MW Radio Transmission &

RTN
August, 2015

Quality and Process-Quality Circle

Objective

 Give an insight to microwave transmission

and introduce Huawei’s Radio
Transmission Node (RTN) equipment.
 Contents
 Digital Microwave Communication Principles
 Optix RTN 900 Hardware Description
 Digital Microwave Communication
Principles
 Digital Microwave Communication
Overview
 Digital Microwave Equipment Introduction
 Networking and Application of Digital MW
Equipment
 Microwave Propagation and Antifading
Technologies
 Digital Microwave Communication
Overview
 Transmission Methods for Communication
 Digital Microwave Communication
Overview
 Fiber and Microwave Transmission
 Digital Microwave Communication
Overview
 Microwave (MW) Definition
 A kind of electromagnetic wave
 Radio frequency range from 300MHz to 300GHz
 Is a plane wave
 1GHz to 40GHz often used for transmission
 Digital Microwave Communication
Overview
 Digital MW communication concepts
 MW communication: communication that uses
microwave as carrier
 Digital MW communication: MW communication with
digital baseband signal
 There is an intermediate frequency (IF) between digital
base band signal and radio frequency signal.
 Digital Microwave Communication
Overview
 Development of MW communication
 Digital Microwave Communication
Overview
 Frequency Band and Radio Channel
 The common frequency bands are:
7G/8G/11G/13G/15G/18G/23G/26G/32G/38G
 Digital Microwave Communication
Overview
 Frequency Band and Radio Channel (cont.)
 The central frequency, T/R spacing and channel
spacing are defined in every frequency band.
 Digital Microwave Communication
Overview
 Modulation modes for Digital MW
 The microwave carrier is digital modulated by the
baseband signal.
 Digital Microwave Communication
Overview
 Modulation modes for Digital MW (cont.)
 The frequency carrier signal can be described as:
A * COS (Wc * t + φ)
Amplitude Frequency Phase
• ASK: A is variable, W c and φ are constant
• FSK: W c is variable, A and φ are constant
• PSK: φ is variable, A and W c are constant
• QAM: A and φ are variable, W c is constant

 PSK and QAM are commonly used in digital MW

 Digital Microwave Communication
Overview
 MW Frame Structure
• Radio frame complementary overhead (RFCOH)
 Digital Microwave Equipment
Introduction
 Based on Structure: Trunk MW, All-out door MW &
Split-mount MW
 Digital Microwave Equipment
Introduction
 Split-mount MW equipment
 Antenna: focus RF signal sent by ODU, enlarge signal
gain.
 ODU: RF signal processing, conversion between IF
signal and RF signal.
 IF Cable: Txn for IF service signal, ODU management
signal and supply power for ODU.
 IDU: service access and distributed, multiple, modem
and so on.
 Digital Microwave Equipment
Introduction
 Antenna
 It propagates the electric wave from transmitter in to one direction,
and receive the electric wave.
 The common diameter of antenna are: 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, and
3.0m, etc.
 Several channels in one frequency band can share one antenna*.
 Digital Microwave Equipment
Introduction
 Antenna Aligning

Side Side
Lobe Lobe Main
Lobe

Main
Side Lobe Main
Lobe Lobe
 Digital Microwave Equipment
Introduction
 OUT DOOR UNIT (ODU)
 The main specifications of transmitter:
o Working frequency band: one ODU can cover one frequency band or
some part of a frequency band.
o Out put power: Typical out put power range at the transmitter out put is
from 15 to 30 dBm.
o Frequency stability: The oscillation frequency stability of microwave
device is from 3 to 10 ppm.
o Noise figure: The Noise Figure of digital microwave receiver is from 2.5
to 5dB.
o Pass band/Selectivity: To effectively suppressing interference and
getting optimal signal.
o Automatic Gain Control: Automatic control the gain to keep the same IF
output power level when receiving RF power level shift in a range
because of fading.
 Digital Microwave Equipment
Introduction
 IN DOOR UNIT (IDU)
 Accessing service like E1, STM1 or Ethernet.
 Processing RFCOH.
 Conversion signals between baseband and IF.
 Networking and Application of Digital
MW Equipment
 Common Networking Application
 Networking and Application of Digital
MW Equipment
 Types of Digital MW Stations: Terminal, Relay and
Pivotal Stations.

