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Dumini 1153-1619623108515-Unit 10 Web Design and

Development Reworded 2021
HND In Computing (ESOFT Metro Campus)

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Higher Nationals
Internal verification of assessment decisions – BTEC (RQF)
INTERNAL VERIFICATION – ASSESSMENT DECISIONS

Programme title BTEC Higher National Diploma in Computing

Assessor Internal Verifier

Unit 10: Web Design and Development
Unit(s)
Online Hospital Management System
Assignment title
Dumini Tharushini Ramanayake
Student’s name
List which assessment Pass Merit Distinction
criteria the Assessor has
awarded.
INTERNAL VERIFIER CHECKLIST

Do the assessment criteria awarded match

those shown in the assignment brief? Y/N

Is the Pass/Merit/Distinction grade awarded

justified by the assessor’s comments on the Y/N
student work?
Has the work been assessed
Y/N
accurately?
Is the feedback to the student:
Give details:

• Constructive?
Y/N
• Linked to relevant assessment
criteria? Y/N

• Identifying opportunities for

improved performance? Y/N

• Agreeing actions? Y/N

Does the assessment decision need

Y/N
amending?
Assessor signature Date

Internal Verifier signature Date

Programme Leader signature(if
Date
required)

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Confirm action completed

Remedial action taken

Give details:

Assessor signature Date

Internal Verifier
Date
signature
Programme Leader
Date
signature (if required)

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Higher Nationals - Summative Assignment Feedback Form

Dumini Tharushini Ramanayake / 00126919
Student Name/ID
Unit Title Unit 10: Website Design & Development

Assignment Number 1 Assessor

31.10.2023 Date Received 1st
Submission Date
submission
Date Received 2nd
Re-submission Date
submission
Assessor Feedback:

LO1. Explain server technologies and management services associated with hosting and managing websites.

Pass, Merit & Distinction P1 P2 M1 M2 D1

Descripts
LO2. Categorise website technologies, tools and software used to develop websites.

Pass, Merit & Distinction P3 P4 M3 D1

Descripts

LO3. Utilise website technologies, tools and techniques with good design principles to create a multipage
website.
Pass, Merit & Distinction P5 P6 M4 D2
Descripts

LO4. Create and use a Test Plan to review the performance and design of a multipage website.
Pass, Merit & Distinction P7 M5 D3
Descripts

Grade: Assessor Signature: Date:

Resubmission Feedback:

Grade: Assessor Signature: Date:

Internal Verifier’s Comments:

Signature & Date:

* Please note that grade decisions are provisional. They are only confirmed once internal and external moderation has taken place and grades decisions have
been agreed at the assessment board.

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Assignment Feedback
Formative Feedback: Assessor to Student

Action Plan

Summative feedback

Feedback: Student to Assessor

Assessor signature Date

Student signature Date

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Pearson
Higher Nationals in
Computing
Unit 10: Web Design and Development
Assignment 01

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General Guidelines

1. A Cover page or title page – You should always attach a title page to your assignment. Use previous page as
your cover sheet and make sure all the details are accurately filled.
2. Attach this brief as the first section of your assignment.
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5. Allow 1” for top, bottom , right margins and 1.25” for the left margin of each page.

Word Processing Rules

1. The font size should be 12 point, and should be in the style of Time New Roman.
2. Use 1.5 line spacing. Left justify all paragraphs.
3. Ensure that all the headings are consistent in terms of the font size and font style.
4. Use footer function in the word processor to insert Your Name, Subject, Assignment No, and Page Number
on each page. This is useful if individual sheets become detached for any reason.
5. Use word processing application spell check and grammar check function to help editing your assignment.

Important Points:

1. It is strictly prohibited to use textboxes to add texts in the assignments, except for the compulsory information.
eg: Figures, tables of comparison etc. Adding text boxes in the body except for the before mentioned
compulsory information will result in rejection of your work.
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complete an alternative assignment.
9. If you use other people’s work or ideas in your assignment, reference them properly using HARVARD
referencing system to avoid plagiarism. You have to provide both in-text citation and a reference list.
10. If you are proven to be guilty of plagiarism or any academic misconduct, your grade could be reduced to A
REFERRAL or at worst you could be expelled from the course.
11. If you are proven to be guilty of plagiarism or any academic misconduct, your grade could be reduced to A
REFERRAL or at worst you could be expelled from the course.

