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    4 views12 pages

    Column Notes

    Uploaded by

    Hafeez Khan

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 12
    Chapter 10 Columns 10.1 10.2 103 104 “0s 104 107 632 Introd Stablity of Structures Evers Formula for Pinned Columns Extension of Euler's Formula to Columns with Other End Conditions Ezcenvie Loodin: the Secon? Form Design of Columns under & Cente Load Design of Columns under on Ezcenvie ood Fig. 10.1 Coline 10.1 INTRODUCTION In the preced strength of the stmetive, be. ts ability support a specified ty of the structue Jnapters, we Hal without experiencing excessive stress (2) the ab ing unacceptable defor to support a specified load without wi mations. In thts chapter, an concern fl be withthe stability ofthe structure, Le, sth Rs ality to support a given lol without exper gation. Oue discussion will ical cocing «sudden change in is felate chiefly to eohunns, i, tothe analysis and desigh of ve prismatic members supporting aval Fouls Tn See. 10.3, the stability of « simphiied mode of « column, weted by apie andl spring ad consisting of two agi ros x Supporting a load By wil fist be considered. You wil its equilibrium is disturbed, this system will etum to ity original cequirinm position as lng as P does not execed a certain vale Po Called the critica! load. Hewever, f P > Ba. the system will move “vay from its original postion and settle in a new position of eu Tibi. Inthe first eas, the system is sad to be stable, and in the secon! ease, its said to be unstable. Tn See. 10.3, yom wall hein the study ofthe stability of laste columns by eonsilering a pinended colninn subjected. to a centre fia load. Eaters forma fr the exitieal loa of the cof wil be erived and from that formula the conresponding entieal nora Stress in the eolimn yall be determined. By applying a factor of Safety to the eiical lod, you ill be able to determine the allowable Toad that ca he applied to pinendded eohan In Sex 10-4, te analysis of the stabi of coluanns wath differ cent end conditions will be considered. You wil simplify these analyses by Teaming how to deteriine the effetice length of a coluvnn, be the length of a pin-ended colin having the same enc Toad. iv Sce. 10.3, you will consider columns supporting eccentric sia lnc these colinns have transverse deflections forall mas fades ofthe foal. An expression for the masini deflection wniler f gwen loa will he deshed and se to deterine the mains roma sees inthe column. Finally the secant formu wll lates mage and masinium stresses iv a colon wil be developed ‘chapter, cach colwnn is intially art of ancl the ave Th the first seetions oft assumed to be a straight homogeneous prism. In the l the chapter, you will consider real columns which are desig analyzed using empinieal Formulas set forth by professional o nizations. I See. 10.6, formulas wel be presented for the allow ble stress in columns made of steel, suminum, or wood and subjected to a centri axial lod, Inthe last section ofthe chapter {See 10.7), the design of colunmis under an eccentric axial foal will be considered, 10.2 STABILITY OF STRUCTURES Suppose we are to design a column AB of length L to support a sen lod PF ‘coluun wall he pinsconnected at both ends sand we assume that P is 4 conte al load. I the eros-stctional nis seketed so thal the value a = FAA of the feaeesionry ee ee ical terial used, an ifthe deformation 6 = PL/AE falls wi Y Xiven specifications, we might conclude that the columa has been Properls designed. However it may happen tha as the lad is the column will buckle instead of remain become sharply curved (E Photo 10.1 shows a \ bs len als er rag the cola has buck Clearly, under the kad i i to support is not properly designed : Fig. 102 ule colin ctu discussion of the stability of tuined on the problem by ing shplifed mee! consisting of te rg ils AC a anectel at C by 8 pln aa! a trsonal spring of constant K Fig. 10.3 Ct noel ——————— * Af the two rods and the two forces P and P" are perfectly aligned. the ste wil remain in the positon of et ; in Fig 10d as fang as it sno isthe But spose that we me shy tothe right, so that each ro ne fran small angle “a ah th the vential (Fig. 104). Will the system rtura (ois ovina \ ‘auikoium psiton, or wl it ve Further ama frown that postion ade I the fist ease, the system salto be stale, and inthe second a \F ease itis aid to be nite “ Dc Ta deternine whether the (wo-rod ste i sable or wistable 1 UP swe consider the forees acting on tod AC (Fig, 105). These forces, y Const of two couples, nancy he couple foried Ly P and P of W Tnoment PUL/2) sin Ab, which tends co move the rod avay from the si Cert, ad the couple M exerted hy the spring, whi ters (0 Dring the rod hack int original vertical position. Since the and . rdetlection ofthe sping i 20, the moment of Ue couple Ns = Ki2 B#) I the moment of the second comple larger than the i 6 Frome ofthe Hist couple, the system tends corti (0 ts origin Fig. 10.8 caqulvinn postion; he sste i sable. I'he rome of the Het t ‘np is larger Un the moment of the second cole the eset fens to none vay Tron its otiginal equiibrinnn positions the sisters fee imal Te ae of te lo for the co es bance Ac he eel ed a = dtl Fo 8 Rhee ah) yd) sm 80 = K230) «aon : wi 2 F108 eas the stem ste ar P< Ps that for aes Fe lad Clg te apes sale > : sn at fy haben el te ty ' two ee fF 10 a tha he ate bas brn cated. ie 1 pene a ate rer ma ne el vg Meena od de equa of fe bt BK TAS BEES Sesto cotinine Ud . (na) a, 8 Colne mit ale “The vale of @ eorespouing to the eqn postion re os esntelbn Fg 106 4 obtains by solving Fa, (203) by tn rat wales hal, To aly postive ale af Oe: have Site, Thus, Fa, 103) yields a sls of @ bfevent from wo Behn the eleanor of the exaton seer than ne Teale Fa (102), ate hat this sie he case here, sine ASwerasstmed P> Pa Bat ve ad asst P< Py the seo pln poston show ig. 106 wk! wot xt al he possible equiiium postion would be the postion corresponding fo = 0. We thus check that, for P Py the sights slime oF disturbane will ease the colunn to buckle, ie, to assume a ‘eurved shape as shown in Fig. 102, wpproich wil be to determine dhe conditions under which figuration of Fig. 102 is possible, Since a coimn ean be considered as a beam placed in a vertiel position and subjected to an asial load we proceed as in Chap. ane denote by the distance From end 4 of the column to 2 given point Q of its clastic ene, and by y the deflection ofthat point (Fig. 10-7) It follows thatthe + avs wll be vertical and directed dovsmwarl, and the y axis hor ‘ontal and directed to the right. Considering the equim of the fore bol AQ (Fig. 107b). we find tha the bending moment at @ is M = ~Py, Substituting this value for M in Eq, (94) of See. 13, we oa) ‘or transposing the lst term, 03) nage ferential exoation wf the ions, Selling = a » (106) wwe ete ig. (10.5) i the fori ty try 07) which is the sime as that of the lffevential equation For simple hhurmanie- motion except, of course, that the independent variable is pow the distance instead of the time The general solution of Eq. (107) i Y= Asinpe + Beospr (os) aly chek by computing igh! and substituting fora nt Bay 635, Fig. 101 Coles Fig. 102 ad lores) ‘clunn fepcted) Fig. 10.7. Cavmn in bce poston So Recalling the bound A andl B of the colin (Fig. 10:7), we frst make x =D, y = 0m iq. (1038) and fi that B= 0 obtain Sibstitating neat x= Ba = 0. Asin pl = 0 109) This equation is saishied either if A = 0, or if sit pl = 0. 1 the First ofthese conuitions i satisfied, Eg (103) reduces toy = 0 and the ealuinn is straight (Fig. 10.1), For the second condition to be satisted, we mst lave p= ne ox, substituting for p from (106 and sohing for P, 10.10) 1 The smallest of the values of P defined by Eq, (10.10) is that core sponiing to n= 1. We thus have va) The expression obtained known as Euler fon, le the Soi aematician Leonbanl Euler 783), Subitating this fexpresson for Pt Ei, (10.8) andthe vale one for Fy (10S}, ad reving that B = 0, we waite ye Asin 10.12), Asin (ou whichis the equation ofthe elastic cure after the column has buck Tel (Fig. 12). We note that the value of the asim deflection ‘hu = Avis iveterninate, This sce tothe act thatthe differential {quition (10.316 linearized approximation ofthe actual governing Aiferental equation fr the clastic curve. TEP < Pathe contin sin i. = 0 canot be sais and the soltion given by Eq (10.12) des not ext, We mst the have {= 0, aul the ony pose eoufiguration fr the column i staght fone, Ths, for P< Pe, the sta stable Tn the case ofa column with a crear or square eros section, the momet of inertia # of the eros section i the sue aout any ‘ental ani, aul he coli ss ikl to bueke in one plane as other, except Tor the retains thal ea he imposed by: the end omiections, For aller shapes of eros section, the