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Murder in United States law 5 languages

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Jurisdiction
In the United States, the law for murder varies by jurisdiction. In many US jurisdictions there is a hierarchy of acts, known collectively as homicide, of
Degrees which first-degree murder and felony murder are the most serious, followed by second-degree murder and, in a few states, third-degree murder, which in
Fetal killing other states is divided into voluntary manslaughter, and involuntary manslaughter such as reckless homicide and negligent homicide, which are the least
serious, and ending finally in justifiable homicide, which is not a crime. However, because there are at least 52 relevant jurisdictions, each with its own
Sentencing guidelines
criminal code, this is a considerable simplification.[1]
Arizona
Sentencing also varies widely depending upon the specific murder charge. "Life imprisonment" is a common penalty for first-degree murder, but its
California
meaning varies widely.[2]
Florida
Capital punishment is a legal sentence in 27 states,[3][4] and in the federal civilian and military legal systems, though 8 of these states and the federal
Hawaii
government have indefinitely suspended the practice. The United States is unusual in actually performing executions,[5] with 34 states having performed
Louisiana executions since capital punishment was reinstated in 1976. The methods of execution have varied, but the most common method since 1976 has been
Michigan lethal injection.[6] In 2019 a total of 22 people were executed,[7] and 2,652 people were on death row.[8]

Minnesota The federal Unborn Victims of Violence Act, enacted in 2004 and codified at 18 U.S. Code § 1841,[9] allows for a fetus to be treated as victims in crimes.
Nevada Subsection (c) of that statute specifically prohibits prosecutions related to consented abortions and medical treatments.[9]

New Mexico

Pennsylvania
Jurisdiction [ edit ]

If murder is committed within the borders of a state, that state has jurisdiction, and in a similar way, if the crime is committed in the District of Columbia,
Wisconsin
the D.C. Superior Court (the equivalent of a state court in the District) retains jurisdiction, though in some cases involving U.S. government property or
Washington personnel, the federal courts may have exclusive jurisdiction.[10]
See also
If, however, the victim is a federal official, an ambassador, consul, or other foreign official under the protection of the United States, or if the crime took
Notes place on federal property or involved crossing state borders, or in a manner that substantially affects interstate commerce or national security, then the
References federal government also has jurisdiction. If a crime is not committed within any state, then federal jurisdiction is exclusive, for example vessels of the U.S.
Navy or the U.S. Merchant Marine in international waters and U.S. military bases worldwide. Recently, the Supreme Court, in the McGirt decision,
reaffirmed that major crimes within the reservation boundaries of Native American tribes, for which a tribal member is suspected, must be investigated
and prosecuted by the federal, not state, government. Federal penalties will apply if found guilty.

In addition, murder by a member of the United States Armed Forces of a prisoner while under custody of the United States Armed Forces is in violation of
Article 118 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice and can result in the perpetrator being tried by a general court-martial, subjecting to certain types of
jurisdictions within its own borders or with foreign nations.

Jurisdiction over the crime of murder can be complex as a result of the principle of "dual sovereignty" that is part of federalism. In cases where a murder
involves both state and federal jurisdiction, the offender can be tried and punished separately for each crime without raising issues of double jeopardy,
unless the court believes that the new prosecution is merely a "sham" forwarded by the prior prosecutor.[11] In the United States there is no statute of
limitations on the crime of murder.[12]

Degrees [ edit ]

The first division of the general crime of murder into graded subcategories was enacted into the law of Pennsylvania in 1794.[13] This enactment is often
explained in terms of a desire to narrow the scope of application of capital punishment in that state and in the other states which subsequently graded
murder into "first" and "second" degrees. The English common law, which had been received into the laws of the U.S. states, at the time applied capital
punishment to a large number of crimes; as a result, states statutorily divided the crime of murder into first and second degrees, and began applying
capital punishment only to criminals convicted of first-degree murder.[14] By 1953, three states—namely Florida, Minnesota, and Wisconsin—had further
created the subcategory of third-degree murder.[15]

States have adopted several different systems for classifying murders by degree. The most common separates murder into two degrees (first- and
second-degree murder), and treats voluntary and involuntary manslaughter as separate crimes that do not constitute murder, instead of third-degree
murder.

