ML1D

Contents
3.2.3.19 ML1D
3.2.3.19.1 Version Description
3.2.3.19.2 Application
3.2.3.19.3 Functions and Features
3.2.3.19.4 Working Principles
3.2.3.19.5 Front Panel
3.2.3.19.6 Technical Specifications

3.2.3.19 ML1D
The ML1D is a multi-protocol interface board. It provides two STM-1
ports, 16 E1 ports (75-ohm/120-ohm), and two Boolean alarm ports.
Version Description

The functional version of the ML1D is SL91.

Application

The ML1D applies to the microwave equipment to converge TDM

services from microwave networks for transmission to SDH
networks, or builds SDH networks with the microwave equipment
and SDH equipment. The ML1D can also receive and transmit E1
services in Native E1 mode. The ML1D receives and transmits E1
services on the microwave equipment that transmits E1-carried
CES services in PWE3 mode. The ML1D also supports Boolean alarm
input and output.
Functions and Features

The ML1D receives and transmits two channels of STM-1 optical

or electrical signals and 16 channels of E1 or CES signals.
Working Principles

This section describes how the ML1D processes one channel of

STM-1 optical signals, one channel of CES E1 signals, and one
channel of TDM E1 signals, which serves as an example to
describe the working principle and signal flow of the ML1D.
This section also describes the implementation principles of
the Boolean alarm function.
 Front Panel

There are indicators, service ports, and alarm ports on the

Technical Specifications

This section describes the technical specifications of the

ML1D, including STM-1 optical/electrical port specifications,
E1 interface specifications, mechanical specifications, and
power consumption.

3.2.3.19.1 Version Description

The functional version of the ML1D is SL91.

3.2.3.19.2 Application
The ML1D applies to the microwave equipment to converge TDM services
from microwave networks for transmission to SDH networks, or builds
SDH networks with the microwave equipment and SDH equipment. The ML1D
can also receive and transmit E1 services in Native E1 mode. The ML1D
receives and transmits E1 services on the microwave equipment that
transmits E1-carried CES services in PWE3 mode. The ML1D also
supports Boolean alarm input and output.

Converging TDM Services from Microwave Networks for Transmission

to SDH Networks
The ML1D converges TDM services from microwave networks for
transmission to SDH networks.
 Figure 1 Application scenario of converging TDM services from microwave
networks for transmission to SDH networks

Figure 2 Application scenario of serving as a node on an SDH ring network

Building SDH Networks with the Microwave Equipment and SDH

Equipment
The microwave equipment uses the ML1D to build SDH networks together
with SDH equipment. In this scenario, microwave links function as
"dark fibers".
 Figure 3 Application scenario of building SDH networks with the microwave
equipment and SDH equipment

Receiving and Transmitting E1 Services in Native E1 Mode

The ML1D receives and transmits E1/T1 services on the microwave
equipment that transmits E1/T1 services in Native mode. The E1/T1
services come from UEs or TDM networks.
Figure 4 Application scenario of the ML1D

Transmitting CES E1 Services in PWE3 Mode

The ML1D receives and transmits E1 services on the microwave
equipment that transmits E1-carried CES services in PWE3 mode. The
selection of boards depends on desired port quantities.
 Figure 5 Transmitting CES E1 services in PWE3 mode

Allowing an MPLS Tunnel to Traverse a TDM Network

Figure 6 Allowing an MPLS tunnel to traverse a TDM network

Boolean Alarm Input and Output

External alarms are mainly used to input the relay alarms generated
by the environmental alarm generator. External alarm output helps to
provide equipment alarms to the centralized alarming device.

3.2.3.19.3 Functions and Features

The ML1D receives and transmits two channels of STM-1 optical or
electrical signals and 16 channels of E1 or CES signals.
Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, and Table 4 list the functions and features of the
ML1D.

Table 1 Basic functions and features

Function and Feature Description

Warm reset and cold reset Supported

Query of board manufacturing information Supported

Query of board power consumption Supported

Note: A warm or cold reset can be performed only on the logical SL1D
board.

Table 2 SDH functions and features

Function and Feature Description

Basic functions Receives and transmits two channels of STM-

1 optical or electrical signals.

Port Optical port  Supports Ie-1, S-1.1, L-1.1, and L-1.2

specifications optical ports when SFP optical modules
are used.
 Complies with ITU-T G.957.

Electrical  Uses SFP electrical modules.

port  Complies with ITU-T G.703.