ital oad Shale compte Dy making 7 = Tyg in Ea. (QT: i bockl fet, it wil ake pace in a ple perpendicular tothe cornespond: ing principal sof inet Tih value of the stress corresponding to the cial Ie is called the erica rss and devoted by a, Recalling Eq, (10.1 it configuration of Fig, 10) is wud setting 1 = AP. where A is the cross-sectional area ancl r its 10 radius of wation, we have i) The «quantity L/r is ealled the sfendemess ratio of the column, Itis clear, in view of the remark of the preveding that the minimum value ofthe ads of eration r should be use in comput. ing the slenderness ralio and the cial stress in column, ‘ation (10.13) shows that the ertiealstess is proportion {0 the modus of cli of the materi and inversely, propor Lal fo the squace ofthe senders ratio of the cokamm. Te lo af vers L/r is shown in Fig 108 for struct seas, E = 200 GPa and ay = 250 MPa. We shoul keepin mia that ne Factor of safety has been used in platting of, We abo note That if the value obtained for a, from Eq, (1013) oF from the cane of ig 1058} larger than the yield strength a, this vale i of iter, «a! 10s, since the column wll yield sn compression and cease to be elastic before it his a chance to buckle a as gekalle 2m Fig. YO Pa of tel ses (ur analss ofthe belunir of coun has bee based of on th assumption ofa perety aged cent lean prc this sel the ease at nS, 108 he eet ofthe econ of the Wang & taken to acount This spproadh wail Ka ten soother transition fran the bling flr alg sender co ‘wos tothe compres lr of hat, by col Hl sos Irnide ae wth sore wahate ew of he lon hee Menderes rato oa cali andthe had tal eases to a A 2mlon pin woul. Asvining gvare cross scion fs to be made of 3 GPa aig = 12 MPa an using a ator of ale 1 25 in computing Euler's ental ll fur buckling terme the ie ‘ofthe cess ceton if the con sw sally supp (o) a 10044 Toa, 00.4N ld sll or he TOOAN Lod Using he pn itr fey OkN) 50 1 Ears forms (1041) al mw B= 18GPs fae 1 Ae lane (0 x NVR) (13 10" Pa) Tecaing that, for a square of side a. we have I= a'/2, we write 110 = 953 mn = 100 mm ofthe normal tes the clin es A (orm) Since o taller han the lowe ses, 10 % 100m eas seton is acowplable, (by For the 200-4N Lot making no Py = 25120) = ors Sohing aga ey. (10.1) for but EN; we have $10" tax 10" «= U6 mn ‘Theale ofthe noma es amin o£. ON ew 5° Ones y | Sine this value srg than the allable ess. the dimension lane Fer acceptable and we ma sete the es Seetion onthe fs of 6 eae to cmpression, Me te ee unre aactiemeae MZ Se Pe TOT OE w= 129m 1190 En cons eto acetal, ees 10.4 EXTENSION OF EULER'S FORMULA TO COLUMNS WITH OTHER END CONDITIONS 1s Forula(1D.1) was derived inthe preceding seetion for 4 calun that was piv-connected at both ends, Now the critical Food Py will be determined for caluous with different end conditions. 638 In the ee of « cohinn with one free end supporting fod Pad one fied ent (Fig 10.52), ve observe tal the colar will, have a the upper ball ofa pin-connected column (Fig, 10:9) THe critical Fou for the column of Fig. 10 is thus the same as for ended coluimn of Fig, 10.95 and a be obtained from Euler Moe 109. Colin wih bee ond to twie the actual length Z ofthe effctce length Lo the colunm of Fig, 10.9 is equal to 2. and substinte Le 3h alors for: oar) The ential stress is found in a smilar way fom the formula we. aw os) Hh: quanti fis reer tas the efitive endarness rt uf he olan dn the ease easier Ie seal tw Slr Consider ea aclu with nd ends al sporting Joa P (Fig, 10.10) The synmctey of the supports und of he laa ig about a loczoutal ais through the iid vegas thatthe shear at Cand the horizontal components of the reactions a.A and 2 be zero (Fig 101) 1 Fallows thatthe restraints nyse ton the upper hall AC of the colann by the support at And by the Fig. 10.10 ce an ot T Ye : ig. 10. od ns Fig, 10.12 Tower half CB ae Aen (Fig, 1012 Porton AC st ths be rover et et te midpit D, al is poit vst be psn of ramet St the Deeg moment is rr. Asma reasoning sree hs Bening monet tt pit of dele ll Se raat ak be sro (Fi 10.13) Since the bei oe coca of a pence cnn zo follows tha aaa Da the clu of Fig 1. om bane 3 tn Fig IOASLN, We sconce tha the fl sei oka colun wth to fie cs 1 = 12 1 lim wt oe fae eed Bat ve pi coin ad eggs ad P1014, we west rite a Samet mca aguton ofthe cate cue to detente sae eel, From Ge es ago ec gS) et te i a trae Fre V

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