First-degree murder
Any intentional killing that is willful and premeditated with malice aforethought. Felony murder, a charge that may be filed against a defendant who is
involved in a dangerous crime where a death results from the crime, is typically first-degree, but may also be second-degree.[16]
Second-degree murder
Any intentional killing that is not premeditated or planned. A situation in which the killer intends only to inflict serious bodily harm, knowing this could
result in death but with no specific intent to kill, constitutes depraved-heart murder, which can be considered as second-degree murder.
Voluntary manslaughter
Sometimes called a crime of passion murder and informally called third–degree murder, this is any intentional killing that involves no prior intent to kill
and which was committed under such circumstances that would "cause a reasonable person to become emotionally or mentally disturbed". Both this
and second-degree murder are committed on the spot under a spur-of-the-moment choice, but the two differ in the magnitude of the circumstances
surrounding the crime. For example, a bar fight that results in death would ordinarily constitute second-degree murder. If that same bar fight stemmed
from a discovery of infidelity, however, it may be voluntary manslaughter.[17]
Involuntary manslaughter
A killing that stems from a lack of intention to cause death but involving an intentional act of negligence, which may or may not be premeditated,
leading to death. A drunk driving-related death is typically involuntary manslaughter (see also vehicular homicide, causing death by dangerous
driving, gross negligence manslaughter, and causing death by criminal negligence for international equivalents). Note that the "unintentional" element
here refers to the lack of intent to bring about the death. All three crimes above feature an intent to kill, whereas involuntary manslaughter is
"unintentional", because the killer did not intend for a death to result from their intentional actions. If there is a presence of intention it relates only to
the intent to cause a violent act which brings about the death, but not an intention to bring about the death itself.[18] However, there are exceptions,
such as felony murder and depraved-heart murder, the latter of which can be considered as voluntary manslaughter or second-degree murder,
instead of involuntary manslaughter, despite the lack of explicit intention to kill.

The Model Penal Code classifies homicides differently, without degrees. Under it, murder is any killing committed purposely and knowingly, even if it is a
crime of passion murder without malice aforethought, manslaughter is any killing committed as a result of recklessness (also known as depraved-heart
murder), and negligent homicide is any killing resulting from negligence.[19]

Some states classify murders differently. In Pennsylvania, first-degree murder encompasses premeditated murders, second-degree murder
encompasses accomplice liability, and third-degree serves as a catch-all for other murders. In New York, first-degree murder involves "special
circumstances", such as the murder of a police officer or witness to a crime, multiple murders, or murders involving torture.[20] Under this system,
second-degree murder is any other premeditated murder.[21]

The New York statutes also recognize "murder for hire" as first-degree murder. Texas uses a scheme similar to New York's, but refers to first-degree
murder as "capital murder", a term which typically applies only to those crimes that merit the death penalty. Some states, such as Florida, do not
separate the two kinds of manslaughter.

Degrees of murder in U.S. states and territories

Jurisdiction 1st degree 2nd degree 3rd degree Other named categories Source

Federal Yes Yes No No [22]

Alabama No No No Murder[a] [23]

Alaska Yes[b] Yes[c] No No [24][25]

American Samoa Yes[d] Yes[e] No No [26]

Arizona Yes[f] Yes[g] No No [27]

Arkansas Yes[h] Yes[i] No Capital murder[j] [28]

California Yes[k] Yes[k] No No [29][30]

Colorado Yes[l] Yes[m] No No [31]

Murder,[n] Murder with special circumstances,[o] Felony murder,[p] [32]

Connecticut No No No
Arson murder[q]
Delaware Yes[r] Yes[s] No No [33]

District of Columbia Yes[t] Yes[u] No No [34]