Protection Linear Supported

multiplex
section
protection
(LMSP)

Subnetwork Supported
connection
protection
(SNCP)

Clock Clock source Provides one channel of SDH line clock

signals over each line port.

Clock  Protection based on clock source

protection priorities
 Protection based on the SSM protocol
Table 2 SDH functions and features

Function and Feature Description

 Protection based on the extended SSM

protocol

DCN Outband DCN Provides one 3-byte, 9-byte, or 12-byte DCC

over each SDH line port.

K byte pass-through Supported

O&M Loopback  Supports outloops at optical/electrical

ports.
 Supports inloops at optical/electrical
ports.
 Supports outloops on VC-4 paths.
 Supports inloops on VC-4 paths.

Warm reset Supported

and cold
reset

Turning Supported
on/off a
laser
a
ALS function Supported

Query of Supported
board
manufacturing
information

Query of Supported
board power
consumption

Detection and Supported

query of SFP
module
information
Table 3 E1 functions and features

Function CES E1 Service TDM E1

Service

Basic functions Receives and transmits E1 signals, and

supports flexible E1 service type
configuration.

Port 75-ohm/120- 16 channels

specifications ohm E1 port

Fractional E1 Supports transparent service Not

transmission at the rate of 64 supported
kbit/s.

Number of CES services 16 N/A

CES encapsulation type  CESoPSN N/A

 SAToP

CES service type P2P services N/A

CES compression of idle Supported only in CESoPSN mode N/A

timeslots

CES jitter compensation 875 to 16000 N/A

buffering time (us)

CES packet loading time (us) 125 to 5000 N/A

CES ACR Supported N/A

CES retiming Supported N/A

Clock Clock source Allows a tributary clock source to be

extracted from the first or fifth channel
of E1 signals.

Clock Protection based on clock source

protection priorities

E1 retiming Supported

O&M Loopback  Supports inloops at E1 tributary ports.

 Supports outloops at E1 tributary
ports.
Table 3 E1 functions and features

Function CES E1 Service TDM E1

Service

PRBS test at Supported

E1 ports

Table 4 Boolean alarm functions and features

Function and Description

Feature

External alarm Provides two Boolean alarm ports, each of which supports
port three inputs and one output.

3.2.3.19.4 Working Principles

This section describes how the ML1D processes one channel of STM-1
optical signals, one channel of CES E1 signals, and one channel of
TDM E1 signals, which serves as an example to describe the working
principle and signal flow of the ML1D. This section also describes
the implementation principles of the Boolean alarm function.
Figure 1 Functional block diagram of the SL1D (logical board)
Table 1 Signal flow in the transmit direction of the SL1D (logical
board)

Step Functional Unit Processing Flow

1 Logic processing  Processes clock signals.

unit  Processes overhead signals.
 Receives VC-4 signals and pointer
indication signals from the cross-connect
unit.

2 Overhead  Sets higher order path overheads.

processing unit  Sets AU pointers.
 Sets multiplex section overhead bytes.
 Sets regenerator section overhead bytes.
 Performs scrambling.

3 O/E conversion Converts STM-1 electrical signals into

unit optical signals.

Table 2 Signal flow in the receive direction of the SL1D (logical

board)

Step Functional Unit Processing Flow

1 O/E conversion  Receives STM-1 optical signals.

unit  Detects R_LOS alarms.
 Converts STM-1 optical signals into STM-1
electrical signals.

2 Overhead  Restores clock signals.

processing unit  Synchronizes frames and detects R_LOS and
R_LOF alarms.
 Performs descrambling.
 Checks B1 and B2 bytes and generates
specific alarms and performance events.
 Checks the M1 byte and bits 6 to 8 of the
K2 byte, and generates specific alarms and
performance events.
 Detects the changes in the synchronization
status message (SSM) in S1 bytes and
reports the changes to the system control
and communication unit.
 Extracts orderwire bytes, auxiliary channel
bytes including F1 and SERIAL bytes, DCC
Table 2 Signal flow in the receive direction of the SL1D (logical
board)

Step Functional Unit Processing Flow

bytes, and K bytes, and transmits them to

the logic processing unit.
 Adjusts AU pointers and generates specific
performance events.
 Checks higher order path overheads and
generates specific alarms and performance
events.
 Transmits pointer indication signals and
VC-4 signals to the logic processing unit.

3 Logic processing  Processes clock signals.

unit  Transmits overhead signals to the system
control and communication unit.
 Transmits VC-4 signals and pointer
indication signals to the cross-connect
unit.

