and frequent landslides in the district induce high turbidity and
muddy colour into the water. Water pits also contribute to the contamination primarily due to
inappropriate location, improper protection, cleaning and maintenance, and lack of proper
disposal of animal and human waste especially in rainy season. It was also noted that the
contamination levels in the delivery systems were comparatively lower during the winter
season probably due to the environment less conducive to bacterial growth. The important
factor affecting the water quality is the human and the animal activities in the surrounding of
the water delivery system.
110
2004-05
100
2005-06
90
80
70
% age
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Bact. Cont. Turbidity Color Taste Fluoride
Parameters
Figure 5.17: Percentage of samples having impermissible values in district Skardu
60
Ghanche
Ghanche district is the easternmost

district of the Northern Areas of
Pakistan. Average altitude of the
district is 1454 m. Geographical
map of the district is given in
Figure 5.18, which indicates that to
its northeast is China, to the north
and northwest is Skardu district, to
its west is Astore district and to its
south is the Indian held Sate of
Jammu and Kashmir.
Figure 5.18: Geographical Map of District Ghanche
The line of control along the eastern most region of Ghanche district cuts through the
Siachen Glacier. This is the coldest district within Pakistan with winter temperature reaching
below -20 oC. Geographical area of the district is 9400 sq. km. According to 1998 population
census, population of the district was 88366, indicating population density of 9 person per sq.
km.
Agriculture production is based essentially on irrigation, with water supply from the streams
and rivers that are fed by snow melt from areas high in the mountain ranges. The area falls
just outside the monsoon rainfall system, in a partial rain shadow area, and receives an
annual precipitation of 100 to 500 mm, mainly as snow during the winter months. The
average household has more than 6 members, 1.5 acres of farmland, of which 60% is suitable
for annual crops.
From Ghanche district, altogether 17 samples were collected during the two years, keeping in
view the source where most of the population consume water for drinking purpose. Sources
of these samples are given in the Table 5.24, which indicates that surface water directly or in
water supply schemes are common sources from where public fulfil their domestic water
requirements.
Table 5.24: Types of Water Sources and Number of Samples Collected from District Ghanche
(2004-06)

Source
2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06
Surface water 6 4
Spring 1 1
08 09
Domestic tube well 0 1
Water quality results of the samples are presented in Table 5.25 and graphical representation
is given in Figure-5.19, which exhibit that major contaminants in the area are bacteria, taste,
61
colour and turbidity. Out of the 8 samples collected in the year 2004-05, none of the source
was found safe for drinking purpose. After processing the analytical data it was found that all
the samples were found contaminated biologically. Turbidity was found beyond permissible
level in 50% samples while 25% samples were found having objectionable colour and taste
(annexure-10-a).
Processing and compilation of water quality data of samples collected during 2005-06,
revealed that all the samples were unfit for human consumption. Out of 9 samples, 44%
samples had turbidity higher than the admissible range; 11% (one sample) was found having
objectionable taste and muddy colour. All the samples were found microbiologically
contaminated (annexure-10-b).
Water Samples Collected from District Ghanche (2004-06)
Sr. No. of unfit No. of unfit Overall

Percentage
No. Parameters samples out of samples out of %age
total 8 (2004-05) total 9 (2005-06) 2004-05 2005-06 2004-06
1 Bact. Cont. 8 9 100 100 100
2 Turbidity 4 4 50 44 47
3 Color 2 1 25 11 18
4 Taste 2 1 25 11 18
Ground water exploitation is uncommon in the district due to rocky strata and deep water
aquifer. Glaciers and seasonal snow deposits are the principal source of surface water in the
district. Snow melt and seasonal torrential rain result in land sliding and resultant increase in
turbidity of water. Normally water flows in open channels and pipeline system is seldom laid.
Nearby inhabitants fetch water for domestic consumption from the channel and activities like
washing are carried out along the channel bank. Due to lack of proper drainage system,
wastewater as well as grey water from households is directly drained into nearby small water
rills and ultimately to water channels, which contaminate the water body. Therefore,
intruding wastes are the causes of high microbiological contamination
110
2004-05
100
90 2005-06
80
70
% age
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Bact. Cont. Turbidity Color Taste
Parameters
Figure 5.19: Percentage of Samples Having Impermissible Values in District Ghanche
62
Diamer
Diamer district was divided into Diamer and

Astore districts in 2004. The Diamer district
is bounded by Astore district in the east,
NWFP in the south / south west (separated
by Babusar Pass or Babusar Top), Ghizer
district in the north / northwest and Gilgit
district in the north / north east.
Geographical map of the district is given in
Figure 5.20. Diamer valley has a moderate
climate during summer. In winter it receives
snow up to 6 inches in the main valleys and
up to 5 feet on the mountains. Geographical Figure 5.20: Geographical Map of District Diamer
area of the district is 142861 sq. km.
Total population of the district according to the 1998 population census was 0.2 million with
population density of 1.4 persons per sq. km - the lowest in the area. Water quality survey
was conducted during two years 2004-06; altogether 23 samples were collected from
different locations covering major residential areas of the district. Sources of the samples are
given in Table 5.26
Table 5.26: Types of Water Sources and Number of Samples Collected from District Diamer
(2004-06)

Source
2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06
Surface water 09 10
Spring - 01
09 14
Water supply scheme - 02
Domestic tube well - 01
In 2004-05 water samples were collected from 9 locations covering the major residential
areas of the district. Being a mountainous area all sources were surface water and altogether
all the sources were found biologically contaminated.
Similarly in 2005-06, all the 14 sources were found microbiologically contaminated, 50%
samples had turbidity values beyond permissible limits, 14% samples showed excessive
fluoride value than the highest desirable and 7% samples were found having calcium beyond
permissible limits and objectionable color. The information regarding percentage of samples
contaminated beyond permissible limits of different water quality parameters are given in
Table 5.27, whereas water quality status of district Diamer is graphically represented in
Figure 5.21.
63
Water Samples Collected from District Diamer (2004-06)

Percentage
No. Parameters samples out of samples out of total %age 2004-
total 9 (2004-05) 14 (2005-06) 2004-05 2005-06 06
1 Bact. Cont. 09 14 100 100 100
2 Calcium 0 1 0 7 4
3 Fluoride 0 2 0 14 8
4 Turbidity 0 7 0 50 30
5 Color 0 1 0 7 4
110
2004-05
100
90 2005-06
80
70
% age
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Bact. Cont. Calcium Fluoride Turbidity Color
Parameters
Figure 5.21: Percentage of Samples Having Impermissible Values in District Diamer
Ghizer
District Ghizer lies at the longitude

73º45’29” E and latitude 36º10’36” N.
Geographical map of the district is given in
Figure 5.22, which shows that Ghizer
district lies in north-west part of the
Northern Areas of Pakistan. It joins with
Wakhan strip on its north-west and China on
its north most corner. On its west, there is
Chitral district of NWFP; and towards east
is situated Gilgit. Diamer and district Swat
of NWFP are on its south. Population of the Figure 5.22: Geographical Map of District Ghizer
district according to 1998 census was 0.12
million. Total geographical area of the
district is 9635 sq. km. with population
density of 13 persons per sq. km
64
Altogether sixteen water samples were collected from entire district during the years 2004-
06, sources of which are given in Table 5.28. It is evident that surface water, either directly
or through water supply schemes, is the main source of water consumption for domestic
requirements in the district.
Table 5.28: Types of Water Sources and Number of Samples Collected from District Ghizer
(2004-06)

Source
2004-05 2005-06 2004-05 2005-06
Surface water 3 3
Spring 1 1 08 08
In 2004-05 water samples were collected from 8 locations covering the major parts of the
district. Out of the 8 locations no source was found satisfactory for supplying potable and
safe drinking water as all were found biologically contaminated and 25% samples had high
turbidity compared to WHO guide line values (annexure-10-b). However in 2005-06 same
locations were re-sampled to ascertain the water quality of the area. Again all the samples
were found contaminated biologically, 14% samples showed turbidity beyond permissible
limit and objectionable colour and taste (annexure-10-b). The information regarding
percentage of samples contaminated beyond permissible limits of different water quality
parameters are given in Table 5.29, whereas water quality status of district Ghizer is
graphically represented in Figure5.23.
Water Samples Collected From District Ghizer (2004-06)

Percentage
No. Parameters samples out of total samples out of %age
8 (2004-05) total 8 (2005-06) 2004-05 2005-06 2004-06
1 Bact. Cont. 8 8 100 100 100
2 Turbidity 2 1 25 14 19
3 Color 0 1 0 14 6
4 Taste 0 1 0 14 6
110
2004-05
100
90
2005-06
80
70
% age
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Bact. Cont. Turbidity Color Taste
Parameters
Figure 5.23: Percentage of Samples Having Impermissible Values in District Ghizer
65
In the district Ghizer, water channels which bring water for irrigation also serve for supply of
water for domestic purpose (Muneeba et al. 1994). These channels are open and prone to
contamination with feces and wastewater from residential area. In addition to that, clothes
and domestic utensils are also washed in the same channels. To overcome uncertain and
scare availability of water, pits are used for storage of water. The storage in pits facilitates
removal of turbidity, but poor maintenance and cleaning of pits seems promoting bacterial
contamination, the major cause of unsafe water in the area.
Overall Water Quality Situations in NWFP and Northern Areas
Over the years 2004-06, altogether 367 water samples were collected from five northern
districts of NWFP and the entire Northern Areas of Pakistan. Out of 367 water samples, 186
were collected in 2004-05 and remaining 181 were sampled in 2005-06. Type of water
source, number of samples taken thereof and percentage are given in table 5.30 and 5.31 for
the years 2004-05 and 2005-06 respectively.
Table 5.30: Type of Source and Number of Samples Taken from All over the 10 Districts during
2004-05
Source Number of samples Percentage

Tube well 21 11
Tap (WSS) 47 25
Hand pump 02 1
Open well 01 1
Spring 27 15
Surface water 41 22
Total 186
Table 5.31: Type of Source and Number of Samples Taken from All over the 10 Districts during
2005-06

Tube well 29 16
Tap (WSS) 41 23
Hand pump 07 4
Open well 09 5
Spring 27 15
Surface water 27 15
Total 181
Overall situation regarding the type of water source, number of samples taken thereof during
the two years in the project area is presented in table 5.32 and graphical representation is
given in Figure 5.24, which exhibit that domestic tube well and public water supply schemes
are the major sources of drinking water in the project area followed by surface water, springs
and tube wells.
66
Table 5.32 Overall Types of Source and Number of Samples Taken from All Over 10 Districts
during 2004-06

Tube well 50 14
Tap (WSS) 88 24
Hand pump 9 2
Open well 10 3
Spring 54 15
Surface water 68 19
Total 367
Open well Hand pump

3% 2%
Tube well
14%
Tap (WSS)
23%
Spring
15%
Domestic tube
well
24%
Surface water
19%
Figure 5.24: Overall Percentage of Sources Sampled during 2004-06
Number and percentage of safe and unsafe water sources either biologically or chemically
are enumerated in table 5.33 which show the existence of biological contamination in all the
10 districts together with summary of contaminants.
67
Table 5.33: Overall Water Quality Situation of 10 Districts and Causes of Contamination (2004-06)
Sr. District Total Safe samples Unsafe samples Major causes of

No. No. of No. %age No. %age contamination
samples
NWFP
Bacteriological, F, Ca,
1 Mardan 87 18 21 69 79
turbidity and NO3
Bacteriological, turbidity, Ca,
2 Bunner 64 19 30 45 70
hardness and TDS
Bacteriological, Ca, turbidity
3 Swat 60 15 25 45 75
and NO3
Bacteriological Ca, iron and
4 Dir (L) 23 0 0 23 100
NO3
Bacteriological, turbidity
5 Dir (U) 21 2 10 19 90
and NO3
Bacteriological, (Ca), NO3
Sub Total 255 54 21 201 79
and turbidity
NORTHERN AREAS
Bacteriological, turbidity,
1 Gilgit 28 0 0 28 100
taste and color
Bacteriological, turbidity,
2 Skardu 28 2 0 26 93
taste color and fluoride
Bacteriological turbidity,
3 Ghanche 17 0 0 17 100
taste and color
Bacteriological, turbidity and
4 Diamer 23 0 0 23 100
fluoride
5 Ghizer 16 0 0 16 100 Bacteriological and turbidity
Sub Total 112 2 2 110 98
fluoride
Grand Total 367 21 12 160 88
taste
Data analysis has also exhibited the fact that four water quality parameters i.e. Bacteria,
Nitrate, Fluoride, and Turbidity are found more problematic than the rest of the physico-
chemical parameters as presented graphically in figure 5.25.
Bacter.Cont. Turbidity Color Taste Fluoride
Bacter.Cont. Nitrate Calcium Turbidity Hard.
100
100
90
90
80
80
70
70
60
60
% age
% age
50
50
40
40
30
30
20 20
10 10
0 0
Mardan Buner Sw at Dir (L) Dir (U) Gilgit Skardu Ghanche Diamar Ghizer
District District
Figure 5.25: %age of Unfit Water Samples against Different Water Quality Parameters (2004-06)
68
On the other hand highest percentage of unsafe water sources was found in Dir (U), Dir
Lower, Gilgit, Ghanche, Diamer and Ghizer where none of the source was found safe for
drinking purpose mostly due to bacteriological contamination or chemical contaminations as
indicated in figure 5.26
100
Safe Unsafe
90
80
70
60
Percentage
50
40
30
20
10
0
Mardan Buner Swat Dir (L) Dir (U) Gilgit Skardu Ghanche Diamar Ghizer
District
Figure 5.26: Overall Water Quality Situation in NWFP and Northern Areas (2004-06)
Summing up the complete information generated from this monitoring make us to conclude
that only 14 % out of 181 water sources were “Safe” and the rest of the 86 % were ”Unsafe”
as shown below in figure 5.27. Parameter wise summaries of contaminants in all the
surveyed districts are also given in tables 3.34 and 3.35 for NWFP and Northern Areas
respectively.
Safe
15%
Unsafe
85%
Figure 5.27: Water Quality Status of NWFP and Northern Areas of Pakistan (2004-06)
69
Table 5.34: Summary of Over All Water Samples Collected the Five Districts of NWFP and Status of Contaminants
Unsafe
Bacteria Turbidity Nitrate Fluoride Calcium TDS Hardness Chloride Sodium
Total Samples
Sr
District No. of No of No of No of No of No of No of No of No of No of No of
No. % % % % % % % % % %
Samples unfit unfit unfit unfit unfit unfit unfit unfit unfit unfit
age age age age age age age age age age
samples samples samples samples samples samples samples samples samples samples
1 Mardan 87 69 79 7 8 10 11 4 5 13 15 2 2 1 1 1 1 5 6 76 87
2 Bunner 64 45 70 15 23 5 8 * * 11 17 3 5 5 8 - - 1 2 51 80
3 Swat 60 45 75 6 10 11 18 * * 9 15 * * 2 3 * * * * 49 82
4 Dir (L) 23 23 100 1 4 7 30 * * 5 22 * * * * * * * * 23 100
5 Dir (U) 21 19 90 5 24 7 33 * * 1 5 * * * * * * * * 21 100
Sub Total 255
Table 5.35: Summary of Over All Water Samples Collected from Entire Northern Areas and Status of Contaminants.
Unsafe
Bacteria Turbidity Nitrate Fluoride Calcium TDS Potassium Colour Taste
Total Samples
Sr
District No. of No of No of No of No of No of No of No of No of No of No of
No. % % % % % % % % % %
Samples unfit unfit unfit unfit unfit unfit unfit unfit unfit unfit
age age age age age age age age age age
samples samples samples samples samples samples samples samples samples samples
1 Gilgit 28 28 100 15 54 * * * * * * * * 1 4 12 43 12 43 28 100
2 Skardu 28 26 93 13 46 * * 4 14 * * * * * * 10 36 5 18 26 93
3 Ghanche 17 17 100 8 47 * * * * * * * * * * 3 18 3 18 17 100
4 Diamer 23 23 100 7 30 * * 2 8 1 4 * * * * 1 4 * * 23 100
5 Ghizer 16 16 100 3 19 * * * * * * * * * * 1 6 1 6 16 100
Sub Total 112
Grand Total 367
70
CHAPTER-6
FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Findings
The water sources in all the districts were selected from where the people were getting
water mainly for drinking purpose. The water samples for analysis were collected from
altogether 181 different water sources (locations). Based on the survey, water quality
status of the project area and findings thereof are summarized as below:
1. Bacteriological contamination (83% of samples) and Turbidity (20% of samples)