Florida Yes[v] Yes[w] Yes[x] No [35]

Georgia No Yes[y] No Murder, Felony murder[z] [36]

Guam No No No Murder,[aa] Aggravated murder[ab] [37]

Hawaii Yes[ac] Yes[ad] No No [38]

Idaho Yes[ae] Yes[ae] No No [39]

Illinois Yes[af] Yes[ag] No No [40]

Indiana No No No Murder[ah] [41]

Iowa Yes[ai] Yes[aj] No No [42]

Kansas Yes[ak] Yes[al] No Capital murder[am] [43]

Kentucky No No No Murder[an] [44]

Louisiana Yes[ao] Yes[ap] No No [45]

Maine No No No Murder,[aq] Felony murder[ar] [46]

Maryland Yes[as] Yes[at] No No [47]

Massachusetts Yes Yes No No [48]

Michigan Yes[au] Yes[av] No No [49]

Minnesota Yes[aw] Yes[ax] Yes[ay] No [50]

Mississippi Yes[az] Yes[ba] No Capital murder[bb] [51]

Missouri Yes[bc] Yes[bd] No No [52]

Montana No No No Deliberate homicide,[be] Mitigated deliberate homicide[bf] [53][54]

Nebraska Yes[bg] Yes[bh] No No [55]

Nevada Yes[bi] Yes[bi] No No [56]

New Hampshire Yes[bj] Yes[bk] No Capital murder[bl] [57]

New Jersey No No No Murder[bm] [58][59]

New Mexico Yes[bn] Yes[bo] No No [60]

New York Yes[bp] Yes[bq] No Aggravated murder[br] [61]

North Carolina Yes[bs] Yes[bs] No Murder of an unborn child[bt] [62]

North Dakota No No No Murder[bu] [63]

Northern Mariana
Yes[bv] Yes[bw] No No [64]
Islands

Ohio No No No Murder,[bx] Aggravated murder[by] [65]

Oklahoma Yes[bz] Yes[ca] No No [66]

Oregon No No No Murder,[cb] Aggravated murder[cc] [67]

Pennsylvania Yes[cd] Yes[ce] Yes[cf] No [68]

Puerto Rico Yes[cg] Yes[ch] No No [69]

Rhode Island Yes[ci] Yes[ci] No No [70]

South Carolina No No No Murder[cj] [71]

South Dakota Yes[ck] Yes[cl] No No [72]

Tennessee Yes[cm] Yes[cn] No No [73]

Texas No No No Murder,[co] Capital murder[cp] [74]

U.S. Virgin Islands

Utah No No No Murder,[cq] Aggravated murder[cr] [75]

Vermont Yes[cs] Yes[cs] No No [76]

Virginia Yes[ct] Yes[ct] No Capital murder[cu] [77]

Washington Yes[cv] Yes[cw] No No [78]

West Virginia Yes[cx] Yes[cx] No No [79]

First-degree intentional homicide,[cy] first-degree reckless [80]

Wisconsin No No No
homicide,[cz] felony murder[da]

Wyoming Yes[db] Yes[dc] No No [81]

Fetal killing [ edit ]

Main articles: Born alive rule and Feticide

Under the common law, an assault on a pregnant woman resulting in a stillbirth was not considered
murder.[82] Remedies were limited to criminal penalties for the assault on the mother and tort action for
loss of the anticipated economic services of the lost child, for emotional pain and suffering, or both. With
the widespread adoption of laws protecting unborn life, the assailant could be charged with that offense,
but the penalty was often only a fine and a few days in jail. A number of states have passed "fetal
homicide" laws, making killing of a fetus murder; the laws differ about the stage of development at which
the fetus is protected.