Figure 2 Functional block diagram of the MP1 (logical board) processing CES
E1 services
Table 3 Signal flow in the receive direction of the MP1 (logical
board) processing CES E1 services

Step Functional Unit Processing Flow

1 Signal interface  Receives external E1 signals.

unit  Matches the resistance.
 Equalizes signals.
 Converts the level.
 Restores clock signals.
 Buffers the received data.
 Performs HDB3 decoding.

2 Service  Frames E1 signals.

processing unit  Performs CES emulation.
 Encapsulates PWE3 services and converts
them into Ethernet services.

3 Logic processing  Grooms services from service buses to the

unit GE bus on the backplane.
 Sends service signals to the packet
switching unit.

Table 4 Signal flow in the transmit direction of the MP1 (logical

board) processing CES E1 services

Step Functional Unit Processing Flow

1 Logic processing  Receives service signals from the packet

unit switching unit.
 Grooms services from the GE bus on the
backplane to service buses.

2 Service  Decapsulates service signals.

processing unit  Restructures CES packets.
 Converts signals into E1 signals and sends
the E1 signals to the signal interface
unit.

3 Signal interface  Performs HDB3 encoding.

unit  Performs clock re-timing.
 Performs pulse shaping.
 Drives the line.
 Sends E1 signals to a port.
Figure 3 Functional block diagram of the MP1 (logical board) processing TDM
E1 services

Table 5 Signal flow in the receive direction of the MP1 (logical

board) processing TDM E1 services

Step Functional Unit Processing Flow

1 Interface unit Couples external E1 signals by using a

transformer and then transmits the signals to
the board.

2 Encoding/Decoding  Equalizes the received signals.

unit  Restores clock signals.
 Detects T_ALOS alarms.
 Performs HDB3 decoding.

3 Mapping/Demapping  Asynchronously maps signals into C-12s.

unit  Adds path overhead bytes to C-12s to form
VC-12s.
 Processes pointers to form TU-12s.
 Performs byte interleaving for three TU-12s
to form one TUG-2.
 Table 5 Signal flow in the receive direction of the MP1 (logical
board) processing TDM E1 services

Step Functional Unit Processing Flow

 Performs byte interleaving for seven TUG-2s

to form one TUG-3.
 Performs byte interleaving for three TUG-3s
to form one C-4.
 Adds higher order path overhead bytes to
one C-4 to form one VC-4.

4 Logic processing  Processes clock signals.

unit  Transmits VC-4 signals and pointer
indication signals to the cross-connect
units.

Table 6 Signal flow in the transmit direction of the MP1 (logical

board) processing TDM E1 services

Step Functional Unit Processing Flow

1 Logic processing  Processes clock signals.

unit  Receives VC-4 signals and pointer
indication signals from the cross-connect
unit.

2 Mapping/Demapping  Demultiplexes three TUG-3s from one VC-4.

unit  Demultiplexes seven TUG-2s from one TUG-3.
 Demultiplexes three VC-12s from one TUG-2.
 Processes path overheads and pointers and
detects specific alarms and performance
events.
 Extracts E1 signals.

3 Encoding/Decoding Performs HDB3 encoding.

unit

4 Interface unit Couples E1 signals by using a transformer and

then transmits the signals to an external
cable.

Control Signal Processing

The board is directly controlled by the CPU on the system control and
communication unit. The CPU delivers configuration and query commands
 to other units of the board over the control bus. These units then
report command responses, alarms, and performance events to the CPU
over the control bus.
The logic control unit decodes the address read/write signals from
the CPU on the system control and communication unit and enables FPGA
loading.

Clock Unit
The clock unit receives the system clock signals from the control bus
in the backplane and provides clock signals for other units of the
board.

Boolean Alarm Principles

shows an interface circuit for external alarm input. When the
Figure 4
relay of the external system is switched off, the IDU interface
circuit detects a high signal level. When the relay of the external
system is switched on, the IDU interface circuit detects a low signal
level. The board generates the corresponding alarms based on the
signal level detected by the interface circuit. External alarm input
mainly achieves access of the relay alarms generated by the
environmental alarm generator.
Figure 4 Circuits for external alarm input

shows an interface circuit for external alarm output. When the

Figure 5
external alarm output conditions are met, the equipment switches on
or off the relay depending on the conditions that result in the
alarm. External alarm output helps to provide equipment alarms to the
centralized alarming device.
 Figure 5 Circuits for external alarm output

3.2.3.19.5 Front Panel

There are indicators, service ports, and alarm ports on the front
panel of the ML1D.
 Front Panel Diagram

 Indicators

 Service Ports

Front Panel Diagram

Figure 1 Front panel of the ML1D

Indicators

Table 1 Descriptions about indicators on the ML1D

Indicator Status Description

STAT On (green) The board is working properly.

