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Fundamentals of
Flow
Ha = Pump pressure head

He = Turbine pressure head

HL = Major and minor losses

REFRESHER COMPREHENSIVE
EXAMINATION
Subject Code: REFCOM8
PSAD and MSTE

| Circular Formula | SI units

Discharge | Notes
| Volume of Flow rate
Actual values | Considers HL

Theoretical values | No HL

| Power
Mannings Formula
| Mass flow rate | Velocity | SI unit

| Efficiency

| Weight flow rate | Headloss | SI unit

Fluid Flow in Pipes

| Ideal gas law
Reynolds Number, Re Hazen
| Circular section

Williams Formula
Con-
| Headloss | SI unit
tinu-
ity

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Equation
| Incompresible fluids

| Non-circular section

D = 4R Orifice
|
Compressible fluids | Hydraulic Radius Device coefficients
R = A / Pwet

Bernoullis Energy Theo- Headlosses

rem
Darcy-Weisbach Formula
| General formula

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| Situation 1
Pump BC which is in between reser-
voir A and D brings oil, sg = 0.72 to
reservoir D at 170 liters per second.
The energy lost from A to B is 1.1 J/N
and from C to D is 4.7 J/N. Reservoir A
is at elevation 22.6m and has an 0.30
pipe hose to the pump BC while reser-
voir B is located at elevation 84m and
has 0.25m pipe hose diameter.
a. How many hp does the pump sup-
ply?
b. If the pump is 80% efficient, how
much
power is needed?
c. What is the elevation of the energy
grade line just after the pump?
| Situation 2
Water flows through the turbine
3
shown at a rate of 0.386 m /s. The
pressures at A and B are 161.2 kPa and
REFRESHER COMPREHENSIVE
EXAMINATION
Subject Code: REFCOM8
PSAD and MSTE
located h2 = 3.7 m above the bottom
of the tank. Neglecting air resistance
and assuming Cv = 1.0 determine the
following:
– 19.6 kPa, respectively. How many
kW are delivered by the water to the A. The maximum height to which the
turbine? jet will rise above the orifice.
A and B has a 1.08m distance in be-
tween wherein pipe a has 350mm di- B. The point “x” the jet will strike a
ameter while b has 800mm horizontal plane 1.20 m below the
bottom of the tank.
C. The time it takes for the jet to
| Situation 3
strike a horizontal plane 1.20 m be-
Calculate the head loss in a 250-mm Ø low the bottom of the tank.
pipe 500 m long when water flows at
115 liters per second using:
a. Darcy-Weisbach formula, f = 0.02
b. Manning formula, n = 0.012
c. Hazen –Williams formula, C = 100
| Situation 4
The loss of head in a 1200 mm x 600
mm pipe conveying water is estimated
at 0.04 m per meter length. f= 0.032.
What is the discharge?
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| Situation 5
An orifice on a vertical wall has a head
of 1.13 m of oil (sg = 0.89). It dis-
charges 6192 N of oil in 88 seconds.
The trajectory measures yield x = 2.4m
and y = 1.37 m. Assuming the area of
the opening is 25 cm2.
A. Calculate Cv.
B. Calculate Cc.
C. Calculate C.
| Situation 6
A jet is issued from the side of a tank
under a constant head as shown. The
side of the tank has an inclination of
1H to 1V. The total depth of water in
the tank is h1 =6.70m and the orifice is
2
#TEAMP REFRESHER COMPREHENSIVE
EXAMINATION
Subject Code: REFCOM8
PSAD and MSTE

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