After several well-publicized cases, Congress in 2004 passed the Unborn Victims of Violence Act, which Fetal homicide laws in the United States
specifically criminalizes harming a fetus, with the same penalties as for a similar attack upon a person, "Homicide" or "murder"
when the attack would be a federal offense.[83] Most such attacks fall under state laws; for instance, Scott Other crime against fetus
Peterson was convicted of killing his unborn son as well as his wife under California's pre-existing fetal Depends on age of fetus
Assaulting mother
homicide law.[84]
No law on feticide

Sentencing guidelines [ edit ]

Main article: List of punishments for murder in the United States

Arizona [ edit ]

In Arizona, a person is charged with murder when the offender knowingly and intentionally causes the death of a person or unborn child. The murder
must be premeditated. In the state of Arizona, if one is found guilty of first-degree murder, there is the possibility of receiving the death penalty, life
without the possibility of parole, or life.[85]

California [ edit ]

If a person is convicted of first-degree murder in California, that person may face a sentence of life in prison without the possibility of parole, or the death
penalty. At minimum, they will face a sentence of 25 years-to-life in prison, and thus must serve at least 25 years before being eligible for parole.[86] If the
murder was committed because of the victim's race, religion, orientation, or gender, the convicted will be sentenced to life in prison without the possibility
of parole at minimum, or the death penalty.[87]

A person convicted of second-degree murder in California will face a sentence of 15 years-to-life in prison, and thus must serve at least 15 years in
prison before being eligible for parole.[88]

Punishments are increased if the murder victim was a police officer,[89] or was killed during a drive-by shooting.[90]

If a gun was used during the murder, the punishment will include an additional 10, 20, or 25 years to life prison sentence. Those convicted will also
receive a strike on their criminal record, and fines of up to $10,000. They will also have to pay restitution to victims, and will no longer be allowed to own
a gun.[91]

Florida [ edit ]
See also: Felony murder rule (Florida)

In Florida, a person is guilty of first-degree murder when it is perpetrated from a premeditated design to result in the death of a human being. A person is
also guilty of first-degree murder if they cause the death of any individual during the commission of a predicate felony regardless of actual intent or
premeditation. This is called felony murder. This offense is categorized as capital offense, so if convicted, the offender could possibly receive the death
penalty.[92][93][15]

Second-degree murder is depraved-heart murder; third-degree murder is felony murder where the underlying felony is not one of the enumerated
felonies falling under first-degree felony murder.[15]

The exact statutory definition of third-degree murder is "[t]he unlawful killing of a human being, when perpetrated without any design to effect death, by a
person engaged in the perpetration of, or in the attempt to perpetrate, any felony other than" nineteen enumerated categories of felonies. It constitutes a
second-degree felony.[94] Second-degree felonies are punishable by a maximum of 15 years' imprisonment ordinarily, a maximum of 30 years for a
habitual felony offender, or 30 to 40 years for a violent career criminal.[95][96]

The nineteen enumerated categories of felonies falling under first-degree murder rather than third-degree murder are drug trafficking; arson; sexual
battery; robbery; burglary; kidnapping; prison escape; aggravated child abuse; aggravated abuse of an elderly person or disabled adult; aircraft piracy;
unlawful distribution of cocaine, opium, or other controlled substances when such drug is proven to be the proximate cause of the death of the user;
carjacking; home-invasion robbery; aggravated stalking; murder of another human being; unlawful throwing, placing, or discharging of a destructive
device or bomb; aggravated fleeing or eluding with serious bodily injury or death; resisting an officer with violence to his or her person; or terrorism or an
act in furtherance of terrorism.[94]

Hawaii [ edit ]

The state of Hawaii has no death penalty. If they are found guilty, the maximum penalty is life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.[97][98] A first-
degree murder involves one or more specific elements:

Multiple victims killed

A public safety official, such as a police officer, firefighter, or paramedic/EMT killed
A judge or prosecutor killed (in connection with their respective duties)
A witness in a criminal case killed (in connection with the person being a witness)
Murder committed for hire (with the charge applying to both the murderer and the person who paid the murderer)
Murder committed by an imprisoned person
Murder committed under organized crime (refer to RICO act)

Louisiana [ edit ]