On (red) The board hardware is faulty.

 Table 1 Descriptions about indicators on the ML1D

Indicator Status Description

Off The board is not working, not

created, or not supplied with power.

SRV On (green) Services are normal.

On (red) A critical or major alarm occurs in

the services.

On (yellow) A minor or remote alarm occurs in

the services.

Off No service is configured.

LOS1 On (red) The STM-1-1 port reports the R_LOS

alarm.

Off The STM-1-1 port is free of the

R_LOS alarm.

LOS2 On (red) The STM-1-2 port reports the R_LOS

alarm.

Off The STM-1-2 port is free of the

R_LOS alarm.

Service Ports

Table 2 Service ports

Port Description Connector Type Corresponding

Cable

STM-1-1 STM-1 port 1  SFP optical

module: LC  SFP optical
 SFP electrical module: Fiber
module: SAA Jumper
straight female  SFP electrical
module: STM-1
STM-1-2 STM-1 port 2  SFP optical Cable
module: LC
 Table 2 Service ports

Port Description Connector Type Corresponding

Cable

 SFP electrical
module: SAA
straight female

E1 (1–16) The first to Anea 96 E1 Cable to the

External Equipment
sixteenth E1 ports
or E1 Cable to the E1
Panel

Alarm Ports

Table 3 Alarm ports

Port Description Connector Type

ALMI/O 1 Boolean input alarm port RJ45

ALMI/O 2 Boolean output alarm port RJ45

The ports processing CES/TDM E1 services use the Anea 96 connector.

Figure 2 shows the front view of an Anea 96 connector and Table 4
provides the pin assignments for the Anea 96 connector.
Figure 2 Front view of an Anea 96 connector

Table 4 Pin assignments for the Anea 96 connector

Pin Signal Pin Signal

1 First channel of received 25 First channel of transmitted E1

E1 differential signals differential signals (+)
(+)
Table 4 Pin assignments for the Anea 96 connector

Pin Signal Pin Signal

2 First channel of received 26 First channel of transmitted E1

E1 differential signals differential signals (-)
(-)

3 Second channel of 27 Second channel of transmitted

received E1 differential E1 differential signals (+)
signals (+)

4 Second channel of 28 Second channel of transmitted

received E1 differential E1 differential signals (-)
signals (-)

5 Third channel of received 29 Third channel of transmitted E1

E1 differential signals differential signals (+)
(+)

6 Third channel of received 30 Third channel of transmitted E1

E1 differential signals differential signals (-)
(-)

7 Fourth channel of 31 Fourth channel of transmitted

received E1 differential E1 differential signals (+)
signals (+)

8 Fourth channel of 32 Fourth channel of transmitted

received E1 differential E1 differential signals (-)
signals (-)

9 Fifth channel of received 33 Fifth channel of transmitted E1

E1 differential signals differential signals (+)
(+)

10 Fifth channel of received 34 Fifth channel of transmitted E1

E1 differential signals differential signals (-)
(-)

11 Sixth channel of received 35 Sixth channel of transmitted E1

E1 differential signals differential signals (+)
(+)

12 Sixth channel of received 36 Sixth channel of transmitted E1

E1 differential signals differential signals (-)
(-)
Table 4 Pin assignments for the Anea 96 connector

Pin Signal Pin Signal

13 Seventh channel of 37 Seventh channel of transmitted

received E1 differential E1 differential signals (+)
signals (+)

14 Seventh channel of 38 Seventh channel of transmitted

received E1 differential E1 differential signals (-)
signals (-)

15 Eighth channel of 39 Eighth channel of transmitted

received E1 differential E1 differential signals (+)
signals (+)

16 Eighth channel of 40 Eighth channel of transmitted

received E1 differential E1 differential signals (-)
signals (-)

17 Ninth channel of received 41 Ninth channel of transmitted E1

E1 differential signals differential signals (+)
(+)

18 Ninth channel of received 42 Ninth channel of transmitted E1

E1 differential signals differential signals (-)
(-)

19 Tenth channel of received 43 Tenth channel of transmitted E1

E1 differential signals differential signals (+)
(+)

20 Tenth channel of received 44 Tenth channel of transmitted E1

E1 differential signals differential signals (-)
(-)