are major problems of the area followed by minor percentage of Nitrate (2%), and
Fluoride (1% of samples).
2. Bacteriological contamination in the water sources of project area was lowest in
southern foothill plain district of Mardan where it was 67% of samples, but
increased to 100% in mountainous districts of Dir Lower, Dir Upper, Gilgit,
Ghanche, Diamar and Ghizer.
3. After bacterial contamination, turbidity was the major contaminant both in NWFP
and Northern Areas. The range of samples having turbidity beyond permissible
limits in NWFP varied from 8% to 23%, whereas the same varied from 19% to
54% in Northern Areas.
4. Significant percentage of samples was found having colour and taste (6% to 43%
of samples) beyond admissible limits in Northern Areas. The highest percentage
was found in Gilgit. These parameters were found within admissible limits in all
the five surveyed districts of NWFP.
5. Nitrate contamination was found only in the five district of NWFP where
percentage of samples contaminated with it was highest in Dir Upper (33%)
followed by Dir Lower (30%), Swat (18%), Mardan (11%) and Bunner (8%).
Nitrate contamination was not detected anywhere in Northern Areas.
6. Similar to Nitrates, calcium beyond admissible limits was found only in the
surveyed five districts of NWFP where its concentration was found 22%, 17%,,
15%, 15% and 5% in Dir Lower, Bunner, Mardan, Swat and Dir Upper
respectively.. The same was not found in Northern Areas except 45 samples of
Diamer.
7. In all the 10 districts, out of 181 water sources, no water source was found having
arsenic beyond permissible limits.
8. In NWFP, Fluoride contamination was detected only in 3% samples of Mardan,
whereas in Northern Areas the same was found in 14% samples of Skardu and 8%
samples of Diamer only.
71
9. The survey findings revealed that 80% to 100% water sources were unsafe for
drinking purpose in NWFP and 93% to 100% were in Northern Areas. Major
problem in the entire surveyed area was microbiological contamination resulting
from water pollution, turbidity due to use of surface water and poor sanitary and
hygienic conditions.
6.2 Conclusions:
1. Chemical water quality of the five northern mountainous districts of NWF and
Northern Areas were found generally good.
2. Nitrate contamination was found in all the five districts of NWFP which seems to
be due to high relief of the area causing high runoff, more erosion of top soil
bringing with it agricultural fertilizers into surface water bodies, which still remain
a substantial source of potable water.
3. Colour and taste were found the problematic esthetical parameters in the drinking
water sources of Northern Areas. The reason was obviously the complete
dependence, one way or the other, on surface water sources in the entire Northern
Areas of Pakistan.
4. Biological contamination was the fundamental reason of rendering the water
unsafe in almost all the mountainous districts of NWFP and the entire Northern
Areas of Pakistan. That seems to be due to unprotected water sources, poor
cleanliness and hygienic conditions, poor water handling, poverty, low literacy rate
and lack of awareness.
6.3 Recommendations
Following recommendations are made based on the survey carried pertaining to the
project area, and experience gained thereof and from earlier national level studies carried
out by PCRWR:
1. Chemical quality of water is quiet fit in most parts of the surveyed area, but almost
all the water sources have become biologically contaminated due to increased level
of pollution, poor sanitary and hygienic conditions, and improper water handling.
An intensive awareness campaign may, therefore, be launched especially in remote
and poverty stricken areas to improve the situation.
2. Strict legislation and its implementation may be carried for protection of water
bodies and relevant agencies must be strengthened accordingly to improve the
water governance.
3. Water supply agencies should not restrict themselves to merely provision of water
but provision of safe water must be ensured. For that water safety plan for each
water supply scheme or consumer source must be devised and implemented.
4. In mountainous areas, water supply agencies restrict themselves to construction of
community water supply tanks or construction of tubwell. Fetching supply from
the source remains the responsibility of consumer which is carried out with poor
72
material and workmanship. The relevant agencies should ensure the permission for
laying self managed service lines only with material of standard specifications and
workmanship for avoiding contamination during transmission.
5. Small water supply schemes should be implemented with due participation of the
consumers for ensuring after construction operation, maintenance and repair.
Water rations and water tariff of safe water be implemented to generate finance for
efficient operation and maintenance of the schemes.
6. Comprehensive plans should be made and implemented to meet the human needs
of safe drinking water and to prevent the occurrence of all water-borne and water
related diseases.
7. Protection of upstream surface water bodies may be given special emphasis as
contamination of upstream water bodies have widespread water quality
implications both for upstream and downstream consumers.
8. Growing urbanization and resultant price hike of urban residential plots has
compelled the public for making best use of available urban land. That has
developed a culture of construction of basement. Sewerage facility is difficult for
basements and therefore ground sink wells for disposal of sewage are constructed.
That is highly objectionable practice and must be curbed to avoid contamination of
ground water.
9. Municipal as well as industrial waste must be disposed of after due treatment
according to the prevailing regulation.
10. Uncollected solid waste is major source of blockage of surface drains which
inundate the residential areas during heavy rainstorms and results in contamination
of community water sources. Therefore collection and proper disposal of solid
waste must be improved.
11. Basic health, environment and hygienic education must be a mandatory part of
curriculum especially at school level. That should also include development of
local level water safety plan.
12. Rapidly expanding poultry farms along the river banks are a major threat to the
bacteriological contamination of water sources in upstream mountainous reaches
of surface water bodies, because in those areas such activities remain confined
only to the valleys falling along the river banks due to unavailability of other
easily accessible lands.
13. High erosion rate due to high relief and terraced farming coupled with substantial
annual precipitation bring agricultural fertilizers down to the surface water bodies.
Controlled and well managed application of fertilizers is therefore required to be
practiced in such areas.
14. Sand filters for removing sand and silt particles and appropriate treatment for
microbiological disinfection of surface water diverted, or pumped, for drinking
purpose may be introduced to improve the quality of water consumed by the
community.
73
15. Improving the conveyance of water in the Kuhl (Channels) system constructed for
supply of water for drinking purposes by avoiding entry of sanitary and
agricultural effluents and other wastes may be ensured.
16. Water quality monitoring should not remain responsibility of only the supply
agencies, rather a third party monitoring and evaluation must be obligatory for
ensuring provision of safe drinking water.
17. Economical and simple technologies, such as those developed by PCRWR, for
water purification at household level should be introduced on war footing. This
may initially be subsidized by the government.
74
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78
Annexure-01-(a)
Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Mardan, NWFP (2004-05)
Sr. Location Source Bact.

Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb. Alk. As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS
# Cont.
Units - μS/cm - - - NTU m.mol/l ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS - 6.5-8.5 - 5 NGVS 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000
Bekat Ganj Union Council Color Odor
1 TW -ve 107 6.7 Unob. 0.12 0.9 0.6 45 10 55 12 0 0 0.1 6.08 1 1 2 0 63
office. less less
Allah dad Khel, P. School Color Odor
2 TW -ve 1197 8.2 Unob. 0.3 8 0.5 400 92 250 60 0 0 0 24.3 4 2 166 113 715
Hoti less less
Water Supply scheme Color Odor
3 TW -ve 568 8.1 Unob. 0.2 4.4 0.7 220 21 105 12 0 0 0.1 18.2 5 2 78 36 321
Wazirabad Mayyar less less
Fiqarabad Masque Mardan Color Odor
4 DTW +ve 729 7.6 Unob. 0.4 6 0.4 300 39 220 24 0 0 0.1 38.9 8 1 98 26 442
road Shamatpur less less
Masque Mhubat Khan Odor
5 DTW -ve Turbid 120 7.4 Unob. 12 1 0.7 50 7 50 12 0 0 0.1 4.86 2 1 8 5 77
Turu. less
Tameere Neher Shakh No.9 Color Odor
6 DTW +ve 557 7.8 Unob. 0.01 5.4 0.6 270 21 210 4 0 0 0.1 48.6 5 1 48 0 307
Sheikh Multoon. road Turu less less
Mosque, Hathiyan Bazaar Color Odor
7 DTW +ve 469 7.5 Unob. 6.29 4.2 0.8 210 25 210 48 0 0.5 0.1 21.9 9.6 4 31 20 318
less less
Darul Uloom Hanfia, Jalala
Color
8 bridge, Jalala DTW +ve 410 Odor 7.2 Unob. 0.01 4.4 0.3 220 11 240 48 0 0.2 0 29.2 2.9 1.2 6 15 255
less
less
Zahir Shah Hujra, Vill: Color Odor
9 DTW +ve 2100 7.9 Unob. 3.01 8 0.6 400 227 410 44 0 1 0 72.9 12.2 7.7 375 405 1426
Takar less less
Baraf Khana, near Shahbaz Color Odor
10 DTW +ve 1200 7.1 Unob. 0.3 5.2 0.3 260 132 300 60 0 0 0 36.5 22.3 2.2 150 95 730
Garhi Police station less less
Siraj Khan Mosque, Wosai Color Odor
11 DTW +ve 210 7.8 Unob. 0.01 1.6 0.6 80 12 100 20 0 0 0 12.2 3 0.8 5 8 119
Kely, Garyala less less
Govt. Degree College, Color Odor
12 WSS +ve 3200 7.6 Unob. 0.02 4.8 0.7 240 652 640 160 0 0.1 0 58.3 20.8 1.1 410 360 1878
Kherabad less less
Digital Telephone Color Odor
13 DTW +ve 410 7.6 Unob. 0.03 3.2 3.3 160 11 100 30 0 0.4 0 6.1 3.5 2 47 25 233
Exchane, Rustum less less
Govt. Middle School for
Color Odor
14 Girls, Jafar Candao, DTW +ve 560 7.3 Unob. 32.1 5 0.8 250 41 220 52 0 0 0.1 21.9 7.3 2 47 23 369
less less
Jafarabad
St: Machinan, Vill: Machi, Color Odor
15 DTW +ve 460 7.1 Unob. 34.1 3.6 0.5 180 20 200 44 0 0.1 0 21.9 4.2 1.3 20 20 254
Syed ul Ameen Shop less less
Continued
DTW - Domestic tube well, TW – Tube well, OW - Open well, HP - Hand pump 79
Annexure-01-(a)

# Cont.
6.5-
Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS - - 5 NGVS 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000
8.5
Dr. Zahir Shah home, Spring +ve Color Odor
16 8.2 Unob. 0.06 0.5 0 0.5 0
Soorkavey stop less 850 less 4.4 220 92 270 12 58.3 18.4 0.7 116 84 577
Police check post, Spring +ve Color Odor
17 6.4 Unob. 0.29 0.5 0 0.5 0
Shaheedan less 730 less 4.8 240 71 280 68 26.7 11.6 1.8 61 34 458
Sher Khan WSS, Vill: WSS +ve Color Odor
18 7.3 Unob. 0.5 0.1 0 1 0
Meerzage less 160 less 1.4 70 7 70 16 7.29 0.8 1.3 9 5 91
Behrooch cheena, Vill: Spring +ve Color Odor
19 7.3 Unob. 0.01 0.1 0 0.4 0
Behrooch less 250 less 1.8 90 11 110 44 0 5.5 0.8 7 11 152
Qamroosh house, DTW +ve
Color Odor
20 Budhai Qabar, Nakhtar 7.4 Unob. 10.8 0.3 0 0.3 0.2
less less
Banda 430 4.3 215 11 220 40 29.2 3.8 1.2 11 10 248
Qaseem Khan WSS, WSS +ve Color Odor
21 7.4 Unob. 0.04 0.2 0 0.4 0.1
Saleemabad less 390 less 4.2 210 9 220 68 12.2 1.8 0.6 2 9 235
Govt. Girls Higher DTW +ve
Color Odor
22 Secondary School, 7.2 Unob. 3.5 0.8 0 0.4 0
less less
Gujrat 410 4.4 220 12 230 56 21.9 2.6 1.5 17 28 280
Quba Mosque, Raja WSS +ve Color Odor
23 7.8 Unob. 0.02 0.5 0 0.5 0.1
Kelley less 432 less 4.5 225 11 220 52 21.9 3.6 2.5 20 21 279
Manga Police Station DTW +ve Color Odor
24 8 Unob. 0.01 0.9 0 0.6 0.1
less 1453 less 12 600 57 210 52 19.4 8.7 2.2 270 51 850
Afzalabad mosque, DTW +ve Color Odor
25 7.5 Unob. 2.62 1.3 0 0.7 0
vill:Afzalabad less 1142 less 11.2 560 28 140 24 19.4 0.7 4.2 235 7.6 657
Tahir home, Near Noor DTW +ve
Color Odor
26 Dad Banda Mosque, 7.1 Unob. 0.38 1.6 0 0.9 0.1
less less
Gulibagh 693 6 300 11 220 20 41.3 12 3.2 79 11 399
Near Abdul Akbar WSS +ve
Color Odor
27 Home(Ex-Speaker), 8 Unob. 1.29 0.8 0 0 0.1
less less
Vill: Spinke 532 4.2 210 14 270 80 17 9 1.1 8 18 304
M.Younis home,vill: DTW +ve Color Odor
28 7.3 Unob. 2.69 1.6 0 0.4 0.1
Petaie, Shahkertangi less 750 less 5.8 290 18 330 88 26.7 12.9 0.7 28 22 415
Near Ifthikhar shop, DTW +ve Color Odor
29 7.6 Unob. 0.34 1.3 0 0.2 0
vill: Kungh less 205 less 1.3 65 9 95 28 6.08 4.9 0.4 3 10 117
Rural Health Center, DTW +ve Color Odor
30 7.8 Unob. 0.01 0.3 0 0.6 0.1
Katlang less 563 less 4.8 240 14 260 52 31.6 6.5 0.6 19 24 314
Continued
Annexure-01-(a)

