Solution

Class 11 - Chemistry

CLASS XI
1. (d) Assertion is INCORRECT but, reason is CORRECT.
Explanation: Assertion is INCORRECT but, reason is CORRECT.
2. (d) A and R both are false.
Explanation: The bond enthalpy in H-O-H is not the same for both the O-H bonds. It is so because the
electronic charge on the oxygen atom is different after breaking one O-H bond.
3. (d) Both assertion and reason are INCORRECT.
Explanation: Both assertion and reason are INCORRECT.
4. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: In combustion reaction, enthalpy of the reactants is always greater than the enthalpy of the
product.
5. (a) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: The solutions which resist change in pH on dilution or with the addition of small amounts of
acid or alkali are called buffer solutions.
6. (a) A is not correct but R is correct.
Explanation:
Canonical structures always have more energy than a resonance hybrid. Resonance hybrids are always
more stable than any of the canonical structures. The delocalization of electrons lowers the orbitals' energy
and gives stability.

7. (c) Assertion is CORRECT but, reason is INCORRECT.

Explanation: Assertion is CORRECT but, reason is INCORRECT.
8. The components of a mixture can be separated by physical methods given below:
1. Handpicking
2. Filtrations
3. Crystallization
4. Simple distillation
5. Fractional distillation
6. Evaporation
7. Sublimation.
8. Chromatography etc
9. 0.375 M aqueous solution means that 1000 mL of the solution contains sodium acetate
= 0.375 mole
∴ 500 mL of the solution should contain sodium acetate
0.375
= 2
mole\
Molar mass of sodium acetate
= 82.0245 mol-1
Mass of sodium acetate required
= [ (0.375 × 82.0245)/2 ]
= 15.3795 g
∴ Mass of sodium acetate required = 15.380 g.

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10. 1. Molarity: It is the number of moles of solute dissolved per litre of solution. It is denoted by 'M'. Molarity
Number of moles of solute
(M) = .
Volume of solution in L

2. Molality: It is the number of moles of solute present per kg of solvent. It is denoted by 'm'. Molality (m)=
Number of moles of solute
.
Mass of solvent in kg

11. i. Molecular mass of sugar (C12H22O11) = 12 × atomic mass of C + 22 × atomic mass of H + 11 × atomic mass
of O = 12 × 12 + 22 × 1 + 11× 16 = 342 g
ii. a. Since, 1 gram molecule of sugar = 342 g ( Molecular Mass of Sugar,C12H22O11=342 g)
∴ 0.5 gram molecule of sugar = 342× 0.5 = 171 g
b. Since, 342 g of sugar = 1 gram molecule ( Molecular Mass of sugar, C12H22O11 =342 g)
1
547.2 g of sugar = × 547.2 = 1.6 gram molecule
342

12. The linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) results two types of molecular orbital. One is antibonding,
formed by subtraction of atomic orbitals and other is bonding,formed by addition of atomic orbitals.

13. The molecular orbital formed by the addition of atomic orbitals is called bonding molecular orbital.Bonding
molecular orbitals increases the electron density between the nuclei and are lower in energy than individual
atomic orbitals.
σ = ΨA + ΨB .

14. Dimethyl ether will have larger bond angle. This is because of more repulsion between bond pairs of -CH3
groups attached to O atom in ether than between bond pairs of hydrogen atoms attached to O atom in water.
The carbon of -CH3 group in ether is attached to three hydrogen atoms through bonds and electron pairs of
these bonds add to the electronic charge density on carbon atom. Hence, repulsion between two —CH3
groups bonded to O atom will be more than that between two hydrogen atoms bonded to O atom. This causes
the bond pairs to move away from each other in dimethyl ether causing the bond angle to increase.
15. If there is greater electronegativity difference between two bonded atoms there will be greater ionic
character.
N-H F-H C - H and O-H

(3.0 - 2.1) (4.0 - 2.1) (2.5 - 2.1) (3.5 - 2.1)

Electronegativity difference
= 0.9 = 1.9 = 0.4 = 1.4
Order of increasing ionic character is:
C − H < N − H < O − H < F − H.

16. NO
Number of electrons = 15
Electronic configuration = σ1s2 , σ ∗ 1s2 , σ2s2 , σ ∗ 2s2 , σ2p2z , π2p2x 2
= π2py , π 2px
∗ 1

Bond order = 1
(10 - 5) = 2.5
2

Magnetic property = Paramagnetic.

