Equipment Design

CHE 471

Department of Chemical Engineering

Jordan University of Science and Technology

Dr. Mohammed Azzam

1
Introduction to Design
There is no best unique design !!!

2
cont. Introduction to Design

Design Constraints
 Fixed constraints

 Variable constraints

3
cont. Introduction to Design
cont. Design Constraints

cont. Design Constraints

Fixed constraints:
 Physical laws
 Governments regulations
 Standards and codes
 Safety regulations
 “Resources”
 Economic constraints (need to make profit !)

4
cont. Introduction to Design
cont. Design Constraints

cont. Design Constraints

Variable (less rigid) constraints:

[Designer can relax to some degree]
 Choice of process
 Process conditions
 Materials:
 Materials of construction
 Raw materials
 Time

5
Materials of
Construction

6
Materials of Construction
Basis of materials’ selection
 Adequate service (it does the job)
 Lowest cost

7
cont. Materials of Construction

Must consider:
 Effect of the chemical on selected material (corrosion).
 Effect of selected material on the chemical (ex. food,
dairy, pharmaceutical industries).

8
cont. Materials of Construction

Types of Materials
 Metals
 Polymers
 Ceramics
 Composites

9
cont. Materials of Construction

Types of Materials
 Metals

 Polymers
 Ceramics Non-Metals
 Composites

10
cont. Materials of Construction

Metals
Ferrous Non-ferrous
Cast iron Aluminum
Iron alloys Copper
Mild steel (low carbon) Tin
Steel alloys (stainless steel) Nickel
Chromium
Lead
Zinc
Non-ferrous alloys (brass, bronze, …)
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cont. Materials of Construction

Non-Metals

 Naturally occurring:
 Examples: wood, stone, natural rubber, etc.

 Manufactured:
 Examples: synthetic rubber, plastics, glass,
cement, graphite, etc.

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cont. Materials of Construction

The most widely used material is:

Iron and Steel

Because

13
cont. Materials of Construction

A typical analysis of Hastelloy C

shows 56% Ni, 17% Mo, 16% Cr,
5% Fe, and 4% W, with
manganese, silicon, carbon,
phosphorus, and sulfur making
up the balance.

14
Assignment #1
 Make a comparison for metals’ purchased cost
ratios similar to the one shown in Table 1/Chapter
12 of the 4th edition of the textbook assigned for
this course.
 The comparison is to be done for the years 1990,
1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2018, and 2019 (if
available).
 Comment on your results.

15
cont. Materials of Construction
SAE-AISI code for steel. The xx in the table below represents the
nominal carbon content within range in hundredths of a percent.

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cont. Materials of Construction

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cont. Materials of Construction

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cont. Materials of Construction

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cont. Materials of Construction

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cont. Materials of Construction

Remember:
Effect of Temperature

 If a material is resistant to corrosion at a certain

temperature it does not mean that it is resistant to
corrosion at other temperatures.

 For low temperature processes (resistance to shock):

Refer to Table 7 below.

 For high temperature processes (resistance to stress

rupture --- Strength): Refer to Table 5 and Table 8. 21
cont. Materials of Construction
Low Temperature Materials

22
cont. Materials of Construction
High Temperature Materials

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cont. Materials of Construction

cont. Remember:

Welding:
 Weldability of material

 Corrosion of welds

24
cont. Materials of Construction

cont. Remember:
Galvanic coupling between two
dissimilar metals (electrolysis):
When two dissimilar metals are
used in the construction of
equipment containing a conducting
fluid in contact with both metals, an
electric potential may be setup
between the two metals, which can
cause one of the metals to dissolve
into the conducting fluid and
deposit on the other metal.

Table 6: Electromotive series of metals.

Table: Galvanic series. 25
26
Galvanic Series

27
cont. Materials of Construction

cont. Remember:

One can use:

Linings
Cladding Bonded to metal supports

Coatings

28
cont. Materials of Construction

cont. Remember:

Corrosion Resistance
Refer to Table 9

29
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31
Assignment #2
Chapter 10:

Problems: 10-1
In addition, add to the problem the following cases:

Material of construction: Zirconium

Aluminum

Chemical: Phosphoric acid

32
Assignment #3
Chapter 10:

Problems: 10-4
10-9

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 End of
Materials of
Construction

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