Equipment Design

CHE 471

Department of Chemical Engineering

Jordan University of Science and Technology

Dr. Mohammed Azzam

1
Pumps and Pipes
Power Requirements
Mechanical power must be supplied by the “pump” to
overcome:
 Frictional resistance
 Changes in elevation
 Changes in internal energy (ex., changes in temperature)
 Other resistances (ex., valves, flow measuring devices, etc.)

2
cont. Introduction to Design

•   calculate the amount of mechanical power

To
(shaft work or mechanical work)

Total Energy Balance:

3
  correction coefficient to account for use of average velocity:
= 1.0 for turbulent flow
= 0.5 for viscous (laminar) flow
4
Note: W = Wo + (energy transmitted to fluid as a result of pump friction or pump inefficiency)
 •Total
  Mechanical-Energy Balance:

Note: W = Wo + (energy transmitted to fluid as a result of pump friction or pump inefficiency)

 
For incompressible fluids =
 
=
  𝑁𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑡h 𝑜𝑓
For compressible fluids difficult !!
( 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟
𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 .  
5
)
6
cont. Materials of Construction

•   For gases, use the total energy balance in the

Note:
following format:

where,
 

h = enthalpy = u +

7
•Friction
 
The variables that affect amount of frictional losses are:
 Velocity of fluid (V)
 Density of fluid ()
Re #
 Viscosity of fluid ()
 Diameter of pipe (D)
 Length of pipe (L)
 Equivalent roughness of pipe ()

8
• To
  calculate mechanical energy loss due to friction (F):
 Apply Fanning equation:

where, f = Fanning friction factor

(Note: this equation comes from dimensional analysis of the above

variables).

9
10
11
Note:
Approximate equations for f :

Re < 2100 f = 16/Re

Re > 2100 f  0.046/(Re)0.2

12
   const. V, ,  , and uniform D, the Fanning eq. becomes:
• For
  − 𝑑 𝑃𝑓 2
2 𝑓 𝑉 𝑑𝐿
Conditions:
𝑑𝐹= ( 𝜌 )
=
𝑔𝑐 𝐷

Incompressible fluid and isothermal system.

Note 1: is change in pressure due to friction.
Note 2: If compressible fluid: still can use above equation
if is small (i.e., < 10% of initial P).
Note 3: If P or T is changing: use avg. P & T for  & .
Note 4: For non-circular cross sectional conduits, use:
D = 4RH, where, RH =

13
Frictional effects due to:
 End losses
 Fittings
 Orifices
 Other installations (i.e., valves, unions, tees, …,
etc.): Refer to Table 12-1 (Chapter 12)

14
15
16
Example:
Estimate the power
requirement of motor to
drive the pump? 70 ft

NPS = 2-in-diameter steel pipe

Pipe length = 1000 ft
Efficiency of pump = 40%
Flow rate = 50 gpm

17
cont. Example: Pump Power Calculations

Solution:
We have:
Incompressible fluid
Isothermal flow conditions

 Apply the total mechanical energy balance between

points 1 and 2 .

18
cont. Example: Pump Power Calculations

70 ft

1
NPS = 2-in-diameter steel pipe
Pipe length = 1000 ft
Efficiency of pump = 40%
Flow rate = 50 gpm

19
cont. Example: Pump Power Calculations

•  
 Since the linear velocities of the fluid at points and
are “small” set: V2  V1  0.
1 2

20
cont. Example: Pump Power Calculations

• Since
  P1 = P2 = atmospheric pressure
and 1 = 2 ; constant Temperature

 Now the mechanical energy balance becomes:

21
cont. Example: Pump Power Calculations

•To  determine
Need to calculate
 Friction due to flow through
straight sections of the pipe.
 Friction due to fittings:
 3-90 elbows
 2-Gate valves

 Other frictions:
 1-Contraction
 1-Expansion (or enlargement)

22
cont. Example: Pump Power Calculations

•First,
  find:
 = (1.12 cP)

23
cont. Example: Pump Power Calculations

•First,
  find:
m = (1.12 cP)
= 0.000753 lbm/ft.sec

= 62.3 lbm/ft3

24
cont. Example: Pump Power Calculations

•  

= 4.78 ft/sec
1/ (Cross-sectional area)
Flow
Rate

25
26
cont. Example: Pump Power Calculations

•  

Re = 68,000
27
cont. Example: Pump Power Calculations

28
cont. Example: Pump Power Calculations

•Need:
  ?? Refer to Moody Plot

For Re = 68000 and

From Moody plot: f  0.0057

29
 f
0.0057

30
cont. Example: Pump Power Calculations

•To  correct for fittings and valves:

90elbows: Le = 32D
Gate valves: Le = 7D
\ Le = 3(32D) + 2(7D)
= 3(32D) + 2(7D)
= 3(32)(2.067/12) ft + 2(7)(2.067/12) ft
= 18.9 ft

31
cont. Example: Pump Power Calculations

•  Friction due to flow through pipe and all fittings:

F=

(47.0 + 0.9)

Straight
Fst. pipe+fittings =
 
Pipe
Fittings
32
cont. Example: Pump Power Calculations

•Friction
  due to contraction at point 1

where,
Assuming
Then, Kc = 0.5
Since we have turbulent flow (Re = 68,000), then =1

 𝐹 𝑐 =0. 178 𝑓𝑡 . 𝑙𝑏𝑓 /𝑙𝑏𝑚

 
33
cont. Example: Pump Power Calculations

•Friction
  due to enlargement at point 2


 
34
cont. Example: Pump Power Calculations

•Now,
  back to the total mechanical energy balance:

Theoretical Power
Requirement (per lbm) 35
cont. Example: Pump Power Calculations

  theoretical power = Wo  Q
•Total

= 1.49 hp
Using the 40% efficiency of the pump:
Actual power requirement =
Recommend a 4.0 hp motor for this pump.

36
 Capacity, gal/min
50 gpm

60%

32%

37
cont. Example: Pump Power Calculations

Question: How much power is consumed in this process?

You need to include the motor efficiency !!!

Using Figure 12.18

38
 4 hp

≅𝟖𝟒%
 

39
cont. Example: Pump Power Calculations

•\ Motor
  efficiency ~ 84%

\ Motor power consumption =

 
=

40