No service
ADD/DROP

Service
ADD/DROP
 Networking and Application of Digital
MW Equipment
 Application of Digital MW
 MW Propagation and Anti-fading
Technologies
 MW Propagation and fading
 Factors Affecting MW propagation
• Land Form
• Atmosphere and weather
 MW Propagation and Anti-fading
Technologies
 Landform
The reflection from land affects receiving signal from main
direction

 4 types of landform:
A: mountainous region (or region of dense buildings)
B: foothill (fluctuation of ground is gently)
C: flatland
D: large acreage of water
 MW Propagation and Anti-fading
Technologies
 Atmosphere and weather
• Atmosphere absorption mainly affects the mw whose
frequency is over 12 GHz.
• Refraction, reflection & dispersion in the troposphere
• Scattering and absorption loss caused by rain, fog and
snow. Mainly affects when f > 10 GHz.
 MW Propagation and Anti-fading
Technologies
 Classification of fading
• The reasons for fading are mainly atmosphere and
ground effect
 MW Propagation and Anti-fading
Technologies
 Free Space Fading
• mw beam will keep eradiating when it is propagated in
free space and so a certain loss will arise.
• A = 92.4 + 20 log d + 20 log f
• Where A: free space loss
d: distance in km
f : frequency in GHz
• Loss will increase by 6 dB when d or f is doubled
 MW Propagation and Anti-fading
Technologies
 Absorption Loss
• It is mainly caused by atmosphere (atmosphere
molecules).
• Compared to free space loss, this can be ignored.
 MW Propagation and Anti-fading
Technologies
 Rain and Fog Fading
• Generally, different frequency band has different loss.
• f < 10 GHz, this fading is not serious.
• f > 10 GHz, the link distance will be limited.
• f > 20 GHz, the link distance will only be few km.
 MW Propagation and Anti-fading
Technologies
 Multi Path fading and propagation
• The receiving path includes : from direct path and
reflected path
• Multi-path fading is
caused by the signals
interference from
different propagation
paths.
 MW Propagation and Anti-fading
Technologies
 Flat Fading
 MW Propagation and Anti-fading
Technologies
 Frequency Selective Fading
mainly occurs in large bandwidth mw systems.
 MW Propagation and Anti-fading
Technologies
 Antifading Technologies
 MW Propagation and Anti-fading
Technologies
 Adaptive Frequency Equalization
 MW Propagation and Anti-fading
Technologies
 ATPC (Automatic Transmit Power Control)
is used to avoid interference to adjacent system,
upward fading, DC power consumption
 MW Propagation and Anti-fading
Technologies
 XPIC (cross polarization interference cancelation)
• The XPIC technology works with the co-channel dual-polarization
(CCDP) technology.
• used to double the link transmission capacity over the same
channel.
 MW Propagation and Anti-fading
Technologies
 Diversity Reception
used to minimize the effects of fading.
• Space Diversity (SD)
• Frequency Diversity (FD)
• Polarization Diversity
• Angle Diversity
 MW Propagation and Anti-fading
Technologies
 Frequency Diversity (FD)
Low frequency utilization
Avoids frequency selective fading
 MW Propagation and Anti-fading
Technologies
 Space Diversity (SD)
Low antenna utilization.
Avoids multipath fading.
 MW Propagation and Anti-fading
Technologies
 Other anti-fading methods
Thanks!
 OptiX RTN 900
Hardware Description
 OptiX RTN 900
Hardware Description
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Overview
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Overview
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Overview

 Network Application
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Overview

 Equipment Components
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Overview

 IDU
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Overview

 IF cables in RTN 900

• It connects ODU to IDU
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Overview