Louisiana states homicide in the third-degree is manslaughter. There are other specific guidelines, for example, the killing of a police officer or firefighter
is an automatic first-degree charge, and intent to kill more than one person is automatically a first-degree charge. In the state of Louisiana convicted
murderers can receive life imprisonment or the death penalty.[99]

Michigan [ edit ]

In Michigan, a person is found guilty of first-degree murder when murder is perpetrated by means of poison, lying in wait, or any other willful, deliberate,
and premeditated killing. In Michigan, the top penalty the perpetrator can receive is life imprisonment.[100]

Minnesota [ edit ]

Minnesota law originally defined third-degree murder solely as depraved-heart murder ("without intent to effect the death of any person, caus[ing] the
death of another by perpetrating an act eminently dangerous to others and evincing a depraved mind, without regard for human life").[101][102] In 1987, an
additional drug-related provision ("without intent to cause death, proximately caus[ing] the death of a human being by, directly or indirectly, unlawfully
selling, giving away, bartering, delivering, exchanging, distributing, or administering a controlled substance classified in Schedule I or II") was added to
the definition of third-degree murder.[101][103] Up until the early 2000s, prosecutions under that provision were rare, but they began to rise in the 2010s.
Some reports linked this increase in prosecutions to the opioid epidemic in the United States.[104]

Minnesota law also defines the crime of third-degree murder of an unborn child, with the same elements of depraved mind and lack of intent to kill
distinguishing it from first- or second-degree murder of an unborn child.[105][106] Both third-degree murder and third-degree murder of an unborn child are
punishable by a maximum of 25 years' imprisonment.[101][106]

Nevada [ edit ]

In Nevada, first-degree murder is the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought, either expressed or implied. If a serial killer is found
guilty with aggravating circumstances, for example killing someone with torture or killing a stranger with no apparent motive, then the state can seek the
death penalty or a sentence of life without parole.[107]

New Mexico [ edit ]

New Mexico once divided the crime of murder into five different degrees. A legal scholar writing in 1953 (by which time this level of division had been
abolished) described this as the "all-time 'record'" for dividing murder into degrees.[15] The definitions were as follows:

first degree: premeditated killing (punished by life imprisonment)

second-degree murder was further divided into two kinds
killing while committing a felony (punished by 7 to 14 years' imprisonment)
killing with an extremely reckless state of mind (punished by life imprisonment)
third degree: assisting suicide, killing of an unborn child, and other acts of that nature (punished by 3 to 10 years' imprisonment)
fourth degree: killing in the heat of passion, killing while committing a misdemeanour (punished by 1 to 7 years' imprisonment)
fifth degree: "every other killing" that is not justifiable (punished by a maximum fine of $1,000, up to 10 years' imprisonment, or some combination of
these)[108]

In the 1884 Compiled Laws of New Mexico, third-degree murder included assisting a suicide (§ 696), killing of an unborn child by injury to the mother (§
697), administration of abortifacient causing death of an unborn child or its mother (§ 698), unintentional killing of a human being in the heat of passion in
a cruel or unusual manner (§ 699), and unintentional death caused by an intoxicated physician (§ 701).[109]

Pennsylvania [ edit ]

Pennsylvania law defines third-degree murder as a murder which is neither a first-degree murder ("criminal homicide ... committed by an intentional
killing") nor a second-degree murder ("committed while defendant was engaged as a principal or an accomplice in the perpetration of a felony"). For
purposes of that section, "felony" is specifically defined as "engaging in or being an accomplice in the commission of, or an attempt to commit, or flight
after committing, or attempting to commit robbery, rape, or deviate sexual intercourse by force or threat of force, arson, burglary or kidnapping."[110]
There are also parallel crimes of first-degree, second-degree, and third-degree murder of an unborn child.[111] There does not exist the crime of third-
degree murder of a law-enforcement officer, only first-degree and second-degree. Third-degree murder and third-degree murder of an unborn child are
punishable by a maximum of 40 years' imprisonment.[112]