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Student Declaration

I hereby, declare that I know what plagiarism entails, namely to use another’s work and to present it as my own
without attributing the sources in the correct way. I further understand what it means to copy another’s work.

1. I know that plagiarism is a punishable offence because it constitutes theft.

2. I understand the plagiarism and copying policy of the Pearson UK.
3. I know what the consequences will be if I plagiaries or copy another’s work in any of the assignments for this
program.
4. I declare therefore that all work presented by me for every aspects of my program, will be my own, and where
I have made use of another’s work, I will attribute the source in the correct way.
5. I acknowledge that the attachment of this document signed or not, constitutes a binding agreement between
myself and Pearson, UK.
6. I understand that my assignment will not be considered as submitted if this document is not attached to the
attached.

duminitharushini@gmail.com
Student’s Signature: Date: 31.10.2023
(Provide E-mail ID) (Provide Submission Date)

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Assignment Brief
Student Name /ID Number Dumini Tharushini Ramanayake / 00126919

Unit Number and Title Unit 10- Web Design and Development

Academic Year 2021/2022

Unit Tutor

Assignment Title Online Hospital Management System

Issue Date 05.03.2023

Submission Date 31.10.2023

IV Name & Date

Submission Format:

Part 1.
Report- Submit a professional report with approepriate report formattimg and guidelines followed. All the research
data should be referenced along with in-text citations using Hrvard referencing syste.

Part 2
A fully functional web solution

Unit Learning Outcomes:

LO1 Explain server technologies and management services associated with hosting and managing websites.

LO2 Categorise website technologies, tools and software used to develop websites.

LO3 Utilise website technologies, tools and techniques with good design principles to create a multipage website.

LO4 Create and use a Test Plan to review the performance and design of a multipage website.

Assignment Brief and Guidance:

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Assignment Brief
Scenario.
‘Apex Design Works’ is a leading web design and marketing company. They are focusing on helping
businesses communicate more effectively and build their business through a creative design. Assume
that, you work as an apprentice web developer for Apex Web Design and marketing company. As part of
your role, you have been asked to create a Website for the following organization .
Arogya Health Care hospital currently uses a manual system for the management and maintenance of
critical information. The current system requires numerous paper forms, with data stores spread
throughout the hospital management infrastructure. Often information (on forms) is incomplete, or does
not follow management standards. Multiple copies of the same information exist in the hospital and may
lead to inconsistencies in data in various data stores. There are number of documents to be maintained in
the Health Care hospital and this information typically involves; patient personal information and medical
history, staff information, room and ward scheduling, staff scheduling, operating theater scheduling and
various facilities waiting lists. All of this information must be managed in an efficient and cost wise fashion
so that the resources can be managed effectively. The reception module handles various inquiries about
the patient's admission and discharge details, and the patient's movements within the hospital.
Assume that you are the web developer hired by the Health Care Hospital, to propose, and engineer a low
cost but yet powerful and complete Hospital Management System (HMS) for the scenario given above.
Suggest and implement important functionalities and features to the system by identifying system
functionalities.

The new system is to control the following information

• patient information
• room availability
• staff and operating room schedules
• patient invoices

Develop a web based solution for the above scenario and produce a report covering the following tasks.

Task 1 - Server technologies and management services associated with hosting and managing websites (LO1)

1.1 Explain and differentiate the different web technologies such as communication protocols, server hardware,
operating systems and web server software with regards to designing, publishing and accessing the Hospital
Management System (HMS).
1.2 Identifry and define the types of DNS and the uses of it, with clarifications on how domain names are
structured. Review the effect of search engines on website performance. Provide evidence-based support for
improving a site’s index value and rank of the Hospital Management System (HMS) through search engine
optimization.
1.3 Identify and explain the common web development technologies and frameworks. Explain the tools and
techniques chosen to develop the above web application and justify your choice by providing valid evidences.