 ODU
• Converts IF to RF signal
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Overview
 Hybrid Coupler
• When two ODUs share one antenna, the ODUs must
be connected in to an RF signal coupler/splitter. Then
the hybrid coupler is connected to the antenna.
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Overview
 Antenna
• Function: directional transmission and reception of RF
• Main Parameters: frequency band, diameter and gain
• Classification: Single Polarized and Dual Polarized
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Overview
 Equipment Characteristics
• Supports Hybrid/Packet integrated IP mw
• Modulation mode and link capacity are set by software
• Built-in ADM provides flexible service add/drop function
• Provides mw features: XPIC, AM, ATPC, 1+1 HSB/SD/FD
• Provides SDH protection features: LMSP, 2f-RMSP, SNCP
• Supports ERPS, LAG and MSTP
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Overview
 Adaptive Modulation (AM)
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Overview
 AM features(cont.)
• Supports 12 levels of modulation schemes (QPSK strong,
QPSK,16 QAM strong, 16/32/64/128/256/512 QAM, 512
QAM Light, 1024 QAM, 1024 QAM Light )
• The “ Reference mode”, “Nominal mode” can be configure
• When AM is switched; Tx/Rx frequency, and channel
spacing do not change
• Step by step switching mode must be adopted.
• When AM switches modulation to lower one, some low
priority services are discarded but no bit errors occurs to
high priority services.
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Structure
 IDU structure and architecture
 IF board
 SDH board
 PDH board
 Ethernet board
 System Control, Switching, and Timing board
 Auxiliary/Power/Fan/TDM connecting unit board
 Traffic flow
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Structure
 IDU structure (IDU 905 2A)
• IDU 905 2A appearance and slot layout
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Structure
 IDU structure (IDU 950A)
• IDU 950A appearance and slot layout
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Structure
 IDU structure (IDU 980)
• IDU 980 appearance and slot layout
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Structure
 TDM/Packet Dual-Plane System Architecture
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Structure
 IF Board
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Structure
 Summary of IF boards
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Structure
 SDH Board
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Structure
 PDH Board
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Structure
 Ethernet Board
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Structure
 Ethernet Board (cont.)
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Structure
 Ethernet Board (cont.)
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Structure
 System Control, Switching and Timing Board
• General Functions
Full time-division cross-connection
High capacity packet switching
System control and communication
Clock processing
Providing auxiliary ports and management ports
Service accessing and processing (910,950 & 980)
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Structure
 System Control, Switching and Timing Board (IDU
905)
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Structure
 System Control, Switching and Timing Board (IDU
950A)
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Structure
 System Control, Switching and Timing Board (IDU
980)
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Structure
 Please refer the following boards
• AUX Board
• Power Board
• FAN Unit
• TDM Cascading Boards
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Structure
 Service Signal Processing Flow
• SDH/PDH MW
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Structure
 Service Signal Processing Flow (cont.)
• Hybrid MW
 OptiX RTN 900 Product Structure
 Service Signal Processing Flow (cont.)
• Packet MW
Thanks!
 Protection Technologies in RTN 900
 Radio Link Protection
 PDH/SDH Protection
 Ethernet Protection
 Protection Technologies in RTN 900
 Radio Link Protection
1+1 HSB
1+1 SD
1+1 FD
 Protection Technologies in RTN 900
 1+1 HSB (Hot Standby Backup)
 Protection Technologies in RTN 900
 1+1 HSB description
 Protection Technologies in RTN 900
 HSM (Hitless Switching Mode): 1+1 SD
 Protection Technologies in RTN 900
 HSM (Hitless Switching Mode): 1+1 FD
 Protection Technologies in RTN 900
 Description of HSM (Hitless Switching Mode)
 Protection Technologies in RTN 900
 Microwave N+1 Protection
 Protection Technologies in RTN 900
 SNCP (Sub Network Connection Protection)
 Protection Technologies in RTN 900
 SDH Linear MSP
 Protection Technologies in RTN 900
 Please refer for Ethernet service protection
• ERPS
• MSTP
• LAG
• PLA/EPLA
 Ethernet Service Introduction
 VLAN Concept
• Purpose of VLAN division
Broadcast suppression
Security
Efficient management
 Ethernet Service Introduction
 802.1q VLAN Tag
 Ethernet Service Introduction
 Basic Concepts - Tag Attributes
 Ethernet Service Introduction
 Basic Concepts - Tag Attributes (cont.)
 Ethernet Service Introduction
 Ethernet Service classification
• E-Line (Point to Point transmission)
• E-LAN (Point to Multipoint)
 Ethernet Service Introduction
 E-Line
 Ethernet Service Introduction
 E-Line
 Ethernet Service Introduction
 E-LAN
 Ethernet Service Introduction
 E-LAN
 RTN 900 Troubleshooting
 Common Alarm Analysis
 RTN 900 Troubleshooting
 Common Alarm Analysis (cont.)
 RTN 900 Troubleshooting
 Common Alarm Analysis (cont.)
 RTN 900 Troubleshooting
 Common Alarm Analysis (cont.)
 RTN 900 Troubleshooting
 Case Analysis By Alarm
 RTN 900 Troubleshooting
 Loopback Test
Thanks!