Third-degree murder was introduced to Pennsylvania law in a 1974 amendment, at the same time as second-degree murder was redefined as felony
murder; prior to that, second-degree murder had been defined as any murder not a first-degree murder.[113] The common-law definition of murder as
homicide "with malice aforethought" remains in force in Pennsylvania. A conviction for third-degree murder does not require intent to kill as in first-degree
murder, but it still requires malice. In general, Pennsylvania courts have ruled that the standard of "malice" required for a conviction of third-degree
murder is the same as that required for aggravated assault: not just "ordinary negligence" nor "mere recklessness", but "a higher degree of culpability,
i.e., that which considers and then disregards the threat necessarily posed to human life by the offending conduct".[114] A defense of diminished capacity
may reduce first-degree murder to third-degree murder.[115]

The crime known as drug delivery resulting in death[116] had originally been classified as another form of third-degree murder under Pennsylvania law. In
Commonwealth v. Ludwig (2005), the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania ruled that this meant that conviction for the crime required the same element of
malice as in any other third-degree murder. In response to this ruling, the Pennsylvania General Assembly amended the definition of the crime in 2011 to
reclassify it as general criminal homicide rather than specifically as third-degree murder, thus removing the requirement of malice.[117] However, the
maximum sentence remained the same 40 years' imprisonment as for third-degree murder.[116]

Wisconsin [ edit ]
See also: Felony murder rule (Wisconsin)

Soon after statehood, Wisconsin enacted statutes repealing the common law crime of murder, creating the statutory crime of murder and dividing the
statutory crime of murder into three degrees, with the third encompassing felony murder. For example, the 1849 Revised Statutes defined third-degree
murder as a killing "perpetrated without any design to effect the death, by a person engaged in the commission of any felony".[118] The 1956 Criminal
Code in § 940.03 defined third-degree murder as causing the death of another "in the course of committing or attempting to commit a felony ... as a
natural and probable consequence of the commission of or attempt to commit the felony", and provided that the sentence for the underlying felony could
thus be extended by 15 years. This was described by some commentators as a "hybrid" between the common-law felony murder rule and the civil law
approach of treating an unintentional death as a "penalty-enhancer" to the punishment for the underlying felony.[119] The 1988 revision of § 940.03
removed the term "third-degree murder" entirely and re-entitled the section as "felony murder".[120]

Washington [ edit ]

In the state of Washington, a person may be convicted of first-degree murder when there is a premeditated intent to cause the death of another person.
Murder in the first-degree is a class A felony in the state of Washington.[121] If a person is convicted of first-degree murder, they will not receive anything
lower than life imprisonment.[122]

The offender can possibly get a charge of aggravated first-degree murder if they commit first-degree murder and have an aggravating circumstance, for
example if they kill a public safety official, such as a police officer, firefighter, or paramedic. In this case, the offender can receive the death penalty.[123]
However, in October 2018, the Washington State Supreme Court ruled that execution could no longer be used as a penalty for any crime.

See also [ edit ]

Crime in the United States

Law portal
Crime of passion
Criminal negligence
Depraved-heart murder
Felony murder and the death penalty in the United States
List of murder laws by country
Whole life order, an equivalent life-without-parole sentence given for murder, under certain aggravating circumstances, under English criminal law

Notes [ edit ]

a. ^ AL Code § 13A-6-2. bb. ^ MS Code § 97-3-19(2).