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Task 2 - Categories website technologies, tools and software used to develop websites (LO2)

2.1 Considering the requirments given in the above scenario define the relationships between front-end and
back-end website technologies and discuss how the front-end and the back-end relate to presentation and
application layers.
2.2 Discuss the differences between online website creation tools and custom-built web sites by considering the
design flexibility, performance, functionality, User Experience (UX) and User Interface (UI). Evaluate the tools
and techniques available to design the web application gicven in the scenario.
.
Task 3 - Utilize website technologies, tools and techniques with good design principles to create a multipage
website (LO3)

3.1 Design a suitable web application solution for the given scenario using PHP, JS and MySQL (Screenshots of
important code lines with proper comments and user interfaces filled with sample data must be attached to
the documentation). Apply a database design for the proposed system and provide the well normalized
database design of the proposed system. Provide evidences of the design, multipage website supported with
fidelity wireframes and a full set of client and user requirements.
3.2 Compare and contrast the multipage website created to the design document. Use your design document
with appropriate principles, standards and guidelines to produce a branded, multipage website supported
with realistic content and Critically evaluate the web design ,development process against your design
document analyisng any technical challenges you faced during the development.

Note - Synthesize client and the server-side functionalities in the proposed design.

Task 4 - Create and use a Test Plan to review the performance and design of a multipage website (LO4)

4.1 QA process is expected to discover design issues and development errors while testing a product’s user
interface (UI) and gauging the user experience (UX). Evaluate the Quality Assurance (QA) process and
review how it was implemented during your design and development stages.

4.2 Create a suitable test plan for the developed system and critically evaluate the results of your Test Plan .
Include a review of the overall success of your multipage website; use this evaluation to explain any areas
of success and provide justified recommendations for areas that require improvements.

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Grading Rubric
Grading Criteria Achieved Feedback

LO1 Explain server technologies and management services associated with

hosting and managing websites

P1 Identify the purpose and types of DNS, including explanations on how

domain names are organized and managed.

P2 Explain the purpose and relationships between communication

protocols, server hardware, operating systems and web server software
with regards to designing, publishing and accessing a website.
M1 Evaluate the impact of common web development technologies and
frameworks with regards to website design, functionality and
management.
M2 Review the influence of search engines on website performance and
provide evidence-based support for improving a
site’s index value and rank through search engine optimization.
D1 Justify the tools and techniques chosen to realize a custom built
website.

LO2 Categories website technologies, tools and

software used to develop websites

P3 Discuss the capabilities and relationships between front-end and back-

end website technologies and explain how these relate to presentation
and application layers.
P4 Discuss the differences between online website creation tools and
custom built sites with regards to design flexibility, performance,
functionality, User Experience (UX) and User Interface (UI).

M3 Evaluate a range of tools and techniques available to design and

develop a custom built website.

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LO3 Utilize website technologies, tools and techniques

with good design principles to create a multipage
website

P5 Create a design document for a branded, multipage website supported

with medium fidelity wireframes and a full set of client and user
requirements.
P6 Use your design document with appropriate principles, standards and
guidelines to produce a branded, multipage website supported with
realistic content.
M4 Compare and contrast the multipage website created to the design
document.

D2 Critically evaluate the design and development process against your

design document and analyse any technical challenges.

LO4 Create and use a Test Plan to review the

performance and design of a multipage website

P7 Create a suitable Test Plan identifying key performance areas and

use it to review the functionality and performance of your website.
M5 Evaluate the Quality Assurance (QA) process and review how it was
implemented during your design and development stages.
D3 Critically evaluate the results of your Test Plan and include a review of
the overall success of your multipage website; use this evaluation to
explain any areas of success and provide justified recommendations for
areas that require improvement.