NO+
Number of electron = 14
2 2
Electronic configuration = σ1s ∗ 2 ∗ 2 2 2
, σ 1s , σ2s , σ 2s ,σ2pz , π2ρx = π2py
2

1
Bond order = 2
(10 - 4) = 3
Magnetic property = Diamagnetic.

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 2+
NO

Number of electrons = 13
Electronic configuration = σ1s2 , σ ∗ 1s2 , σ2s2 , σ ∗ 2s2 ,σ2p2z , π2ρ2x = π2py
1

1
Bond order = 2
(9 - 4) = 2.5
Magnetic property = Paramagnetic
NO-
Number of electrons = 16
Electronic configuration = σ1s2 , σ ∗ 1s2 , σ2s2 , σ ∗ 2s2 ,π2p2x 2 ∗
= π2py , π 2px
2

1
Bond order = 2
(10 - 6) = 2
Magnetic property = Diamagnetic

+
Since NO has the highest bond order and therefore, it has the shortest bond length.
17. Sigma bond (σ)
i. σ-bond is formed by the axial overlap of the atomic orbitals.
ii. The bond is quite strong.
iii. Only one lobe of the p-orbitals is involved in the overlap.
iv. Electron cloud of the molecular orbital is symmetrical around the internuclear axis.
pi bond (π)
i. πbond is formed by the sidewise overlap of atomic orbitals
ii. Comparatively weak bond.
iii. Both lobes of the p-orbitals are involved in the overlap.
iv. The electron cloud is not symmetrical.
18. Surface energy: The energy needed to increase the surface area of a liquid by one unit is known as surface
energy.
19. Doping is a process of adding impurities to intrinsic semiconductor in order to increases its electrical
conductivity.
For example, silicon can be doped with boron to increase its conductivity results in p-type semiconductor.
20. According to ideal gas equation.
PV = nRT
nRT
or P =
V
Given mass of gas
n =
M olar mass of gas

mRT
P =
MV
M
[∵ ρ (density of a gas) = ]
V
ρRT
P =
M

P αρ at constant temperature
Given mass of CO2
21. No. of moles of C O2 (n) =
M olar mass
8.8g
= = 0.2 mol
−1
44g mol

Pressure of CO2(P) = 1 bar

R = 0.083 bar LK-1 mol-1

Temperature (T) = 31.1oC+ 273= 304.1 K
Substituting in PV = nRT, we get the volume occupied as
−1 −1
nRT 0.2mol×0.083barL K mo l ×304.1K
V = = = 5.048 L
P 1 bar

22. According to the question, 1 mole of a mono atomic ideal gas is taken through a cyclic process of expansion
and compression.

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 ΔH for a cyclic process is zero because enthalpy change is a state function.
23. We know that, Specific heat(C) of water is = 4.18 Jg-1K-1
Now, Heat capacity(Cp) of water is = 18 × C
= 18 × 4.18 JK-1
= 75.3 JK-1
24. According to the question, the enthalpy of neutralisation of ethanoic acid is -55.8 kJ mol-1 and enthalpy of
neutralisation of hydrochloric acid is -57.3 kJ mol-1.
Neutralisation reaction:
∘ −1
CH3 COOH(aq) + KOH(aq) ⟶ CH3 COOK(aq)+ H2 O(l); Δn H = −55.8kJmol
−1
Also, HCl(aq) + KOH(aq) ⟶ KCl(aq) + H2 O(l); Δn H ∘ = −57.3kJmol

In dilute solution, HCI is completely ionised into H + and Cl- whereas CH3COOH is ionised to very small extent.
This difference between the enthalpy of neutralisation of the two acids is due to the endothermic nature of
the reaction involving the ionisation of acetic acid, i.e.,
− +
CH3 COOH(aq) ⇌ CH3 COO (aq) + H (aq)
∘ −1
Δ ion H = −55.8 − (−57.3)kJmol

= 1.5 kJ mol-1
25. Generally, heat is path function but heat absorbed by the system under certain specific conditions is
independent of path.
The two conditions under which heat becomes independent of the path are:
i. When volume remains constant.
At constant volume:
By the first law of thermodynamics, q = ΔU − W
But W = −pΔV and ΔV = 0
Hence, q = ΔU .
But ΔU is a state function. Hence, q is also a state function.
ii. when pressure remains constant.
At constant pressure:
By the first law of thermodynamics, q = ΔU + pΔV
But ΔU + pΔV = ΔH
∴ q = ΔH .

But ΔH is a state function. Hence, q is also a state function.