b. ^ AK Statutes § 11.41.100. Murder in the first degree. bc. ^ MO Rev Stat § 565.020 (2016). First degree murder, penalty — person
c. ^ AK Statutes § 11.41.110. Murder in the second degree. under eighteen years of age, penalty.
d. ^ AS Code § 46.3502. Murder in the 1st degree. bd. ^ MO Rev Stat § 565.021 (2016). Second degree murder, penalty.
e. ^ AS Code § 46.3503. Murder in the 2nd degree. be. ^ MT Code § 45-5-102 (2017). Deliberate homicide.
f. ^ AZ Rev Stat § 13-1105. First-degree murder. Classification. bf. ^ MT Code § 45-5-103 (2017). Mitigated deliberate homicide.
g. ^ AZ Rev Stat § 13-1104. Second-degree murder. Classification. bg. ^ NE Rev Stat § 28-303 (2017). Murder in the first degree; penalty.
h. ^ AR Code § 5-10-102. Murder in the first degree. bh. ^ NE Rev Stat § 28-304 (2017). Murder in the second degree; penalty.
i. ^ AR Code § 5-10-103. Murder in the second degree. bi. ^ a b NV Rev Stat § 200.030. Degrees of murder; penalties.
j. ^ AR Code § 5-10-103. Capital murder. bj. ^ NH Statutes § 630:1-a. First Degree Murder.
k. ^ a b CA Penal Code § 189. bk. ^ NH Statutes § 630:1-b. Second Degree Murder.
l. ^ CO Rev Stat § 18-3-102. Murder in the first degree. bl. ^ NH Statutes § 630:1. Capital Murder.
m. ^ CO Rev Stat § 18-3-103. Murder in the second degree. bm. ^ NJ Statutes § 2C:11-3. Murder.
n. ^ CT Gen Stat § 53a-54a. Murder. bn. ^ NM Statutes § 30-2-1(A).
o. ^ CT Gen Stat § 53a-54b. Murder with special circumstances. bo. ^ NM Statutes § 30-2-1(B).
p. ^ CT Gen Stat § 53a-54c. Felony murder. bp. ^ NY PEN § 125.27. Murder in the first degree.
q. ^ CT Gen Stat § 53a-54d. Arson murder. bq. ^ NY PEN § 125.25. Murder in the second degree.
r. ^ DE Code § 634 Murder by abuse or neglect in the first degree; class A br. ^ NY PEN § 125.26. Aggravated murder.
felony; § 636 Murder in the first degree; class A felony. bs. ^ a b NC Gen Stat § 14-17. Murder in the first and second degree defined;
s. ^ DE Code § 633 Murder by abuse or neglect in the second degree; class B punishment.
felony; § 635 Murder in the second degree; class A felony. bt. ^ NC Gen Stat § 14-23.2. Murder of an unborn child; penalty.
t. ^ DC Code § 22–2101. Murder in the first degree — Purposeful killing; killing bu. ^ ND Code § 12.1-16-01. Murder.
while perpetrating certain crimes; § 22–2102. Murder in the first degree — bv. ^ MP Code § 1101(a). First Degree Murder.
Placing obstructions upon or displacement of railroads. bw. ^ MP Code § 1101(b). Second Degree Murder.
u. ^ DC Code § 22–2103. Murder in the second degree. bx. ^ OH Revised Code § 2903.02.
v. ^ FL Statutes § 782.04(1)(a) by. ^ OH Revised Code § 2903.01.
w. ^ FL Statutes § 782.04(2) bz. ^ OK Stat § 21-701.7. Murder in the first degree.
x. ^ FL Statutes § 782.04(4) ca. ^ OK Stat § 21-701.8. Murder in the second degree.
y. ^ GA Code § 16-5-1. Murder in the second degree cb. ^ OR Rev Stat § 163.115 - Murder; affirmative defense to certain felony
z. ^ GA Code § 16-5-1. Murder; felony murder. murders; sentence of life imprisonment required; minimum term.
aa. ^ GU Code § 16.40. Murder Defined. cc. ^ OR Rev Stat § 163.095 (2017). "Aggravated murder" defined.
ab. ^ GU Code § 16.30. Aggravated Murder Defined. cd. ^ 18 PA Cons Stat § 2502(a). Murder of the first degree.
ac. ^ HI Rev Stat § 707-701. Murder in the first degree. ce. ^ 18 PA Cons Stat § 2502(b). Murder of the first degree.