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Observation Sheet

Activity Activity Learning Feedback

No Outcome (Pass/ Redo)
1 Explain server technologies and LO1
management services associated
with
hosting and managing websites.
2 categorize website technologies, LO2
tools and software used to develop
websites.
3 Utilize website technologies, tools LO3
and techniques with good design
principles to create a multipage
website.
4 Create and use a Test Plan to review LO4
the performance and design of a
multipage website.

Comments:

Assessor Name :…………………………………………….

Date :…………………………………………….
Assessor Signature :…………………………………………….

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Content

Explain and differentiate the different web technologies such as

communication protocols, server hardware, operating systems and
web server software with regards to designing, publishing and accessing
the Hospital Management System (HMS)……………………………………………………04

Identify and define the types of DNS and the uses of it, with
clarifications on how domain names are structured. Review the
effect of search engines on website performance. Provide evidence-based
support for improving a site’s index value and rank of the Hospital
Management System (HMS) through search engine optimization…………………………...08

Discuss the capabilities and relationships between front-end and

backend website technologies and explain how these relate to presentation
and application layers………………………………………………………………………...11

Discuss the differences between online website creation tools and custom
built sites with regards to design flexibility, performance, functionality,
User Experience (UX) and User Interface (UI)………………………………………………14

Create a design document for a branded, multipage website supported

with medium fidelity wireframes and a full set of client and user requirements…………….16

Create a suitable Test Plan identifying key performance areas and use
it to review the functionality and performance of your website……………………………...46

User feedbacks…………………………………………………………………………………..

Evaluation of overall test results and the review of the overall success
of the website………………………………………………………………………………..

References…………………………………………………………………………………..

Table of Figures

Figure 01- 16
Figure 02- 17
Figure 03- 18
Figure 04- 19
Figure 05- 19
Figure 06- 20

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Figure 07- 20
Figure 08- 21
Figure 09- 22
Figure 10- 23
Figure 11- 23
Figure 12- 24
Figure 13-24
Figure 14- 25
Figure 15- 25
Figure 16- 26
Figure 17- 26
Figure 18- 27
Figure 19- 27
Figure 20- 28
Figure 21- 28
Figure 22- 30
Figure 23- 31
Figure 24- 32
Figure 25- 36
Figure 26- 37
Figure 27- 39
Figure 28- 41
Figure 29- 43
Figure 30- 45
Figure 31- 47
Figure 32- 48
Figure 33- 48
Figure 34- 49
Figure 35- 50
Figure 36- 50
Figure 37- 51
Figure 38- 51
Figure 39- 52
Figure 40- 52
Figure 41- 53
Figure 42- 53
Figure 43- 54
Figure 44- 54

List of Tables

Table 01- 13
Table 02- 15
Table 03- 46
Table 04- 47
Table 05- 48
Table 06- 49
Table 07- 50

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Activity 01

Explain and differentiate the different web technologies such as communication

protocols, server hardware, operating systems and web server software with regards to
designing, publishing and accessing the Hospital Management System (HMS).

Protocols

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

Hypertext Transfer Protocol, or HTTP, is an application protocol for sending hypermedia

things like HTML files over the Internet. It establishes the basis for data transmission over the
internet and controls communication between web servers and clients (such as web browsers).

• Function: The World Wide Web was built on the HTTP protocol, which is used to retrieve
connected resources (text, photos, videos, etc.) from web servers.

• Key Features: Stateless, request-response approach, ways for dealing with resources like
GET, POST, PUT, and DELETE.

HTTPS (HTTP Secure)

The protocol used for transferring data between a user's web browser and a website is called
HTTP, while HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) is a secure version of HTTP. Data
sent between a user's browser and a website is encrypted with HTTPS, ensuring
confidentiality, integrity, and authentication.

• Function: In order to guarantee secrecy and integrity, HTTPS, a secure version of HTTP,
encrypts all data sent between the client and server.
• Key Features: Secures the transport of sensitive data using port 443 and the SSL/TLS
protocols.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a widely used network protocol for moving files over a
computer network between a client and a server. It is outlined in a number of RFC
documents, most notably RFC 959, and is a member of the family of Internet Protocols.