# Cont.
6.5-
8.5
Digital Telephone Exchange WSS +ve Color Odor
31 7.4 Unob. 4.59 0.7 0 0.5 0.1
Miankhan, Sangahu less 950 less 7 350 20 250 68 19.4 6.3 86 64 50 545
Gul Awais home, Near Govt. WSS +ve
Color Odor
32 Degree Collage for Boys, 7.2 Unob. 0.51 2.2 0 0.2 0.1
less less
Babozai 523 4.8 240 14 260 76 17 9 0.6 26 17 334
Gundoo Shamozai water DTW +ve
Color Odor
33 supply scheme, vill: 7.3 Unob. 0.87 0.8 0 0.3 0
less less
Inzergahi Banda 543 4.4 220 12 250 74 15.8 7.8 2.7 8 27 306
Jahfar Khan Hujra, vill: WSS +ve Color Odor
34 7.3 Unob. 0.48 0.3 0 0.2 0
Saeedabad, Shamozai less 493 less 4.5 225 9 270 78 18.2 7 0.6 3 16 291
Noorani Masjid, Mohallah: WSS +ve
Color Odor
35 Hajiabad, Kas Koroona, Khoi 7.5 Unob. 0.02 0.2 0 0.4 0
less less
Barmaol 579 5.4 270 11 260 78 15.8 3.4 1.2 29 20 332
Mosque, vill: Badar Tandeel / DTW +ve Color Odor
36 7 Unob. 16.01 0.3 0 0.3 0
Ilahabad less 435 less 4.6 230 12 240 72 14.6 4 2.3 11 11 279
Vill: Ghala, Dehri-Lakpani DTW +ve Color Odor
37 7 Unob. 0.03 0.4 0 0.4 0
less 514 less 3.6 180 18 240 80 9.72 9.2 1.6 16 44 318
Mulla house, Likpani chowk, DTW +ve Color Odor
38 7.4 Unob. 0.01 0.3 0 0.4 0
Dehri-Likpani less 521 less 4.2 210 12 230 64 17 2.5 1.7 27 32 291
Madrasa Taleem ul Quran, DTW +ve Color Odor
39 8.2 Unob. 0.02 0.3 0 0.4 0
vill: Zareef Khan Dehri less 526 less 5 250 12 300 84 21.9 8.7 1.6 13 32 353
Abdul Akbar house, Sawato DTW +ve Color Odor
40 7.1 Unob. 2.4 0.1 0 0.7 0..2
Kely, Bazo Kharki less 590 less 5.2 260 14 260 64 24.3 3.6 0.7 31 24 330
Near Govt. Girls Primary DTW +ve Color Odor
41 7.5 Unob. 0.8 1 0 0.3 0.1
School, vill: Alam Khan Kely less 174 less 1.6 80 7 90 20 9.72 1.3 0.3 4 3 98
Umer bin Khitab Masjid, vill: WSS +ve Color Odor
42 8.2 Unob. 0.02 0.6 0 0.7 0
Ghala Dehr less 212 less 2 100 9 110 36 4.86 1.6 0.5 4 5 126
Madrasa Faiz ul Quran, vill: WSS +ve Color Odor
43 7.8 Unob. 0.37 0.4 0 0.5 0
Sokai Keley less 863 less 8.2 410 43 240 68 17 4.4 2.1 120 32 548
Govt.Primary School for DTW +ve
Color Odor
44 Boys, Asmat Ullah Thekedar 7.6 Unob. 0.22 7.9 0 1.6 0
less less
Keley 561 5.2 260 11 20 4 2.43 0.8 2.2 125 6 310
Vill: Qasim, near hospital Spring -ve Color Odor
45 7.4 Unob. 0.01 0.3 0 0 0
less 568 less 4.8 240 18 190 64 7.29 3.7 5.7 57 36 348
Continued
Annexure-01-(a)

# Cont.
6.5-
8.5
Bilal Bacha home, Color Odor
46 DTW +ve 1123 7.9 Unob. 0.32 10.6 3 530 11 150 16 0 2.9 0 26.7 14.7 4.1 210 21 672
Qandar less less
Khowara Banda,
Color Odor
47 Main Bazaar, DTW +ve 381 7.9 Unob. 0.42 3 1.7 150 14 170 48 0 0.1 0 12.2 12.8 5.2 28 12 266
less less
Dohbian
Tooth Keley Stop,
Jangai Chock Color Odor
48 DTW +ve 623 7.3 Unob. 1.53 5.4 2.7 270 32 95 20 0 2.8 0 10.9 3.3 3.1 135 34 412
Masjid, Bakhali less less
Road
Gandi bazaar, Salik
Development Color Odor
49 HP
-ve 356 7.7 Unob. 10.3 3.4 1.7 170 14 120 24 0 0.1 0 14.6 2 4.5 33 8 209
Foundation, less less
Malakand Gandi
Noor Bacha Home, Color Odor
50 HP
+ve 645 7.6 Unob. 0.01 5.8 0.7 290 25 290 56 0 0.5 0.1 36.5 0.8 1.6 48 33 378
Dhako Baba less less
BHU, Sari Bahlol, Color Odor
51 WSS
+ve 612 8.2 Unob. 0.02 5.6 1.9 280 11 160 20 0 0.3 0.1 26.7 2.1 5.4 80 24 344
Jehangirabad less less
%age of sample exceeding
88 2 - 0 - 14 - 0 - 2 2 16 - 6 0 0 18 0 10 8 4
permissible limit
Max. Concentration - - 3360 - 8.2 - 34.1 12 7.9 600 652 640 160 0 2.9 0.2 73 22.3 86 410 405 2015
Min. Concentration - - 107 - 6.4 - 0.01 0.9 0.1 45 7 20 4 0 0 0 0 0.7 0.3 2 0 62
Annexure-01-(b)

Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb. As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS
# Cont.
Units - μS/cm - - - NTU ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
6.5-
Maximum Permissible limits - NGVS - - 5 50 NGVS 250 500 75 NGVS 1.5 0.3 150 10 12 200 250 1000
8.5
Allah dad Khel, P. Color Odor
1. DTW +ve 587 7.5 Unob. 0.02 BDL 250 21 230 28 Nil 0.31 0.01 39 0.2 1 56 69 364
School Hoti less less
Water Supply Odor
Color
2. scheme Wazirabad DTW +ve 1085 less 8 Unob. 0.1 BDL 200 142 130 24 Nil 0.56 0.003 19 8.8 4 170 86 602
less
Mayyar
Fiqarabad Masque Odor
Color
3. Mardan road TW +ve 20 0 less 7.9 Unob. 0.5 BDL 70 11.6 100 36 Nil 0.3 0.007 2.4 3.2 1 3 13 124
less
Shamatpur
Masque Mhubat Color Odor
4. DTW -ve 840 7.3 Unob. 0.02 BDL 280 89 420 88 Nil 0.58 0.012 48 3.5 3 60 101 573
Khan Turu. less less
Mosque, Hathiyan Color Odor
5. OW +ve 735 7.7 Unob. 0.09 BDL 260 34 200 44 Nil 1.24 0.032 21 2.3 2 70 31 372
Bazaar less less
Darul Uloom Hanfia, Color Odor
Jalala bridge, Jalala less less
Zahir Shah Hujra, Color Odor
Vill: Takar less less
Siraj Khan Mosque, Color Odor
8. TW -ve 820 7.4 Unob. 0.03 BDL 300 42 300 80 Nil 0.85 0.008 24 1.3 3 55 66 456
Wosai Kely, Garyala less less
Govt. Degree Color Odor
9. DTW +ve 250 7.7 Unob. 0.08 BDL 90 25 110 32 Nil 0.17 0.021 7 0 1 14 21 154
College, Kherabad less less
Digital Telephone Color Odor
10. HP +ve 813 7.7 Unob. 1.05 BDL 270 46 180 44 Nil 0.67 0.005 17 4.6 2 114 59 464
Exchane, Rustum less less
St: Machinan, Vill:
Color Odor
11. Machi, Syed ul HP +ve 258 6.6 Unob. 1.1 BDL 90 9 140 24 Nil 1.08 0.002 19 8.1 1 7 29 179
less less
Ameen Shop
Dr. Zahir Shah
Color Odor
12. home, Soorkavey DTW -ve 535 7.5 Unob. 0.21 BDL 230 14 250 68 Nil 0.19 0.001 19 1.3 1 25 30 301
less less
stop
Police check post, Color Odor
13. TW +ve 390 7.5 Unob. 1.02 BDL 140 51 240 48 Nil 0.21 0.006 29 2.5 0.5 2 19 245
Shaheedan less less
Behrooch cheena, Color Odor
Vill: Behrooch less less
Qamroosh house,
Color Odor
15. Budhai Qabar, TW +ve 836 7.7 Unob. 0.01 BDL 310 35 370 120 Nil 0.33 0.012 17 3 2 39 56 468
less less
Nakhtar Banda
Continued
DTW - Domestic tube well, TW – Tube well, OW - Open well, BDL – Below detectable limits 83
Annexure-01-(b)

# Cont.
6.5-
8.5
Qaseem Khan TW, Color Odor
16. OW +ve 480 7.5 Unob. 2.65 BDL 180 24 110 24 Nil 0.19 0.01 12 1.5 1 63 27 266
Saleemabad less less
Govt. Girls Higher
Color Odor
17. Secondary School, DTW -ve 560 7.5 Unob. 2.01 BDL 250 18 200 48 Nil 1.68 0.001 19 2.6 2 56 23 328
less less
Gujrat
Quba Mosque, Raja Color Odor
18. Spring +ve 768 7.3 Unob. 0.05 BDL 260 24 200 48 Nil 0.39 0.014 19 1.6 2 82 99 438
Kelley less less
Manga Police Station Color Odor
19. TW +ve 712 7.4 Unob. 2.54 BDL 330 14 150 40 Nil 0.48 0.004 12 2 2 104 13 392
less less
Afzalabad mosque, Color Odor
20. Spring +ve 313 7.3 Unob. 3.69 BDL 110 14 150 36 Nil 0.24 0.00 15 2.2 3 13 37 193
vill:Afzalabad less less
Near Abdul Akbar
Color Odor
21. Home(Ex-Speaker), Vill: OW +ve 507 7.4 Unob. 4.02 BDL 210 11 170 40 Nil 0.18 0.003 17 1 2 42 38 280
less less
Spinke
Near Ifthikhar shop, vill: Color Odor
22. TW -ve 465 7.3 Unob. 0 BDL 220 14 220 52 Nil 0.12 0.009 22 3.2 1 28 19 282
Kunj less less
Rural Health Center, Color Odor
Katlang less less
Digital Telephone
Color Odor
24. Exchange Miankhan, DTW +ve 720 7.9 Unob. 0.95 BDL 260 21 310 96 Nil 0.18 0.019 17 2.6 2 31 65 400
less less
Sangahu
Gul Awais home,Govt. Color Odor
Degree Collage Babozai less less
Gundoo Shamozai WSS, Color Odor
vill: Inzergahi Banda less less
Jahfar Khan Hujra, vill: Color Odor
Saeedabad, Shamozai less less
Mosque, vill: Badar Color Odor
Tandeel / Ilahabad less less
Vill: Ghala, Dehri- Color Odor
29. OW +ve 412 7.3 Unob. 1.05 BDL 150 25 140 44 Nil 0.45 0.003 6.7 3.9 3 30 15 232
Lakpani less less
Mulla house, Likpani Color Odor
30. OW +ve 757 8 Unob. 4.02 BDL 300 31 250 40 Nil 0.58 0.01 36 1.6 2 80 47 424
chowk, Dehri-Likpani less less
Continued
Annexure-01-(b)

# Cont.
6.5-
8.5
Madrasa Taleem ul
Color Odor
31. Quran, vill: Zareef DTW +ve 509 7.7 Unob. 0.02 BDL 190 14 160 64 Nil 0.24 0.008 0 3.3 3 51 47 308
less less
Khan Dehri
Abdul Akbar house,
Color Odor
32. Sawato Kely, Bazo TW -ve 810 7.2 Unob. 0.06 BDL 180 52 190 64 Nil 0.25 0.013 7 19 2 82 70 470
less less
Kharki
Near Govt. Girls
Color Odor
33. Primary School, vill: TW -ve 784 8.3 Unob. 0.95 BDL 230 60 190 64 Nil 0.73 0.001 7 4.6 2 94 50 436
less less
Alam Khan Kely
Umer bin Khitab
Color Odor
34. Masjid, vill: Ghala TW -ve 606 8.2 Unob. 0.32 BDL 240 36 180 40 Nil 0.34 0.001 19.4 5.2 2 94 64 423
less less
Dehr
Madrasa Faiz ul
Color Odor
35. Quran, vill: Sokai OW +ve 368 8.3 Unob. 2.98 BDL 130 18 150 48 Nil 0.09 0.007 7.3 6.1 2 16 21 217
less less
Keley
GPS for Boys, Asmat Color Odor
36. WSS +ve 390 8.3 Unob. 1.3 BDL 120 17 140 44 Nil 0.18 0.004 7.3 1.3 2 27 48 223
Ullah Thekedar Keley less less
67 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 0 0 14 - 3 0 0 3 0 0 0 0
permissible limit
Max. Concentration - - 1085 - 8.3 - 4.02 - 380 142 420 120 - 1.68 0.032 50 19 4 170 101 602
Min. Concentration - - 200 - 6.6 - 0 - 70 9 70 24 - 0.07 0 0 0 0.5 2 13 124
Annexure-02-(a)
Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Buner, NWFP (2004-05)