26. Suppose q is the quantity of heat from the reaction mixture and Cv is the heat capacity of the calorimeter,
then the quantity of heat absorbed by the calorimeter.
q = Cv × ΔT
Quantity of heat from the reaction will have the same magnitude but opposite sign because the heat lost by
the system (reaction mixture) is equal to the heat gained by the calorimeter.
q = - Cv × ΔT = - 20.7 kJ/K × (299 - 298) K
= - 20.7 kJ
(Here, the negative sign indicates the exothermic nature of the reaction). Thus, ΔU for the combustion of the
1g of graphite = - 20.7 kJ K-1
For combustion of 1 mol of graphite,
−1
12.0g mol ×(−20.7kJ)
= 1g

= - 2.48 × 102 kJ mol-1

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 Since Δng = 0

H = ΔU = - 2.48 × 102 kJ mol-1

Δ

27. The state of a chemical reaction in which the rates of forward and backward reactions are equal and there is
no net change in composition is called dynamic equilibrium.
28. Sugar does not ionize in water but NaCl ionize completely in water and produces Na+ and Cl-.
Conductance increases with an increase in the concentration of salt due to the release of more ions.
29. If Ka is the ioniation constant of weak acis (HA) and Kb is the ionization constant of its conjugate (A- ), then Ka

. Kb = Kw ; Where, Kw = ionic product of water at 25o C (298K) =10-14 .

Therefore, Ka and Kb can be calculated by using above formula as follows:
For F-, Kb = Kw/Ka = 10
−14
/(6.8 × 10
−4
) = 1.47 × 10
−11
≃ 1.5 × 10
−11
.

For HCCO-, Kb = 10
−14
/(1.8 × 10
−4
) = 5.6 × 10
−11

For CN-, Kb = 10
−14
/(4.8 × 10
−9
) = 2.08 × 10
−6

2N aI O3 + C u(C lO3 )2 → 2N aC lO3 + C u(I O3 )2

30.
Copper iodate

Due to mixing of equal volumes, molar concentration of each species is halved, i.e.
−3
− 2×10 −3
[N aI O3 ] = [I O3 ] = = 10 M
2
2+ −
C u(C lO3 )2 ⇌ Cu + 2I O
3

= (10-3) (10-3)2 = 10-9

− 2
Ionic product of Cu(IO3)2 = [C u
2+
][I O3 ]

As ionic product is less than Ksp , no precipitation will occur.

31. Benzylic free radical is more stable than allylic free radical due to more resonance of benzylic free radical.

While allylic free radical has only two resonating structures. So, it has less delocalization.
∙
CH2 = CH - CH2 ↔∙ CH2 - CH = CH2
32. DNA and RNA have nitrogen in the heterocyclic rings. Nitrogen present in rings, azo groups and nitro groups
cannot be converted into (NH4)2 SO4. That’s why Kjeldahl ’s method cannot be used for the estimation of
nitrogen present in these.
33. Benzoic acid is sparingly soluble in water at room temperature but appreciably soluble at higher
temperature. The solution is concentrated to get a nearly saturated solution.
On cooling the solution, pure compound crystallises out.
34. i. Simple distillation because the boiling points of the two liquids differ much.
ii. Fractional distillation because the boiling points of the two liquids differ by only 10°.
35. If the difference in boiling points of two liquids is not much, simple distillation cannot be used to separate
them. The vapours of such liquids are formed within the same temperature range and are condensed
simultaneously. The technique of fractional distillation is used in such cases. In this technique, vapours of a
liquid mixture are passed through a fractionating column before condensation. The fractionating column is
fitted over the mouth of the round bottom flask. The liquid [B] with a higher boiling point condense before

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 the vapours of [A] with a lower boiling point.

36. Acetophenone is formed.

37. Branching of carbon atom chain decreases the boiling point of alkane.
38. Kharasch effect: In the presence of peroxides such as benzoyl peroxide, the addition of HBr to
unsymmetrical alkenes occurs contrary to Markovnikov's rule.
According to kharasch effect, the negative part of the adding molecule gets attached to that carbon atom
which possesses greater number of hydrogen atoms.
Peroxide

CH3CH = CH2 + HBr −−−−−→ CH3 – CH2 – CH2- Br

39. 2, 2-Dimethylpropane < 2-mehtylbutane < pentane.
40. The given organic compound is:

This compound has 9 primary hydrogen atoms, 2 secondary hydrogen atoms and one tertiary hydrogen atom.
Now, Relative amount of monochlorinated product = Number of hydrogen × relative reactivity
For (1°) monochlorinated product = 9 × 1 = 9
(2°) monochlorinated product = 2 × 3.8 = 7.6
(3°) monochlorinated product = 1 × 5 = 5
Total amount of monochlorinated compounds = 9 + 7.6 + 5 = 21.6
9×100
% of 1° monochlorinated product = 21.6
= 41.67
7.6×100
% of 2° monochlorinated product = = 35.18
21.6
5×100
% of 3° monochlorinated product = 21.6
= 23.15

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