• Function: Over a network, FTP is used to transfer files from a client to a server.
• Key Features: Offers file management features like directory listing, renaming, deleting, and
uploading.

Domain Name System (DNS)

A hierarchical decentralized system called the Domain Name System (DNS) converts domain
names like example.com into the IP addresses needed to find resources on the Internet, such
192.168.1.1. In general, it serves as the internet's version of the phone book.

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• Function: DNS converts domain names (such as example.com) into IP addresses, enabling
computers to find one another online.
• Key Features: Distributed and decentralized system, hierarchical structure.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

Email messages are sent between servers via the SMTP protocol, often known as the Simple
Mail Transfer Protocol. Email transmission and reception via the internet are governed by a
set of regulations.

• Function: SMTP is used to transfer emails between servers or from a client to a server.
• Key Features: Outlines the formatting, transmission, and delivery of email messages to the
recipient's mail server.

Internet Protocol (IP)

An essential communication protocol that serves as the foundation for communication in

computer networks is called Internet Protocol (IP). It is a set of guidelines that specify the
format, address, transmission, routing, and reception of data packets over a network.
IP is a vital protocol for contemporary networking since it is essential for facilitating
communication and data transmission across the internet and other computer networks.

Post Office Protocol (POP)

Email clients use the Post Office Protocol (POP), an application-layer internet standard
protocol, to get emails from mail servers. POP2 and POP3 are the two most often used
versions of POP. The most often used version currently is POP3, though.
Overall, IMAP has gained greater popularity due to its versatility in managing emails across
many devices and offering better synchronization options, even though POP3 is still in use.

Server Hardware

The physical parts and tools used to construct and run computer servers are referred to as
server hardware. The purpose of servers is to deliver various services, resources, or data to
other computers referred to as clients across a network.

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• Explanation: The server's central processing unit (CPU) is in charge of carrying out
commands and handling data.
• Differentiation: For a hospital management system to handle concurrent requests efficiently,
higher-end CPUs with several cores and high clock speeds are preferred.

2. Memory (RAM)

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• Explanation: RAM serves as a temporary repository for information that the CPU is now
consuming.
• Differentiation: Because hospitals work with enormous datasets, the system needs enough
RAM to process the data and maintain responsiveness.

3. Storage Devices (HDD/SSD)

• Explanation: Storage devices store both software and data.
• Differentiation: To ensure timely retrieval of patient records and other information, hospitals
can think about switching from HDDs to SSDs (Solid State Drives) for faster data access.

4. NICs (Network Interface Cards):

• Explanation: The server is connected to the hospital's network using NICs.
• Differentiation: For speedy data transfer and to accommodate numerous concurrent users,
faster NICs or gigabit Ethernet may be required.

5. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU):

• Explanation: GPUs can speed up particular computational processes, like medical imaging.
• Differentiation: A server with specialized GPUs may be needed if the institution handles
intense medical imaging workloads.

Operating system (OS)

Software that serves as a bridge between computer hardware and computer users is known as
an operating system (OS). It offers a user interface and manages the hardware of the
computer so that software programs can run.
Operating systems are essential for properly controlling and exploiting computer hardware,
giving software programs a platform to function smoothly, and allowing users to interact with
computers in an intuitive way.

Windows operating system

Microsoft created a group of operating systems under the name Windows. It is renowned for
its user-friendly interface and broad software compatibility and is one of the most popular
operating systems for personal computers.
Every version of Windows has undergone a number of upgrades and service packs to fix
problems, patch security holes, and add new features. With Windows powering everything
from desktops and laptops to tablets and hybrid devices, it continues to be an essential
component of the computing ecosystem.

Advantages: A user-friendly interface that is popular across a range of industries; extensive

software support; a sizable developer community; and a selection of programming
frameworks for web and software development.

Suitability for HMS: For the web-based system, Windows-based applications can be created
using the.NET framework, C#, and ASP.NET.
• Appropriate for businesses accustomed to Windows-based settings.