# Cont.
6.5-
8.5
Nazim Anwar Iqbal Color Odor
1 Spring +ve 210 8.2 Unob. 0.03 2.4 0.2 120 9 130 26 0 0 0 15.8 1 1 4 8 140
home Gokand less less
Gokand Police chowki Color Odor
2 SW +ve 235 8.2 Unob. 5.6 2.4 0.3 120 9 135 30 0 0 0 14.6 2 2 4 13 153
near Nala less less
G.M.School shalban, Color Odor
3 Spring +ve 321 8.1 Unob. 0.57 2.8 1.1 140 13 145 20 0 0 0 23.1 4 3 10 7 178
Shelbandai less less
Matwanani Nala,
Color Odor
4 Salman Mosque TW -ve 237 8 Unob. 0.1 2.2 0.3 110 9 105 30 0 0 0 7.29 1 1 8 9 135
less less
Dewana Baba
Matwani near Nala Odor
5 SW +ve Muddy 642 7.7 Unob. 85 4.6 0.7 230 56 175 36 0 0 0 20.7 2 2 70 31 363
Dewana Baba less
Buddal Thana new Color Odor
6 Spring +ve 365 8 Unob. 0.16 3.6 0.3 180 9 195 24 0 0 0 32.8 3 1 3 12 203
Battara less less
Color Odor
7 Dab Market Soray Spring -ve 110 7.4 Unob. 0.98 0.6 0.5 30 9 45 12 0 0 0 3.65 2 1 5 10 68
less less
Gul Bandai nala,near Color Odor
8 SW +ve 365 8.2 Unob. 3.61 3.2 3.9 160 12 180 52 0 0 0 12.2 3 1 6 17 209
main bazaar less less
Color Odor
9 Pirabai Ziarat Gadizai DTW -ve 322 8.1 Unob. 8.16 2.6 1 130 13 140 38 0 0 0 10.9 2 2 9 18 178
less less
Gadazai Jabar Marble Color Odor
10 SW +ve 190 8.2 Unob. 17.6 1.4 0.2 70 9 70 22 0 0 0 3.65 2 1 13 9 109
Factory Gadizai less less
Pir baba Hafiz
Color Odor
11 corporation shop Pacha DTW +ve 236 7.9 Unob. 0.01 2 0.7 100 9 100 32 0 0 0 4.86 1 2 7 11 130
less less
Keley
G.G.P school, Color Odor
12 Spring +ve 102 8 Unob. 14.6 0.9 0.4 45 6 45 8 0 0 0 6.08 1 1 4 3 60
Malakpur Malak pur less less
Near the G.G.P school, Color Odor
13 SW +ve 98 7.3 Unob. 1.26 0.8 0.6 40 9 50 14 0 0 0 3.65 1 1 3 0 59
Malapur Malak pur less less
Char village, Allah-Hu-
Color Odor
14 Akbar Mosque Malli SW -ve 756 7.7 Unob. 3.18 6.4 0.5 320 34 320 25 0 0 0 62.6 13 4 63 29 467
less less
Khel
Ghaniabad, Targal Color Odor
15 WSS +ve 376 8.2 Unob. 0.15 2 0.4 100 25 150 36 0 1 0 14.6 11 1 12 18 215
Karapa less less
Color Odor
16 W.M officer Rega DTW +ve 200 8 Unob. 0.02 2.2 0.3 110 9 130 24 0 1 0 17 2 1 7 6 139
less less
Color Odor
17 Kalpani, N.B.P, main roadSpring
Gagra +ve 586 7.9 Unob. 0.77 6 1.3 300 21 300 33 0 0 0 52.9 9 1 43 28 399
less less
Continued
DTW - Domestic tube well, TW – Tube well, SW – Surface water, HP – Hand pump 86
Annexure-02-(a)
# Cont.
6.5-
8.5
Color Odor
18 G.H.S Chenar DTW -ve 355 8.4 Unob. 0.8 3.2 0.6 160 9 160 36 0 0 0 17 5 12 11 12 215
less less
Ambela chowk, main Color Odor
19 DTW -ve 349 8.3 Unob. 0.02 3.2 0.5 160 13 160 40 0 0 0 14.6 3 5 13 13 208
bazaar less less
Jamal kala, markazi Color Odor
20 DTW +ve 1242 8.3 Unob. 0.33 2.2 0.6 110 82 340 104 0 0 0 19.4 85 1 91 63 803
masjid less less
Color Odor
21 U.C Makhranai Spring +ve 234 8.2 Unob. 0.55 2.2 0.3 110 9 110 18 0 0 0 15.8 1 2 16 9 140
less less
Pathak and C.B.R.M, Color Odor
22 SW +ve 396 8.2 Unob. 0.11 3.3 1.5 165 9 165 44 0 0 0 13.4 2 2 18 26 220
Boral less less
Color Odor
23 G.B.School, Makhranai DTW +ve 536 8.3 Unob. 2.63 5 1.6 250 21 180 14 0 0 0 35.2 4 2 70 17 327
less less
PSO, Kuscorona, main Color Odor
24 SW +ve 1155 8.2 Unob. 0.01 9 2 450 67 230 12 0 0 0 48.6 1 9 156 80 647
road less less
Near pos Kascorona Color Odor
25 DTW +ve 750 8.2 Unob. 0.02 5.2 0.9 260 42 190 14 0 0 0 37.7 2 3 100 58 420
nala less less
Ghurghusto main Color Odor
26 DTW -ve 430 8.2 Unob. 0.34 3 3.1 150 34 150 8 0 0 0 31.6 1 2 34 43 247
bazaar less less
Panjtar, Abdul Qayyum Color Odor
27 SW +ve 1156 8.3 Unob. 0.01 9.2 1.4 460 59 430 5 0 0 0 101 4 6 149 128 742
house less less
Near Abdul Qayyum Color Odor
28 DTW +ve 180 7.8 Unob. 0.26 1.4 1.4 70 13 90 18 0 0 0 10.9 2 1 4 2 100
house, nala, Panjtar less less
Jalal mosque, main Odor
29 DTW -ve Muddy 569 7.6 Unob. 135 5.2 3.9 260 21 180 14 0 0 0 35.2 1 3 62 23 319
bazaar, chinglai less
Color Odor
30 Ambella chowk DTW +ve 2045 8.2 Unob. 0.02 17 1.9 850 88 600 12 0 0 0 139 2 3 310 230 1300
less less
Usman shah house, Color Odor
31 DTW -ve 1656 8 Unob. 0.23 8 1 400 109 400 8 0 0 0 92.3 52 8 170 90 948
shalbandai less less
71 6 - 0 - 0 19 - 0 - 0 3 3 0 0 0 13 3 0 3
permissible limit
Max. Concentration - - 1745 - 8.4 - 135 13.6 3.9 680 109 680 104 0 0 0 52 85 12 345 128 1012
Min. Concentration - - 98 - 7.3 - 0.01 0.8 0.2 40 6 30 5 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 55
DTW - Domestic tube well, TW – Tube well, SW – Surface water, HP – Hand pump 87
Annexure-02-(b)

# Cont.
6.5-
8.5
Zaidan Arishd
Odor
1 house near Nala TW +ve Color less 1824 7.1 Unob. 5 BDL 720 80 830 290 BDL 0.03 0.007 26 5 3.1 80 120 1053
less
par Daggar
Nazim Anwar Odor
2 Spring +ve Color less 402 8.1 Unob. 0 BDL 180 21 200 60 BDL 0.06 0.06 12 3 1.2 4 10 230
Iqbal home less
Gokand Police Odor
3 Spring +ve Color less 572 8.2 Unob. 0 BDL 250 23 310 48 BDL 0.21 0.001 46 6 1.5 12 17 324
chowki near Nala less
G.M.School
Odor
4 shalban, DTW +ve Color less 402 8.1 Unob. 2.4 BDL 180 8 200 60 BDL 0.11 0.008 12 3 1.3 6 22 231
less
Shelbandai
Matwanani Nala, Odor
5 HP +ve Color less 384 8.1 Unob. 0 BDL 170 15 200 48 BDL 0.17 0.01 19 1.5 1.7 8 22 229
Salman Mosque less
Matwani near Odor
6 DTW -ve Color less 946 7.2 Unob. 3.4 BDL 400 33 510 148 BDL 0.26 0.01 34 4.8 5 17 55 553
Nala less
Buddal Thana Slightly Odor
7 OW +ve 602 7.9 Unob. 20.1 BDL 250 37 350 64 BDL 0.02 0 46 4.9 2.1 13 30 364
new muddy less
Dab Market Odor
8 HP +ve Color less 620 7.5 Unob. 4.36 BDL 250 21 320 52 BDL 0.25 0.01 46 8 1.6 9 37 352
less
Gul Bandai
Odor
9 nala,near main HP +ve Color less 177 7.4 Unob. 0 BDL 60 11 80 20 BDL 0.15 0.02 7 4 1.5 8 16 118
less
bazaar
Pirabai Ziarat Odor
10 WSS +ve Color less 440 7.5 Unob. 0 BDL 160 23 200 60 BDL 0.11 0.01 12 3 2 16 21 243
less
Gadazai Jabar Odor
11 TW -ve Color less 559 8.2 Unob. 2.9 BDL 260 15 320 60 BDL 0.15 0.01 41 7 1.4 5 12 322
Marble Factory less
Pir baba Hafiz Odor
12 DTW +ve Muddy 321 8.1 Unob. 40 BDL 140 10 170 34 BDL 0.21 0.01 21 4 3.7 7 17 194
corporation shop less
G.G.P school, Odor
13 WSS +ve Color less 245 8.1 Unob. 0 BDL 70 14 100 24 BDL 0.14 0 10 7 2.4 9 9 141
Malakpur less
Near the G.G.P Odor
14 DTW -ve Color less 384 7.3 Unob. 0 BDL 140 28 170 48 BDL 0.19 0.02 12 6 7 11 18 235
school, Malapur less
Continued
DTW - Domestic tube well, TW – Tube well, OW - Open well, HP – Hand pump, WSS – Water supply scheme, SW – Surface water, BDL – Below detectable limits 88
Annexure-02-(b)

# Cont.
6.5-
8.5
Char village,
Color Odor
15 Allah-Hu-Akbar OW +ve 331 7.9 Unob. 0.4 BDL 70 32 150 36 BDL 0.22 0.002 15 5 3.4 8 25 183
less less
Mosque
Ghaniabad, +ve Color Odor
16 DTW 436 8.2 Unob. 0.6 BDL 130 43 220 60 BDL 0.14 0.001 17 8.2 2.6 8 20 265
Targal less less
W.M officer +ve Color Odor
17 Spring 1830 7.4 Unob. 8.9 BDL 430 100 880 300 BDL 0.59 0.001 32 3 3 70 360 1136
less less
Kalpani, N.B.P, +ve Color Odor
18 DTW 487 8.2 Unob. 0 BDL 210 19 260 56 BDL 0.21 0.009 29 12 2 7 12 304
main road less less
G.H.S Chenar -ve Color Odor
19 DTW 1620 7.6 Unob. 7.3 BDL 690 46 830 180 BDL 0.22 0.005 92 10 14 44 70 905
less less
Ambela chowk, -ve Color Odor
20 DTW 758 8.2 Unob. 4.9 BDL 310 26 350 100 BDL 0.19 0.02 24 6 2.6 25 40 431
Jamal kala, -ve Color Odor
21 DTW 767 7.2 Unob. 9.6 BDL 300 31 310 100 BDL 1.27 0.01 15 4 3 35 45 426
markazi masjid less less
U.C Makhranai +ve Color Odor
22 Spring 698 7.5 Unob. 10.5 BDL 270 21 340 88 BDL 0.39 0.001 29 4 1.9 17 50 387
less less
Pathak and +ve Color Odor
23 SW 338 8.1 Unob. 10.9 BDL 130 17 150 36 BDL 0.46 0.002 15 3.2 3.5 15 15 193
C.B.R.M, Boral less less
G.B.School, +ve Color Odor
24 DTW 535 8.3 Unob. 9.9 BDL 220 28 230 60 BDL 0.89 0.01 19 2 3 28 22 301
Makhranai less less
PSO, +ve
Color Odor
25 Kuscorona, main SW 471 7.6 Unob. 0 BDL 160 43 200 48 BDL 0.45 0.007 19 3.1 7 25 34 286
less less
road
Near pos -ve Color Odor
26 DTW 405 8.2 Unob. 2.5 BDL 160 35 180 56 BDL 0.5 0.01 10 2.2 5.4 23 30 265
Kascorona nala less less
Ghurghusto +ve Color Odor
27 DTW 1307 7.2 Unob. 0 BDL 420 85 450 120 BDL 0.52 0.003 36 2.1 5 104 110 722
Panjtar, Abdul +ve Color Odor
28 SW 662 7.1 Unob. 9.3 BDL 270 39 280 72 BDL 0.26 0.02 24 3 2.4 32 25 370
Qayyum house less less
Continued
Annexure-02-(b)

# Cont.
6.5-
8.5
Near Abdul Qayyum DTW -ve Color Odor
29 552 8 Unob. 2.6 BDL 220 35 210 44 BDL 0.69 0.06 24 1.5 16.2 28 21 370
house, nala, Panjtar less less
Jalal mosque, main DTW -ve Color Odor
30 300 8.1 Unob. 1 BDL 120 14.2 130 32 BDL 1.37 0.01 12 1 2.1 20 18 175
bazaar, chinglai less less
Ambella chowk DTW +ve Color Odor
31 303 7.2 Unob. 4.9 BDL 120 17 140 40 BDL 0.69 0.01 10 2.5 2.4 11 20 183
less less
Usman shah house, WSS +ve Color Odor
32 560 7.7 Unob. 0 BDL 230 25 300 100 BDL 0.09 0.005 12 3.1 2.3 7 26 324
shalbandai less less
Rauf Khan house, DTW -ve Color Odor
33 627 7.8 Unob. 0 BDL 230 45 240 78 BDL 0.1 0.03 11 3.5 2.4 35 25 350
pirau area less less
70 06 0 0 0 - 27 - 0 0 12 30 0 0 0 0 3 6 0 3 6
permissible limit
Max. Concentration - - 1830 - 8.3 - 40 - 720 100 880 300 - 1.37 0.06 92 12 16.2 104 360 1136
Min. Concentration - - 177 - 7.1 - 0 - 60 8 80 20 - 0.02 0 7.3 1 1.2 4 9 107
Annexure-03-(a)
Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Swat, NWFP (2004-05)