ad. ^ HI Rev Stat § 707-701.5. Murder in the second degree. cf. ^ 18 PA Cons Stat § 2502(c). Murder of the first degree.
ae. ^ a b ID Statutes § 18-4003. Degrees of murder. cg. ^ P.R. Laws tit. 33, § 4734
af. ^ Sec. 9-1. First-degree Murder - Death penalties – Exceptions – Separate ch. ^ P.R. Laws tit. 33, § 4734
Hearings – Proof – Findings – Appellate procedures – Reversals. ci. ^ a b RI Gen L § 11-23-1 (2013). Murder.
ag. ^ Sec. 9-2. Second-degree murder. cj. ^ SC Code § 16-3-10.
ah. ^ IN Code § 35-42-1-1. Murder. ck. ^ SD Codified Laws § 22-16-4. Homicide as murder in the first degree.
ai. ^ IA Code § 707.2. Murder in the first degree. cl. ^ SD Codified Laws § 22-16-7. Homicide as murder in the second degree.
aj. ^ IA Code § 707.3. Murder in the second degree. cm. ^ TN Code § 39-13-202. First degree murder.
ak. ^ KS Stat §21-5402. Murder in the first degree. cn. ^ TN Code § 39-13-202. Second degree murder.
al. ^ KS Statutes §21-5401. Murder in the second degree. co. ^ TX Penal Code § 19.02. Murder.
am. ^ KS Stat §21-5401. Capital murder. cp. ^ TX Penal Code § 19.03. Capital Murder.
an. ^ KY Rev Stat § 507.020 (2017). Murder. cq. ^ UT Criminal Code § 203. Murder.
ao. ^ LA Rev Stat § 30. First degree murder. cr. ^ UT Criminal Code § 202. Aggravated murder.
ap. ^ LA Rev Stat § 30.1. Second degree murder. cs. ^ a b VT Statutes § 2301. Murder-Degrees defined.
aq. ^ 17-A ME Rev Stat §201. Murder. ct. ^ a b VA Code § 18.2-32. First and second degree murder defined;
ar. ^ 17-A ME Rev Stat §202. Felony murder. punishment
as. ^ MD Code § 2-201. Murder in the first degree cu. ^ VA Code § 18.2-31. Capital murder defined; punishment.
at. ^ MD Code § 2-204. Murder in the second degree (Amendment effective cv. ^ WA Rev Code § 9A.32.030. Murder in the first degree
October 1, 2017.) cw. ^ WA Rev Code § 9A.32.050. Murder in the second degree
au. ^ MI Compiled Laws § 750.316 First degree murder; penalty; definitions. cx. ^ a b WV Code § 61-2-1. First and second degree murder defined;
av. ^ MI Compiled Laws § 750.317 Second degree murder; penalty. allegations in indictment for homicide.
aw. ^ MN Statutes § 609.185. Murder in the first degree. cy. ^ WI Stat § 940.01. First-degree intentional homicide.
ax. ^ MN Statutes § 609.19 Murder in the second degree. cz. ^ WI Stat § 940.02. First-degree reckless homicide.
ay. ^ MN Statutes § 609.195 Murder in the third degree. da. ^ WI Stat § 940.03. Felony murder.
az. ^ MS Code § 97-3-19(1)(a), (1)(c), (1)(d) . db. ^ WY Code § 6-2-101. Murder in the first degree; penalty.
ba. ^ MS Code § 97-3-19(1)(b). dc. ^ WY Code § 6-2-104. Murder in the second degree; penalty.

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· · Murder in the United States by jurisdiction [hide]

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Kansas · Kentucky · Louisiana · Maine · Maryland · Massachusetts · Michigan · Minnesota · Mississippi · Missouri · Montana · Nebraska · Nevada ·
State
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South Carolina · South Dakota · Tennessee · Texas · Utah · Vermont · Virginia · Washington · West Virginia · Wisconsin · Wyoming

Federal District District of Columbia

Territories American Samoa · Guam · Northern Mariana Islands · Puerto Rico · U.S. Virgin Islands

Categories: Murder law by country Murder in the United States United States criminal law by topic

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