21 Eleventh channel of 45 Eleventh channel of transmitted

received E1 differential E1 differential signals (+)
signals (+)

22 Eleventh channel of 46 Eleventh channel of transmitted

received E1 differential E1 differential signals (-)
signals (-)

23 Twelfth channel of 47 Twelfth channel of transmitted

received E1 differential E1 differential signals (+)
signals (+)
Table 4 Pin assignments for the Anea 96 connector

Pin Signal Pin Signal

24 Twelfth channel of 48 Twelfth channel of transmitted

received E1 differential E1 differential signals (-)
signals (-)

49 Thirteenth channel of 73 Thirteenth channel of

received E1 differential transmitted E1 differential
signals (+) signals (+)

50 Thirteenth channel of 74 Thirteenth channel of

received E1 differential transmitted E1 differential
signals (-) signals (-)

51 Fourteenth channel of 75 Fourteenth channel of

received E1 differential transmitted E1 differential
signals (+) signals (+)

52 Fourteenth channel of 76 Fourteenth channel of

received E1 differential transmitted E1 differential
signals (-) signals (-)

53 Fifteenth channel of 77 Fifteenth channel of

received E1 differential transmitted E1 differential
signals (+) signals (+)

54 Fifteenth channel of 78 Fifteenth channel of

received E1 differential transmitted E1 differential
signals (-) signals (-)

55 Sixteenth channel of 79 Sixteenth channel of

received E1 differential transmitted E1 differential
signals (+) signals (+)

56 Sixteenth channel of 80 Sixteenth channel of

received E1 differential transmitted E1 differential
signals (-) signals (-)

Table 5 provides the pin assignments for the ALMI/ALMO port.

 Table 5 Pin assignments for the ALMI/ALMO port

Port Pin Signal

ALMI/ALMO 1 First channel of external alarm input

signals

2 Grounding end for the first channel of

external alarm input signals

3 Second channel of external alarm input

signals

4 Third channel of external alarm input

signals

5 Grounding end for the third channel of

external alarm input signals

6 Grounding end for the second channel of

external alarm input signals

7 Alarm output signal (+)

8 Alarm output signal (-)

 Labels

Labels
There is a laser safety class label on the front panel.
The laser safety class label indicates that the laser safety class of
the optical port is CLASS 1. That is, the maximum output optical
power of an optical port is lower than 10 dBm (10 mW).

3.2.3.19.6 Technical
Specifications
This section describes the technical specifications of the ML1D,
including STM-1 optical/electrical port specifications, E1 interface
specifications, mechanical specifications, and power consumption.

STM-1 Optical Port Specifications

 The STM-1 optical port specifications comply with ITU-T G.957/G.825.
The following table lists the main specifications.

Table 1 STM-1 optical port specifications (two-fiber bidirectional)

Item Specifications

Nominal bit rate 155520

(kbit/s)

Classification code Ie-1 S-1.1 L-1.1 L-1.2

Optical fiber type Multimode Single-mode Single-mode Single-mode

optical optical optical optical
fiber fiber fiber fiber

Transmission distance 2 15 40 80
(km)

Operating wavelength 1270 to 1261 to 1263 to 1480 to

(nm) 1380 1360 1360 1580

Mean launched optical –19 to – –15 to –8 –5 to 0 –5 to 0

power (dBm) 14

Minimum receiver –30 –28 –34 –34

sensitivity (dBm)

Minimum overload point –14 –8 –10 –10

(dBm)

Minimum extinction 10 8.2 10 10

ratio (dB)

STM-1 Electrical Port Specifications

The specifications comply with ITU-T G.703. The following table lists
the main specifications.

Table 2 STM-1 electrical port specifications

Item Specifications

Nominal bit rate (kbit/s) 155520

Code pattern CMI

 Table 2 STM-1 electrical port specifications

Item Specifications

Wire pair in each transmission direction One coaxial wire pair

Impedance (ohm) 75

E1 Interface Specifications

Table 3 E1 interface specifications

Item Specifications

Nominal bit rate 2048

(kbit/s)

Code pattern HDB3

Impedance (ohm) 75 120

Wire pair in each One coaxial wire pair One symmetrical wire
transmission direction pair

Mechanical Specifications and Power Consumption

Table 4 Mechanical specifications and power consumption of the ML1D

Item Specifications

Dimensions (H x W x D) 223.8 mm x 193.8 mm x 19.8 mm

Weight 0.51 kg

Typical power consumption 21.5 W