# Cont.
6.5-
8.5
Gulkada wazer main Color Odor
1 TW -ve 640 7.1 Unob. 0.02 5 0 250 35 290 64 0 1 0 31.6 12 6 28 43 411
colony Mingora less less
Huibaba GHS #2 Color Odor
2 TW -ve 721 7 Unob. 0.03 6 1 300 28 310 68 0 0 0 34 9 4 26 32 412
Mingora less less
Near the PSO pump Color Odor
3 TW +ve 1150 7.1 Unob. 0.04 7.8 0 390 30 430 106 0 0 0 40.1 23 12 50 76 650
Mingora less less
Near primary school Color Odor
4 TW +ve 1186 7 Unob. 0.02 8.4 1 420 81 390 90 0 0 0 40.1 15 17 88 65 700
# 4 Mingora less less
G.T road Barikot Color Odor
5 TW +ve 763 6.9 Unob. 0.03 6 0 300 35 280 68 0 0 0 26.7 10 4 44 33 435
less less
Chinar colony Color Odor
6 TW -ve 805 7.3 Unob. 0.02 6.6 0 330 30 290 71 0 0 0 27.3 4 6 53 51 454
Mingora less less
Umar Mosque main Color Odor
7 TW -ve 70 7 Unob. 0.56 0.6 0 30 4 35 10 0 0 0 2.43 1 1 2 3 45
Kalam road less less
Bahrain Muhammad
Color Odor
8 khan house Kalam Spring +ve 72 7 Unob. 13.9 0.6 0 30 4 35 11 0 0 0 1.82 1 1 3 3 46
less less
road
Madyan Umar Color Odor
9 Spring +ve 1282 7.2 Unob. 0.02 6.4 0 320 8 530 152 0 0 0 36.5 70 9 40 81 829
Madrasa Kalam road less less
Shin Main Bazzar Color Odor
10 WSS +ve 198 7.6 Unob. 13.24 1.8 0 90 4 80 24 0 0 0 4.86 3 2 15 11 128
Shin Hotel less less
Khawazkhel main Color Odor
11 WSS +ve 440 7.4 Unob. 2.01 4.2 0 210 8 205 60 0 0 0 13.4 5 1 9 10 250
chowk less less
Gulibagh main road Color Odor
12 SW +ve 312 7.7 Unob. 3.08 2.6 0 130 6 140 34 0 0 0 13.4 5 1 7 15 177
kalam less less
Charbagh main road Color Odor
13 SW +ve 856 7.4 Unob. 0.05 6.6 1 330 55 320 64 0 0 0 38.9 10 2 57 40 499
kalam less less
Kotanai bazzar Color Odor
14 TW +ve 338 7.4 Unob. 4.7 3.2 1 160 5 150 40 0 0 0 12.2 3 2 17 8 193
less less
Shalpin near the floor Color Odor
15 SW +ve 487 7.4 Unob. 3.27 3.8 0 190 12 230 62 0 0 0 18.2 6 1 6 31 271
mills less less
Jano High school Color Odor
16 WSS +ve 216 8 Unob. 0.01 1.8 0 90 4 90 34 0 0 0 1.22 4 1 14 12 138
less less
Pirkalay Main road Color Odor
17 TW -ve 360 6.5 Unob. 0.04 2.2 0 110 16 155 40 0 0 0 13.4 8 2 7 20 200
less less
Continued
DTW - Domestic tube well, TW – Tube well, OW - Open well, SW – Surface water 91
Annexure-03-(a)

# Cont.
6.5-
8.5
Matta main road +ve Color Odor
18 OW 544 7.6 Unob. 0.02 5.4 0 270 21 245 70 0 0 0 17 4 1 26 8 323
less less
Baidara Mosque -ve Color Odor
19 DTW 433 7.6 Unob. 0.03 4 0 200 26 200 40 0 0 0 24.3 3 1 14 7 246
less less
Bara Bandai PSO -ve Color Odor
20 DTW 380 7.4 Unob. 0.03 3 0 150 24 160 58 0 0 0 3.65 4 1 15 8 217
less less
Kuzabandai +ve Color Odor
21 SW 350 8.1 Unob. 0.12 3.2 0 160 13 170 28 0 0 0 24.3 1 2 6 21 195
less less
Water supply scheme, -ve Color Odor
22 TW 317 8.2 Unob. 0.36 2.3 0.7 115 14 150 22 0 0.1 0.1 23.1 10 0.5 6 8 187
Totano Bandai, Swat less less
Jobagai bazaar, U.C +ve Color Odor
23 SW 230 8.3 Unob. 0.17 1.4 0.2 70 11 100 18 0 0.2 0.1 13.4 8.4 0.7 7 8 137
Qalagai less less
Water supply scheme, +ve
public health engg. Color Odor
24 TW 350 8.1 Unob. 0.01 1.9 0.2 95 20 170 28 0 0.1 0.1 24.3 13.1 1.6 11 23 223
Depth. Aboha, U.C less less
Kota
Aushu bazaar, U.C +ve Color Odor
25 Spring 210 8.1 Unob. 2.3 1.2 1.2 60 8 100 16 0 0.1 0.1 14.6 8.4 1.3 3 8 124
Mataltan less less
Forest check post +ve Color Odor
26 Spring 82 7.8 Unob. 0.01 0.3 0.4 15 6 40 14 0 0 0.1 1.22 4.6 0.4 2 4 57
Batanar, U.C Utror less less
Near Torwal mosque, +ve Color Odor
27 Spring 189 7.2 Unob. 2.82 1.4 0.4 70 5 90 10 0 0.1 0.1 15.8 6.3 0.6 4 3 108
U.C Balakot less less
Chail mosque, U.C +ve Color Odor
28 Spring 83 7.6 Unob. 14.7 0.4 0.3 20 7 40 16 0 0 0.1 0 4 0.5 2 0 55
Madain less less
Biha bazaar/Adda, +ve Color Odor
29 Spring 104 7.6 Unob. 0.5 0.5 0.1 25 7 50 14 0 0.2 0.1 3.65 5.5 0.4 2 0 66
U.C Biha less less
Look Mera, Cheena, +ve Color Odor
30 Spring 170 8.1 Unob. 0.2 1.4 0.2 70 12 90 24 0 0.1 0.1 7.29 2 1.7 7 12 115
U.C Jambeel less less
73 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 3 10 0 0 0 0 17 3 0 0 0
permissible limit
Max. Concentration - - 1282 - 8.3 - 14.7 8.4 1.2 420 81 530 152 0 1 0.1 40.1 70 17 88 81 829
Min. Concentration - - 70 - 6.5 - 0.01 0.3 0 15 4 35 10 0 0 0 0 1 0.4 2 0 45
DTW - Domestic tube well, TW – Tube well, OW - Open well, SW – Surface water 92
Annexure-03-(b)

# Cont.
6.5-
8.5
WSS, Color Odor
1 TW -ve 468 7.1 Unob. 0.1 BDL 220 17.7 250 48 Nil 0.1 0.001 32 8 0.7 15 12 293
Thotanobandai, Swat less less
Jobagai bazaar UC Color Odor
2 TW +ve 182 7.6 Unob. 7.7 BDL 50 7 80 20 Nil 0.03 0 7 7 0.8 5 13 112
Qalaghai less less
WSS, Kota Color Odor
3 TW +ve 611 7.4 Unob. 0 BDL 280 24.8 290 44 Nil 0.12 0.02 44 9 5.8 18 21 365
less less
Ausho Mosque, Color Odor
4 Spring +ve 163 8.1 Unob. 0 BDL 70 6 60 20 Nil 0.3 0 2.4 1 0.4 10 6 91
Mathalthan Kalam less less
Batandar spring near
Color Odor
5 forest check post, Spring +ve 101 7.3 Unob. 0.2 BDL 20 7.6 30 12 Nil 0.04 0 0 4 0.6 10 10 70
less less
Athror
Thorwal China, Color Odor
6 Spring +ve 166 7.5 Unob. 0 BDL 50 10.6 50 20 Nil 0.02 0.001 0 5 0.6 16 8 108
Balakot less less
Chail mosque, Color Odor
7 Spring +ve 174 7.2 Unob. 0.7 BDL 60 7 90 20 Nil 0.06 0.003 10 5 0.9 4 10 90
Madian less less
Akbar Khan house, Color Odor
8 Spring +ve 280 7 Unob. 1.2 BDL 100 14.2 140 28 Nil 0.08 0.01 17 9 0.4 5 9 173
Beha Bazar less less
Doke Mera china, Color Odor
9 Spring +ve 343 6.9 Unob. 0 BDL 140 10.6 160 48 Nil 0.1 0 10 3 1.7 7 17 192
Jambil less less
TW, Wazirmal
Color Odor
10 colony, Gulqada, WSS +ve 625 7.2 Unob. 0 BDL 230 28.3 270 76 Nil 0.09 0.005 19 9 2.2 24 25 353
less less
Mingora
Haji baba high school Color Odor
11 WSS +ve 776 7.4 Unob. 0.9 BDL 320 46.1 360 72 Nil 0.2 0.008 44 7 2.7 18 28 434
#2, Mingora less less
Near PSO pump, Color Odor
12 TW +ve 1206 7 Unob. 0 BDL 380 48 520 120 Nil 0.15 0.009 53 35 7.2 48 80 740
Mingora less less
Primary School # 4, Color Odor
13 TW +ve 871 7.2 Unob. 0 BDL 260 46.1 380 100 Nil 0.1 0.001 32 20 5.5 36 43 509
Mingora, T.W # 2 less less
WSS, Brila Color Odor
14 TW -ve 623 7.3 Unob. 0 BDL 220 24.8 270 88 Nil 0.02 0 12 13 3 18 22 358
less less
Chinar colony, Color Odor
15 TW -ve 696 7.2 Unob. 0 BDL 250 28.3 300 72 Nil 0.07 0.007 30 12 2.7 24 26 385
Mingora, Aman Kot less less
Continued
DTW - Domestic tube well, TW – Tube well, HP – Hand pump, WSS – Water supply scheme, OW - Open well, BDL – Below detectable limits 93
Annexure-03-(b)
# Cont.
6.5-
8.5
Swao mosque, main DTW Color Odor
16 -ve 522 7.3 Unob. 0 BDL 200 21.3 280 64 Nil 0.1 0.003 29 11 1 6 11 301
Kalam road, Bandai less less
Water tank near Forest Spring Color Odor
17 +ve 256 7.5 Unob. 0 BDL 120 7 130 24 Nil 0.12 0.007 17 5 0.5 7 8 158
check post, Bahrain less less
Madrassa Kalam road Spring Color Odor
18 +ve 99 7.3 Unob. 0 BDL 15 7 30 12 Nil 0.01 0.005 0 4 1.5 10 10 67
Madian less less
Shin main bazaar, shin WSS Color Odor
19 +ve 151 7.3 Unob. 8 BDL 35 7.1 50 20 Nil 0.01 0.002 0 5 1.5 10 13 95
hotel less less
Khwazakhela chowk, WSS Color Odor
20 -ve 355 7.1 Unob. 0 BDL 140 10.6 170 42 Nil 0.04 0.007 16 7 0.6 10 12 206
Ahmad house, Besham less less
Gulibagh, Kalam DTW Color Odor
21 -ve 520 7.2 Unob. 0.4 BDL 240 21.3 230 56 Nil 0.06 0.001 24 6 0.7 18 16 299
less less
Charbagh main road TW Color Odor
22 +ve 632 7.3 Unob. 0 BDL 220 25 280 80 Nil 0.08 0.007 19 9 1.3 22 28 348
Kalam, T.W # 1 less less
Kotanai Bazar, TW Color Odor
23 -ve 292 7.3 Unob. 2.7 BDL 130 8 140 40 Nil 0.02 0.005 10 4 1 7 12 165
Saeedullah House less less
Shalpin road, Panchaqi, TW Color Odor
24 +ve 150 8.3 Unob. 4.4 BDL 40 6 90 12 Nil 0.29 0 10 6 0.5 5 11 95
Qochigram less less
Jano High School, OW Color Odor
25 +ve 199 7.4 Unob. 0 BDL 60 12 100 16 Nil 0.1 0 15 9 1.5 5 12 137
Mingora less less
WSS, Pir kalay TW Color Odor
26 +ve 504 7.2 Unob. 0 BDL 240 11 270 44 Nil 0.45 0.004 39 5 1.2 6 10 277
less less
H. Pump near HP Color
Odor
27 Khwazakhela Chock +ve less 355 7.7 Unob. 0.6 BDL 100 25 150 36 Nil 0.2 0.02 15 8 0.8 10 18 200
less
Matta
Mosque, badagra DTW Color Odor
28 +ve 901 6.7 Unob. 0.7 BDL 210 71 400 88 Nil 0.21 0.001 44 35 1.8 18 40 544
less less
H. Pump, opposite to HP Muddy Odor
29 +ve 163 7.2 Unob. 24.3 BDL 60 9 80 20 Nil 0.03 0.002 7 5 3.1 6 15 119
PSO, Bara Bandai less
TW, Zargaran korona TW Color Odor
30 +ve 486 8 Unob. 0 BDL 210 14 250 40 Nil 0.08 0.021 36 8 0.6 7 12 272
less less
%age of sample exceeding permissible
70 3 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 3 20 Nil 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0
limit
Max. Concentration - - 1206 - 8.3 - 24.3 - 380 71 520 120 Nil 0.45 0.021 53 35 7.2 48 80 740
Min. Concentration - - 99 - 6.7 - 0 - 15 6 30 12 Nil 0.01 0 0 1 0.4 4 6 50
DTW - Domestic tube well, TW – Tube well, HP – Hand pump, WSS – Water supply scheme, OW - Open well, BDL – Below detectable limits 94
Annexure-04-(a)
Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Dir (lower), NWFP (2004-05)

Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb. Alk As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS
# Cont.
6.5-
8.5
Near Odhigram Color Odor
1 Spring +ve 421 8.2 Unob. 0.04 3.4 0.34 170 18 190 36 0 0.28 0.7 24.3 8 0.9 11 9 237
Tubwell less less
Vill:Kotki Dehri Dr.
Color Odor
2 Khista Rehman DTW +ve 1009 8.3 Unob. 2.3 1.8 0.62 90 32 460 132 0 0.25 0.08 31.6 75 0.7 13 64 660
less less
Clinic
Munda Digital Color Odor
3 DTW +ve 452 7.9 Unob. 0.3 3.6 0.28 180 11 200 52 0 0.28 0.09 17 12.4 0.9 11 5 260
Exchange less less
Jan Filling Station Color Odor
4 WSS +ve 346 8.2 Unob. 0.49 1.8 0.16 90 14 150 40 0 0.42 0.01 12.2 15.3 1 8 8 205
Faqirabad Talash less less
Malakand University Color Odor
5 WSS +ve 526 7.9 Unob. 0.01 3 0.24 150 21 240 23 0 0.45 0.06 44.3 21.6 2.3 13 26 315
Staff hostle less less
Timergera near Color Odor
6 TW +ve 481 7.6 Unob. 0.01 4.2 0.3 210 9 170 48 0 0 0.2 12.2 4 2 35 16 266
village Bandugar less less
Gurguragai Near
Color Odor
7 Mean road service TW +ve 305 7.3 Unob. 0.2 2.6 0.3 130 9 130 24 0 0 0 17 5 1 17 13 181
less less
station
Balambat Govt. Color Odor
8 TW +ve 907 7.4 Unob. 0.03 6.2 0.2 310 39 300 72 0 0 0.1 29.2 19 1 64 47 522
colony Timargara less less
Sadu Timargara road. Color Odor
9 TW +ve 886 7 Unob. 1.8 6.2 0.6 310 39 290 68 0 0 0.4 29.2 11 9 63 68 511
less less
Noor khal village Color Odor
10 TW +ve 330 7.1 Unob. 0.03 3 0.2 150 7 140 24 0 0 0.1 19.4 5 1 29 12 205
Timargara less less
Koto G.T road Color Odor
11 TW +ve 560 6.6 Unob. 0.05 4 0.2 200 46 190 32 0 0 0.1 26.7 2 2 53 23 312
Timargara less less
100 0 - 0 - 0 0 0 - 0 0 9 0 0 18 0 54 0 0 0 0
permissible limit
Max. Concentration - - 1009 - 8.3 - 2.3 0.62 310 46 460 132 0 0.5 0.7 44 75 9 64 68 658
Min. Concentration - - 33 - 6.6 - 0.01 0.3 162 21 210 48 0 0.1 0.15 22 15 1.9 23 25 311
DTW - Domestic tube well, TW – Tube well, BDL – Below detectable limits 95
Annexure-04-(b)
Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Dir (Lower), NWFP (2005-06)

# Cont.
6.5-
8.5
+ve Color Odor
1 Near Odhigram Tubwell Spring 462 7.7 Unob. 0 BDL 180 28 220 54 Nil 0.26 0.02 20.6 4.1 1.3 16 10 256
less less
Dr. Sardar Ali House, +ve Color Odor
2 Spring 374 7.5 Unob. 0.4 BDL 210 12 210 56 Nil 0.38 0.01 17 0.9 1.7 12 12 241
Mainial Maidan less less
Munda Digital +ve Color Odor
3 DTW 506 7.5 Unob. 0.2 BDL 220 16 240 62 Nil 0.4 0.01 15.8 5.2 1 15 14 284
Exchange less less
Jan Filling Station +ve Color Odor
4 DTW 396 7.7 Unob. 1.2 BDL 170 12 180 44 Nil 0.53 0.03 17 4.5 1.4 10 12 218
Faqirabad Talash less less
Malakand uni. Staff +ve Color Odor
5 DTW 843 7.3 Unob. 0 BDL 350 27 380 116 Nil 0.56 0.09 22 4.8 5 32 37 470
hostel less less
Dr. Qamar Rehman +ve Color Odor
6 TW 460 7.5 Unob. 0 BDL 190 11 210 52 Nil 0.19 0.05 19 8.5 1.4 9 12 257
house near Chakdara less less
Bandagay near +ve Color Odor
7 TW 524 7.3 Unob. 0.5 BDL 250 11 250 16 Nil 0.38 0.07 51 4 1.6 18 26 291
Thimergara less less
Gugorai near road +ve Color Odor
8 TW 643 7.3 Unob. 0.4 BDL 200 32 260 90 Nil 0.28 0.02 8.5 18.4 1 30 31 394
service station less less
Balambut, Govt. colony +ve Color Odor
9 TW 800 7.4 Unob. 0.4 BDL 320 35 320 124 Nil 0.49 0.08 2.4 6.9 2.6 36 22 445
Thimergara less less
+ve Color Odor
10 Sudu, Thimergara TW 787 7.3 Unob. 6.6 BDL 310 22 320 96 Nil 0.27 0.06 19 9.6 9.7 32 29 437
less less
Village Noor khai +ve Color Odor
11 TW 372 7.5 Unob. 1.1 BDL 160 11 170 56 Nil 0.29 0.07 7 2.4 1.2 10 14 206
Tihmargara less less
Dr. Khista Rehman +ve Color Odor
12 DTW 443 7.4 Unob. 0 BDL 210 16 240 40 Nil 0.22 0.09 34 5.7 1.8 13 13 269
house Kotkay Dehri less less
%age of sample exceeding permissible
100 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 33 Nil 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0
limit
Max. Concentration - - 843 - 7.7 - 6.6 - 350 35 380 124 Nil 0.56 0.09 34 18.4 9.7 36 37 470
Min. Concentration - - 372 - 7.3 - 0 - 160 11 170 16 Nil 0.19 0.01 2.4 0.9 1 9 10 206
Annexure-05-(a)
Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Dir (Upper), NWFP (2004-05)

# Cont.
6.5-
8.5
Tandeel, Chitral Color Odor
1 WSS -ve 6.7 Unob. 14.2 0.2 0 0.2 0.1
Tunnel, Dir less 26 less 0.1 5 3 10 4 0 0.8 0.3 1 1 16
Color Odor
2 DHQ, DirBala WSS -ve 6.9 Unob. 4.73 0.4 0 0.1 0
less 96 less 0.3 15 7 45 4 8.51 6 0.4 1 0 56
Patrak Bazar,
Color Odor
3 Bridge, Gowaldai SW +ve 7 Unob. 92 0.2 0 0.1 0
less less
river 108 0.26 13 7 50 4 9.72 9 1 1 0 70
Gul Amad Jan
near Color Odor
4 Spring +ve 8.2 Unob. 0.73 1.2 0 0.3 0
Chenna,Sheringal less less
bazaar 359 1.9 95 18 160 40 14.6 16.1 1.3 10 5 217
Shingaral Color Odor
5 Spring +ve 8.2 Unob. 0.09 0.6 0 0.2 0.1
Mosque less 479 less 2.2 110 21 200 52 17 21 3.9 7 11 271
Baraul Banda Color Odor
6 WSS +ve 8.2 Unob. 53 0.4 0 0.3 0.1
Mosque less 250 less 1.6 80 11 100 36 2.43 7.2 2.3 6 0 138
Shah Zameen
Odor
7 Shop, vill: Gor WSS +ve Muddy 8.3 Unob. 594 0.2 0 0.2 0.1
less
Khohi, 118 0.6 30 7 60 4 12.2 6.4 0.3 1 0 71
Khan Toti House, Color Odor
8 Spring +ve 7.2 Unob. 0.3 2.3 0 0.4 0.1
vill: Kas Banda less 310 less 2.6 130 18 170 40 17 5.5 0.9 7 6 191
Akhgram Police Color Odor
9 Spring +ve 8 Unob. 0.03 0.1 0 0.2 0.1
Chowki less 373 less 2.3 115 18 160 36 17 12.7 0.5 12 7 216
Haji Shereen
Color Odor
10 Zada home vill +ve 7.8 Unob. 0.6 0.2 0 0.4 0.1
WSS less less
Damanai, 479 3 150 14 210 52 19.4 15 0.4 9 24 275
80 10 - 0 - 0 40 - 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0
permissible limit
Max. Concentration - - 553 - 8.3 - 594 3 2.3 165 21 210 52 0 0.4 0.1 19 21 3.9 12 24 290
Min. Concentration - - 26 - 6.7 - 0.03 0.1 0.1 5 3 10 4 0 0.1 0 0 0.8 0.3 1 1 16
DTW - Domestic tube well, WSS – Water supply scheme, SW – Surface water 97
Annexure-05-(b)
Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Dir (Upper), NWFP (2005-06)

# Cont.
6.5-
8.5
Tandeel, Chitral Color Odor
1 Spring +ve 80 7.2 Unob. 2.8 BDL 25 5 20 4 Nil 0.12 0.04 2.4 0.8 4.6 11 7 53
Tunnel, Dir less less
DHQ, DirBala Color Odor
2 DTW +ve 79 7.1 Unob. 12.6 BDL 30 4 30 4 Nil 0.13 0.03 5 0.6 2.4 8 8 52
less less
Patrak Bazar,
Color Odor
3 Bridge, Gowaldai DTW +ve 120 7.3 Unob. 4 BDL 50 11 50 4 Nil 0.09 0.01 10 0.4 1.5 10 6 74
less less
river
Gul Amad Jan
Color Odor
4 near Chenna Spring +ve 457 7.5 Unob. 0 BDL 240 11 230 32 Nil 0.29 0.05 36 0.5 1.5 24 7 258
less less
Sheringal bazaar
Shingaral Mosque Color Odor
5 Spring +ve 360 7.6 Unob. 2 BDL 120 16 170 44 Nil 0.17 0.01 14.5 7.9 4 6 22 214
less less
Baraul Banda Color Odor
6 DTW +ve 585 8.2 Unob. 2.6 BDL 280 14 300 88 Nil 0.3 0.09 19 2.2 12 7 19 337
Mosque less less
Shah Zameen
Color Odor
7 Shop, vill: Gor Spring +ve 455 8.1 Unob. 0 BDL 170 16 200 60 Nil 0.21 0.03 12 12.2 2.8 17 15 279
less less
Khohi
Khan Toti House, Color Odor
8 Spring +ve 365 8.1 Unob. 0.1 BDL 160 11 190 52 Nil 0.3 0.01 14 7 1.5 12 14 232
vill: Kas Banda less less
Akhgram Police Color Odor
9 Spring +ve 520 8 Unob. 0 BDL 220 17 210 48 Nil 0.25 0.07 22 6.1 0.4 30 14 290
Chowki less less
Haji Shereen Zada
Color Odor
10 home vill Spring +ve 715 7.5 Unob. 1.2 BDL 320 35 360 64 Nil 0.24 0.05 41 16 0.3 23 17 451
less less
Damanai,
Malakand
Color Odor
11 University campus Spring +ve 767 7.6 Unob. 0.7 BDL 295 40 320 64 Nil 0.27 0.03 39 11 1.4 36 16 422
less less
Shirengal
100 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 0
permissible limit
Max. Concentration - - 767 - 8.2 - 12.6 - 320 40 360 88 0 0.3 0.09 41 16 12 36 22 451
Min. Concentration - - 79 - 7.1 - 0 - 25 5 20 4 0 0.09 0.01 2.4 0.4 0.3 6 6 52
Annexure-06-(a)
Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Gilgit, Northern Areas (2004-05)

# Cont.
6.5-
8.5
Color Odor
1 Misqar village Spring +ve 8 Unob. 3.6 2.6 0 0.3 0.07
less 227 less 1.2 60 7 100 24 9.72 3.7 0.7 12 50 156
Muhammad Musa
Color Odor
2 Khanhouse(Numberd WSS +ve 8.2 Unob. 1.06 2.6 0 0.1 0.08
less less
ar), Khudaabad 450 2.4 120 9 200 24 34 3.4 1.1 8 91 254
Odor
3 Chapersan Nala SW +ve Muddy 8.2 Obj. 128 17.4 0 0 0.04
250 less 1.6 80 7 120 20 17 5.4 3.3 2 28 149
Odor
4 Morkhram SW +ve Muddy 7.2 Obj. 85 5.4 0 0.1 0.02
90 less 0.3 15 5 20 7 0.61 4.6 12 2 5 61
Karim house, Odor
5 SW +ve Muddy 7.2 Obj. 440 0.53 0 0.1 0.07
Karimabad 120 less 0.4 20 4 30 2 6.08 8.1 13 4 5 82
Color Odor
6 Aliabad main bazaar WSS +ve 8.2 Unob. 0.02 0.74 0 0.4 0.1
less 302 less 1.6 80 5 120 32 9.72 4.2 7.8 9 60 190
Odor
7 Bar Nala SW +ve Muddy 8 Obj. 265 0.57 0 0.2 0.09
199 less 1 50 7 90 16 12.2 4.9 2.4 2 21 112
Color Odor
8 Chalt village WSS +ve 6.7 Unob. 0.72 0.59 0 0.2 0.07
less 131 less 0.5 25 5 60 16 4.86 8.1 1.2 1 8 87
Color Odor
9 Juglot village WSS +ve 8.1 Unob. 0.03 0.62 0 0.4 0.06
less 360 less 3 150 7 180 56 9.72 4.7 7.2 4 16 211
Odor
10 Juglot village WSS +ve Muddy 7.4 Obj. 149 0.49 0 0.1 0.02
57 less 0.2 10 3 25 4 3.65 3.2 2.1 1 4 38
Odor
11 Shatot WSS +ve Muddy 7.3 Obj. 247 0.82 0 0.1 0.04
86 less 0.2 10 5 30 8 2.43 4.2 3.1 5 11 59
Color Odor
12 Gilgit district WSS +ve 7 Unob. 2.9 0.59 0 0.2 0.07
less 87 less 0.2 10 7 40 12 2.43 5.4 0.6 1 4 57
Nomal village WSS +ve Odor
13 Muddy 8 Obj. 202 0.58 0 0.1 0.08
158 less 0.7 35 7 50 17 1.82 4.3 2.7 11 22 102
Haider house,Jutal WSS +ve Odor
14 Muddy 7.9 Obj. 105 0.72 0 0.1 0.05
258 less 0.8 40 6 110 36 4.86 8.1 2.6 3 48 160
100 57 - 0 - 57 57 0 - 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0
permissible limit
Max. Concentration - - 505 - 8.2 - 440 17.4 120 9 200 56 0 0.4 0.1 32 8.1 13 8 91 303
Min. Concentration - - 57 - 6.7 - 0.02 0.38 10 3 20 2 0 0 0.02 2 3.2 0.6 1 4 36
WSS – Water supply scheme, SW – Surface water 99

Annexure-06-(b)
Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Gilgit, Northern Areas (2005-06)
Color E.C Odor pH Taste Turb As. HCO3 Cl Hard Ca CO3 F Fe Mg NO3 K Na SO4 TDS
# Cont.
6.5-
8.5
Misqar village Odor
1 WSS +ve Muddy 397 8 Obj. 61 9.96 110 7 170 40 Nil 0.49 0.01 17 0.0 1.6 12 80 224
less
Muhd. Musa
Color Odor
2 Khan house, SW +ve 553 7.9 Unob. 1.3 9.41 190 11 230 60 Nil 0.30 0.05 19 0.5 0.7 20 86 313.4
less less
Khudaabad
Chapersan Nala Color Odor
3 SW +ve 368 8.1 Unob. 3.8 0.01 100 9 150 40 Nil 0.29 0.03 12 0.2 1.2 20 84 227
less less
Morkhram Odor
4 SW +ve Muddy 71 7.7 Obj. 29 2.96 25 3 35 5 Nil 0.00 0.00 5 0.6 3.0 1 11 46
less
Karim house, Odor
5 SW +ve Muddy 246 7.7 Obj. 39.3 3.82 40 9 140 32 Nil 0.28 0.01 14.5 0.2 3.0 2 81 167
Karimabad less
Aliabad main Color Odor
6 WSS +ve 298 8.2 Unob. 10.6 0.01 80 9 120 40 Nil 0.29 0.02 5 0.0 5.0 1 68 188
bazaar less less
Bar Nala Odor
7 SW +ve Muddy 380 8.1 Obj. 187 34.40 120 7 170 40 Nil 0.15 0.00 17 1.0 2.8 8 70 221
less
Chalt village Color Odor
8 WSS +ve 166 8.1 Unob. 0.6 7.99 60 5 80 28 Nil 0.05 0.01 2 0.6 1.1 1 16 92.2
less less
Juglot village Color Odor
9 WSS +ve 386 8.2 Unob. 0 0.95 80 7 180 40 Nil 0.28 0.01 19 0.6 5.1 3 98 223
less less
Juglot village Color Odor
10 WSS +ve 134 7.5 Unob. 9.3 0.31 50 7 80 20 Nil 0.11 0.00 7 0.8 1.8 2 20 92
less less
Shatot Color Odor
11 WSS +ve 44 7.7 Unob. 4.1 0.01 10 2 15 4 Nil 0.15 0.04 1 0.7 2.5 1 5 25
less less
Gilgit district Color Odor
12 WSS +ve 133 7..9 Unob. 0.9 0.01 45 9 55 16 Nil 0.01 0.01 4 0.6 1.3 6 14 29
less less
Nomal village Color Odor
13 WSS +ve 233 8.3 Unob. 9.5 1.17 80 7 90 30 Nil 0.08 0.05 4 0.6 3.0 10 31 135
less less
Haider Color Odor
14 WSS +ve 506 8 Unob. 1.8 0.77 70 7 260 60 Nil 0.39 0.01 27 0.5 6.0 11 195 350
house,Jutal less less
100 29 0 0 0 29 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
permissible limit
Max. Concentration - 553 - 8.3 - 187 34.4 190 11 260 60 0 0.49 0.05 27 1.0 6.0 20 195 350
Min. Concentration - 44 - 7.5 - 0 .01 10 2 0 4 0 0.00 0.00 1 0.0 0.7 1 5 46
WSS- Water supply scheme, SW – Surface water 100

Annexure-07-(a)
Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Skardu, Northern Areas (2004-05)

# Cont.
6.5-
8.5
Color Odor
1 Thorga main road SW +ve 110 7.7 Unob. 1.9 1 1.7 50 7 70 12 0 0.2 0.03 9.72 3 1.8 2 0 76
less less
Gumba Makpum Color Odor
2 WSS +ve 330 7.9 Unob. 1.5 2.2 0.7 110 7 160 40 0 0.2 0.04 14.6 3 3.7 5 35 185
market less less
Slightly Odor
3 Kushura barige WSS +ve 90 7.1 Unob. 24.8 0.4 0.4 20 7 40 12 0 0.2 0.05 2.43 3.1 1.2 1 3 52
muddy less
Shengous Anat
Color Odor
4 hotel, main road WSS +ve 530 8.1 Unob. 0.3 2 0.4 100 4 210 56 0 0.2 0.03 17 6.7 8.9 13 140 329
less less
Skardu
Color Odor
5 Astak Nala WSS +ve 665 8.2 Unob. 0.06 1.7 0.4 85 11 220 60 0 1.7 0.03 17 5.8 6.5 37 160 368
less less
Dampu Das Color Odor
6 WSS +ve 150 7.1 Unob. 11.5 0.6 0.4 30 7 60 16 0 0.1 0.02 4.86 3.1 3.8 2 22 87
Hospital less less
Haji Ghulam
Muhammad Odor
7 WSS +ve Muddy 151 7.7 Obj. 155 0.8 7.8 40 11 80 16 0 0.1 0.04 9.72 3.4 1.3 2 20 99
house,Ustar, less
Skardu
Manthomul main Slightly Odor
8 SW +ve 59 7.2 Unob. 26.3 0.3 1.2 15 5 30 8 0 0.1 0.08 2.43 2.4 1.1 1 3 40
bazaar muddy less
Color Odor
9 Bagicha village WSS +ve 150 6.9 Unob. 0.66 0.8 3.2 40 7 80 16 0 0.2 0.06 9.72 7.3 1.4 2 5 97
less less
Olding Army Color Odor
10 WSS +ve 80 6.3 Unob. 8.09 0.4 0.9 20 7 40 10 0 0.2 0.05 3.65 3.9 1.2 3 0 54
Base camp less less
Odor
11 Indus river SW +ve Muddy 180 8 Obj. 390 1.4 1.1 70 7 100 24 0 0.1 0.06 9.72 3.6 1.7 3 21 124
less
Muhammad
Slightly Odor
12 Ashraf WSS +ve 352 7.5 Unob. 50 1.6 0.5 80 7 160 28 0 0.3 0.14 21.9 5.7 4.4 12 85 232
muddy less
house,Chhurka
Shigar Madarasa Slightly Odor
13 WSS +ve 310 8.2 Unob. 26.6 1.9 0.4 95 7 140 28 0 0.2 0.07 17 5.4 2.9 14 65 215
Imamia muddy less
Slightly Odor
14 Tissar main road SW +ve 155 7.6 Unob. 33.6 0.8 2.1 40 7 80 12 0 0.3 0.09 12.2 5.1 0.9 2 15 96
muddy less
100 50 - 0 - 14 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
permissible limit
Max. Concentration - - 665 - 8.2 - 390 2.2 7.8 110 11 220 60 0 1.7 0.14 21.9 7.3 8.9 37 160 368
Min. Concentration - - 59 - 6.3 - 0.06 0.3 0.4 15 4 30 8 0 0.1 0.02 2.43 2.4 0.9 1 0 40

Annexure-07-(b)
Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Skardu, Northern Areas (2005-06)
# Cont.
6.5-
8.5
Thorga main Color Odor
1 SW +ve 114 7..3 Unob. 2.5 0.3 30 4 40 8 Nil 0.32 0.01 5 0.6 2.2 10 25 75
road less less
Gumba Color Odor
2 WSS +ve 345 8 Unob. 1.8 0 140 7 160 56 Nil 0.31 0.02 5 0.7 3.1 8 31 208
Makpum market less less
Kushura barige Color Odor
3 WSS +ve 344 7.9 Unob. 3.5 0.1 170 11 170 52 Nil 0.2 0.01 10 0 2.5 7 9 193
less less
Shengous Anat
Color Odor
4 hotel, main road WSS +ve 536 8.1 Unob. 2 0 120 5 240 74 Nil 2.02 0.01 12 0.4 8.4 15 158 348
less less
Skardu
Astak Nala Color Odor
5 WSS +ve 675 8.1 Unob. 0.9 0 170 11 250 60 Nil 0.95 0.06 24 0 6 33 170 406
less less
Dampu Das Odor
6 WSS +ve Muddy 223 8 Obj. 25.7 0 60 7 100 28 Nil 0.28 0 7 0.4 4.4 8 50 143
Hospital less
Haji Ghulam
Muhammad Color Odor
7 WSS +ve 117 7.9 Unob. 6.3 7.2 40 5 55 16 Nil 0.19 0.01 3.6 0 0.8 2 14 66
house,Ustar, less less
Skardu
Manthomul Color Odor
8 WSS +ve 72 7.6 Unob. 1.3 3.8 25 3 30 10 Nil 0.14 0 12 0.2 1 3 8 42
Bagicha village Color Odor
9 WSS +ve 114 8.1 Unob. 1.8 0.4 40 5 50 18 Nil 0.16 0.2 1 1 1.3 5 9 68
less less
Olding Army Color Odor
10 WSS +ve 39 7.4 Unob. 1.5 0 15 3 10 4 Nil 0.15 0.01 0 0.3 0.6 5 6 26
Base camp less less
Indus river Odor
11 SW +ve Muddy 149 7.8 Obj. 57 0.5 60 5 60 20 Nil 0.18 0.04 2.4 0.3 0.9 8 12 86
less
Muhammad
Color Odor
12 Ashraf WSS -ve 505 8.3 Unob. 4.9 0.2 130 7 240 48 Nil 4.3 0 17 0.5 5.2 5 120 295
less less
house,Chhurka
Shigar
Odor
13 Madarasa WSS -ve Muddy 297 8.1 Obj. 95 1.7 90 5 130 40 Nil 0.25 0 7 0.6 2.8 2 80 206
less
Imamia
Tissar main road Color Odor
14 WSS +ve 310 8.2 Unob. 4.7 2.4 100 7 150 40 Nil 2.7 0.01 12 0.5 3 6 67 197
less less
86 21 0 0 0 21 28 0 0 0 0 7 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
permissible limit
Max. Concentration - - 675 - 8.3 - 95 7.2 170 11 250 76 0 4.3 0.2 24 1 8.4 33 170 406
Min. Concentration - - 39 - 7.4 - 0.9 0 15 3 10 4 0 0.14 0 0 0 0.6 1 6 26

Annexure-08-(a)
Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Ghanche, Northern Areas (2004-05)

# Cont.
6.5-
8.5
Color Odor
1 Siksa village Spring +ve 178 7.3 Unob. 1.7 1.2 0.5 60 7 100 16 0 0 0.1 14.6 5.6 2 2 14 116
less less
Zamin hotel Piun Color Odor
2 SW +ve 7 Unob. 6.7 0.1 0 0.1 0.1
less 105 less 0.4 20 7 50 4 9.72 5.7 1 1 3 63
Dumsum, Abdul Odor
3 SW +ve Muddy 7.3 Obj. 234 0.1 0 0.1 0
Rehman house 124 less 0.4 20 4 50 16 2.43 4.4 3 2 14 73
Thagas, main bazaar Odor
4 SW +ve Muddy 7.1 Obj. 156 0.1 0 0.1 0.1
170 less 0.4 20 7 80 16 9.72 4.8 3 2 37 108
Haldi main bazaar Color Odor
5 SW +ve 6.7 Unob. 7.9 0.1 0 0.1 0.1
less 90 less 0.3 15 7 40 4 7.29 5.1 1 2 1 54
Kapul Mahala, Color Odor
6 WSS +ve 7.9 Unob. 3.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.1
Kabon less 250 less 1.4 70 4 120 32 9.72 4.7 2 8 40 159
Hushe Nala Color Odor
7 SW +ve 7.1 Unob. 0.11 0.2 0 0.2 0.1
less 190 less 0.9 45 7 80 16 9.72 7.4 2 2 14 111
Doghani SW +ve Odor
8 C Less 7.5 Unob. 1.7 0.2 0 0.2 0
196 less 1.4 70 7 100 24 9.72 2.6 2 2 19 117
100 25 - 0 - - 50 0 - 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
permissible limit
Max. Concentration - - 250 - 7.9 - 234 0.5 70 7 120 32 0 0.2 0.1 14 7.4 3 8 40 169
Min. Concentration - - 76 - 6.7 - 0.11 0.1 15 4 40 4 0 0 0 1 2.6 1 1 1 44

Annexure-08-(b)
Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Ghanche, Northern Areas (2005-06)

# Cont.
6.5-
8.5
Siksa village Color Odor
1 Spring +ve 229 7.6 Unob. 8.5 0 65 12 120 28 Nil 0.22 0 12 0.4 2.2 5 40 140
less less
Zamin hotel Piun Color Odor
2 WSS +ve 70 7 Unob. 0.1 0 15 3 30 6 Nil 0.11 0.01 4 3 1 2 8 46
less less
Dumsum, Abdul Odor
3 WSS +ve Muddy 111 7.3 Obj. 140 0.6 40 9 50 8 Nil 0.08 0 7 0 2.1 2 9 61
Rehman house less
Thagas, main Color Odor
4 SW +ve 216 7.2 Unob. 6.3 0.1 30 5 90 36 Nil 0.35 0 1.2 0.3 2.1 10 76 148
bazaar less less
Haldi main bazaar Color Odor
5 SW +ve 314 7.8 Unob. 0 0.1 90 18 140 36 Nil 0.4 0 12 0 4.5 10 58 193
less less
Kapul Mahala, Color Odor
6 WSS +ve 243 7.9 Unob. 0 0 70 8 110 32 Nil 0.2 0.03 7 0.6 3.8 5 50 151
Kabon less less
Hushe Nala Color Odor
7 SW +ve 225 7.3 Unob. 5.5 0.1 45 7 80 28 Nil 0.34 0 2.4 0.4 2.7 16 70 155
less less
Doghani Color Odor
8 SW +ve 180 7.8 Unob. 4.9 0.1 60 5.3 70 20 Nil 0.25 0.06 5 0.4 1.2 10 22 103
less less
Gowri main bazar Color Odor
9 DTW +ve 290 8.1 Unob. 0.6 0.5 120 7 110 32 Nil 0.45 0.07 7.2 0.8 3 15 22 162
less less
100 11 0 0 0 11 44 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
permissible limit
Max. Concentration - - 314 - 8.1 - 140 0.6 120 18 140 36 Nil 0.45 0.07 12 3 4.5 16 76 193
Min. Concentration - - 70 - 7 - 0 0 15 3 30 6 Nil 0.08 0 1.2 0 1 2 8 46
WSS- Water supply scheme, SW – Surface water, DTW – Domestic tube well 104
Annexure-09-(a)
Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Diamar, Northern Areas (2004-05)

# Cont.
6.5-
8.5
Vill:Gatot,
Goharabad Color Odor
1 SW +ve 242 7.6 Unob. 0.25 1.2 1.2 60 3 110 24 0 0.1 0 12.2 3.8 3.1 3 38 136
less less
PSO, Gonar Odor
Color
2 Farm,Goharabad SW +ve 210 less 7.6 Unob. 0.7 1.2 9.9 60 5 90 22 0 1.6 0.2 8.51 0.1 4.3 8 39 123
less
Vill: Ginni, Color Odor
3 SW +ve 152 8.2 Unob. 1.03 1.4 24 70 3 80 18 0 0.1 0.1 8.51 1.1 1.9 7 18 103
Main road Gilgit less less
Vill: Thalpan Color Odor
4 SW +ve 96 7.6 Unob. 1.48 0.9 15 45 3 45 8 0 0.1 0.1 6.08 0.2 2.4 4 6 57
less less
Thor Nala, near
Color Odor
5 Rest House, SW +ve 83 7.2 Unob. 1.07 0.6 0.8 30 5 40 5 0 0.1 0 6.68 0.9 0.9 3 4 47
less less
Thor
Vill:Nimi, Color Odor
6 SW +ve 81 7.1 Unob. 0.5 0.6 1 30 4 35 5 0 0.1 0 5.47 1.2 1.6 3 4 46
Khanbari Nala less less
Near Chilas
bridge, main Color Odor
7 SW +ve 250 8.3 Unob. 4.13 2.4 5 120 5 120 28 0 0.1 0 12.2 1.3 2.2 12 11 148
road Gilgit, less less
Chilas
Vill: Kotoch,
Color Odor
8 Fovoj, Darail SW +ve 150 7.3 Unob. 4.8 1.2 0.9 60 4 90 8 0 0 0 17 5.2 2 1 4 95
less less
valley
Vill:Jaglot, Color Odor
9 SW +ve 170 6.9 Unob. 0.86 1 1.4 50 5 90 12 0 0 0 14.6 5.9 1 1 8 98
Tangir valley less less
100 0 - 0 - 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 - 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
permissible limit
Max. Concentration - - 301 - 8.3 - 4.8 0.8 30 3 35 5 0 0 0 5 0.1 0.9 1 4 48
Min. Concentration - - 81 - 6.9 - 0.25 24 120 5 120 28 0 1.6 0.2 14 5.9 4.3 12 39 168

Annexure-09-(b)
Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Diamar, Northern Areas (2005-06)

# Cont.
6.5-
8.5
Vill:Gatot, Color Odor
1 SW +ve 89 7.2 Unob. 8 0.1 25 5.3 40 8 Nil 0.13 0.03 5 0.7 1.1 2 13 52
Goharabad Less less
PSO, Gonar Color Odor
2 WSS +ve 809 7.8 Unob. 0.6 4.3 230 5.9 290 104 Nil 2.03 0.02 7 1.7 10.2 43 145 461
Farm,Goharabad Less less
Vill: Ginni, Main Color Odor
3 SW +ve 201 8.1 Unob. 4.5 1.9 65 9 80 24 Nil 0.14 0 5 0.8 1.7 10 21 113
road Gilgit Less less
Vill: Thalpan Color Odor
4 SW +ve 140 7.6 Unob. 9 1.2 40 9 40 12 Nil 0.1 0.02 2 1.2 2.3 15 17 87
Less less
Thor Nala, near Color Odor
5 SW +ve 104 7.4 Unob. 3.1 0 30 7 30 6 Nil 0.17 0.01 3 1.2 0.8 10 9 60
Rest House, Thor Less less
Vill:Nimi, Color Odor
6 SW +ve 70 7.3 Unob. 8.3 0 25 5 25 8 Nil 0.07 0.05 1.2 0.8 1.1 6 9 49
Khanbari Nala Less less
Near Chilas
Color Odor
7 bridge, main road SW +ve 295 8.3 Unob. 0 0 120 11 120 40 Nil 0.22 0 5 2 1.8 15 17 165
Less less
Gilgit, Chilas
Vill: Kotoch,
Color Odor
8 Fovoj, Darail DTW +ve 93 6.9 Unob. 0.7 1.3 35 5 30 10 Nil 0.07 0.03 1 1 1.5 12 9 64
Less less
valley
Vill:Jaglot, Tangir Color Odor
9 SW +ve 82 7.3 Unob. 8.7 0.4 20 7 25 8 Nil 0.13 0.05 1.2 0.8 1.2 8 9 50
valley Less less
Astore mushkeen Color Odor
10 Spring +ve 304 8.1 Unob. 5.9 1 110 7 130 28 Nil 2.22 0.05 15 0.5 11 9 41 179
toram Less less
Astore city Color Odor
11 SW +ve 189 7.5 Unob. 5.7 1.5 60 11 70 24 Nil 0.68 0.01 2.4 0.6 2.5 8 13 100
Less less
Mian Kala Odor
12 WSS +ve Muddy 88 7.8 Unob. 19.6 0.3 25 7 30 8 Nil 0.1 0.01 2.4 0.4 1 7 7 49
Muhammad House less
Dass Bala, Astore Color Odor
13 SW +ve 71 7.9 Unob. 1.3 0 20 3.5 15 4 Nil 0.06 0.03 1.2 0.2 0.2 10 10 42
Less less
Village Chagham Color Odor
14 SW +ve 154 7.8 Unob. 3.4 0.5 35 8 45 14 Nil 0.22 0 2 0.3 1.8 12 30 91
Valley Less less
100 7 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 7 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
permissible limit
Max. Concentration - - 809 - 8.3 - 19.6 4.3 230 11 290 104 Nil 2.22 0.05 15 2 11 43 145 461
Min. Concentration - - 70 - 6.9 - 0 0 20 3.5 15 4 Nil 0.06 0 1 0.2 0.2 2 7 42
WSS- Water supply scheme, SW – Surface water, DTW – Domestic tube well 106
Annexure-10-(a)
Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Ghizer, Northern Areas (2004-05)
# Cont.
6.5-
8.5
Vill:Dilnat,
Color Odor
1 Tehsil:Poonial, WSS +ve 103 7.2 Unob. 0.14 1 2.2 50 9 50 12 0 0 0 4.86 0.3 1.3 8 5 71
less less
Natco hotel
Vill:Gulmuti,
Bubur Bridge, Color Odor
2 WSS +ve 150 8.1 Unob. 0.8 0.9 0.36 45 4 45 8 0 0.1 0 6.08 5.1 1 15 8 92
main road less less
Ghizer
Dain bazaar,
Chatorkhand#1, Color Odor
3 SW +ve 246 7.9 Unob. 21.2 2.2 16.1 110 4 120 20 0 0.1 0 17 5 1.3 13 26 169
Tehsil: less less
Askoman
Jehanzaib shop,
Color Odor
4 vill:Yangal, WSS +ve 140 6.9 Unob. 1.05 0.8 3.84 40 5 40 8 0 0.1 0 4.86 2.8 1 11 11 77
less less
Tehsil: Gupis
Near Aair Khan
home,
Color Odor
5 vill:Dehimal, Spring +ve 465 7.2 Unob. 0.23 4.2 3.3 210 9 210 32 0 0.1 0.1 31.6 3.7 2.6 19 40 277
less less
Yaseen
valley road
Aga Khan
Goldern Juble Color Odor
6 WSS +ve 127 7.4 Unob. 1.94 0.6 3.18 30 9 60 16 0 0.2 0.1 4.86 2.2 1 1 14 74
Middle school, less less
Yaseen
Adina Baig Color Odor
7 SW +ve 80 7.6 Unob. 8.7 0.5 7.2 25 6 40 8 0 0.1 0 4.86 1.9 1 2 8 53
home, Phundar less less
Near telephone
exchange, vill:
Color Odor
8 Gul Aktari, SW +ve 280 7.4 Unob. 3.5 1.8 0.73 90 8 160 12 0 0.1 0.2 31.6 1.8 0.3 4 44 162
less less
Terro,
Tehsil: Gupis
100 - - 0 - 0 25 0 0 - 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
permissible limit
Max. Concentration - - 465 - 8.1 - 21.2 4.2 16.1 210 9 210 32 0 0.2 0.2 32 5.1 2.6 4 44 180
Min. Concentration - - 89 - 6.9 - 0.14 0.5 0.36 25 4 40 8 0 0 0 5 0.3 0.3 1 5 55

Annexure-10-(b)
Water quality analysis results of samples collected from district Ghizer, Northern Areas (2005-06)

# Cont.
6.5-
8.5
Vill:Dilnat,
Color Odor
1 Tehsil:Poonial, SW +ve 114 7.3 Unob. 0.9 0 30 5 60 20 Nil 0.22 0 2 0.4 2.1 3 24 76
less less
Natco hotel
Vill:Gulmuti,
Color Odor
2 Bubur Bridge, WSS +ve 124 7.6 Unob. 0.9 1.1 35 5 50 18 Nil 0.09 0 1.2 0.5 1.8 5 23 77
less less
main road Ghizer
Dain bazaar,
Odor
3 Chatorkhand#1, SW +ve Muddy 262 7.6 Obj. 168 12 80 12 120 40 Nil 0.18 0.01 4.9 1.3 2.5 5 30 148
less
Tehsil: Askoman
Jehanzaib shop,
Color Odor
4 vill:Yangal, WSS +ve 248 8.3 Unob. 0.3 0.2 70 5 100 36 Nil 0.25 0.02 2.4 0.7 2.5 8 40 139
less less
Tehsil: Gupis
Near Aair Khan
home,
Color Odor
5 vill:Dehimal, Spring +ve 456 7.8 Unob. 0.2 0.1 150 14 170 52 Nil 0.17 0.01 10 0.6 2.2 23 58 252
less less
Yaseen valley
road
Aga Khan
Goldern Juble Color Odor
6 WSS +ve 72 7.8 Unob. 0.5 0 20 8 25 8 Nil 0.22 0.03 1.2 0.5 0.7 8 10 50
Middle school, less less
Yaseen
Adina Baig home, Color Odor
7 SW +ve 180 7.7 Unob. 0.6 9.4 70 9 60 20 Nil 0.41 0 2.4 0.5 1 15 12 104
Phundar less less
Near telephone
exchange, vill: Color Odor
8 WSS +ve 256 7.2 Unob. 0.4 0 90 12 110 36 Nil 0.29 0 5 0.7 0.2 12 21 143
Gul Aktari, Terro, less less
Tehsil: Gupis
100 14 0 - - 14 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
permissible limit
Max. Concentration - - 456 - 8.3 - 168 12 150 14 170 52 Nil 0.41 0.03 10 1.3 2.5 23 58 143
Min. Concentration - - 72 - 7.2 - 0.2 0 20 5 25 8 Nil 0.09 0 1.2 0.4 0.2 3 10 50

Water Quality Status in KPK

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Water Quality Status in KPK

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Publication No.

Water Quality Status of Upper KPK

Dr. Manzoor Ahmad Malik

PAKISTAN COUNCIL OF RESEARCH IN WATER RESOURCES

Chapter: 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Chapter: 4 WATER QUALITY STANDARDS

Chapter: 6 FINDINGS & RECOMMENDATIONS

S/cm Micro Siemens Per Centimeter MAC* Maximum Acceptable Concentration

Figure 5.12: Geographical map of district Dir Upper...................................................................................54

Water is essential for existence of life; it seems to be in abundance on the

Dr. Muhammad Aslam Tahir

The authors would like to acknowledge the services rendered by all

technical and supporting staff of WRRC, Peshawar in sample collection, analysis,

data compilation and composing of the report.

Thanks are due to technical staff of National Water Quality Laboratory,

logistics, Engr. Hubib-ur-Rehman, Assistant Director and Mr. Ghulam Haider,

Nisar Ahmad, Research Officers, who assisted in compiling the data.

entire report and giving valuable input for its improvement.

Dr. Manzoor Ahmad Malik

1.3 Physiography and Climate

1.4 Demography and Water Resources

1.5 Northern Areas of Pakistan

Geography and Demography

1.7 Water Quality Implications

1.8 Water Quality Monitoring of NWFP and Northern Areas

Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) therefore launched an exclusive

1.11 Relationship of the Project to PCRWR

2.1 Natural Sources of Contaminations and its Health Effects

2.2 Physical and Aesthetic Parameters

The pH of a sample of water is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions.

2.2.2 Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Total Dissolved Salts (TDS)

TDS (mg/l) = 640 x EC (dS/m) = 640 x EC (mS/cm)

2.3 Chemical Parameters

2.3.1 Alkalinity (Alk)

2.3.2 Bicarbonate (HCO3)

2.3.4 Calcium (Ca)

2.3.5 Magnesium (Mg)

2.3.7 Sodium (Na+)

2.3.9 Chloride (Cl-)

2.3.10 Sulphate (SO4-)

2.3.11 Nitrate (NO3-)

2.4 Trace Elements

2.4.1 Arsenic (As)

In drinking water a concentration above 1 mg/l., a bittersweet astringent taste is detectable. It

2.4.3 Fluoride (F)

2.5 Biological Parameters

2.5.1 Total Coliforms

Coliforms are facultatively anaerobic rod-shaped Gram-negative non-spore forming

2.5.2 Fecal Coliforms

2.5.3 Escherichia Coli (E.Coli)

2.6 Causes of Water Pollution

2.6.2 Masses and Institutional Awareness

2.6.3 Leakage of Pipelines

2.6.4 Location of Pipelines

2.6.5 Clogging of Sewerage System

2.6.6 Growing of Field Crops and Vegetables

2.6.7 Groundwater Pollution

3.1 Grid Size and Number of Samples

1. A for bacterial analysis; 3. C for Nitrate (NO3) analysis;

Table 3.1: Details of Water Quality Monitoring Network

3.3 Sample Collection and Preservation

3.3.1 Tap Water

Sample Collection from Tap

Water Sample from Source (Tube Well)