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Linux

Commonly known as Linux distributions (or distros), Linux is a well-known open-source

operating system kernel that forms the basis for a number of operating systems. Early in the
1990s, Linus Torvalds created the Linux kernel, which has since been regularly updated and
enhanced by a sizable developer community on a global scale.
Popular Linux distributions with distinct traits, objectives, and user communities include
Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, CentOS, Arch Linux, and Linux Mint. Depending on their needs,
level of technical expertise, and preferences, users can choose a distribution.

Advantages: Open-source, affordable, and highly customizable as well as having strong

security capabilities.
• Abundant assistance for a wide range of programming languages and development tools.

Suitability for HMS: Linux is suitable for hosting web applications made with tools like PHP,
Python, Ruby on Rails, etc. It is also appropriate for enterprises on a budget who need a
stable and secure environment.

macOS

A group of exclusive graphical operating systems called macOS were created and are sold by
Apple Inc. It serves as the main operating system for Mac computers made by Apple. Mac
OS is renowned for its svelte appearance, dependability, security measures, and compatibility
with other Apple products and services.

Every new version of macOS brings new functionality, improvements, and aesthetic changes.
MacOS Monterey, macOS Big Sur, and macOS Catalina are a few significant versions.

Advantages: Strong security features, stability, and high-end visuals were designed within the
system as advantages.
• Increasingly prevalent in settings focused on design and healthcare.

Suitability for HMS: Although less used in server contexts, macOS may host web
applications created using similar technologies to Linux.
• Appropriate for applications with design-focused aspects in healthcare institutions where a
large portion of the personnel uses macOS.

Web server software

An essential part of the internet infrastructure that enables websites and web applications to
be accessed via the World Wide Web is web server software. Web servers manage incoming
network requests from web clients (usually web browsers) and provide those clients with web
resources including HTML pages, pictures, and videos. There are various types of web server
software available, each with unique features, advantages, and applications.

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The specific requirements of your website or application, the technology stack you're
utilizing, performance requirements, and personal preferences all play a role in the decision of
web server software.

Apache HTTP Server

The Apache Software Foundation created and maintains Apache HTTP Server, sometimes
known as Apache, which is a free and open-source web server application. It is one of the
most extensively used and well-liked web servers worldwide. The program is renowned for
its dependability, scalability, and capacity to manage a variety of web server jobs.
Overall, Apache HTTP Server is a reliable and flexible web server that serves as the
foundation for a large number of websites and web-based programs on the internet. It is the
preferred option for hosting web services because of its adaptability, dependability, and
widespread use.

Nginx
Popular open-source web server Nginx (pronounced "engine-x") is renowned for its great
performance, stability, and strong focus on concurrency and scalability. It is frequently
employed as a load balancer, reverse proxy server, and HTTP cache.
Linux, Windows, macOS, and other operating systems, among others, all support the
installation of Nginx. Based on the operating system, different installation procedures exist.
Installing it on Linux frequently involves using the package manager for the particular
distribution.
Using an asynchronous, event-driven architecture to effectively manage numerous concurrent
connections, nginx is built for great performance and efficiency.
Nginx is a popular and reliable web server that may be used to deliver a variety of content,
including websites, applications, APIs, and more, in production settings.

1.2 Identify and define the types of DNS and the uses of it, with clarifications on how
domain names are structured. Review the effect of search engines on website
performance. Provide evidence-based support for improving a site’s index value and
rank of the Hospital Management System (HMS) through search engine optimization.

Domain Name

People use domain names, which are human readable addresses, to visit websites on the
internet. Computers utilize these names to interact with one another by using numerical IP
addresses. A system known as the Domain Name System (DNS) converts a domain name you
type into a web browser into the appropriate IP address.
Although there are many possibilities for longer-term registrations, domain names are
normally registered through approved registrars on an annual basis. Giving contact
information and paying a fee to the registrar are both required throughout the registration

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procedure. It's crucial to pick a domain name that accurately conveys your brand or goal, is
easy to remember, and is relevant to the content of your website.

Several types of DNS

Recursive DNS Server

The first point of contact in the DNS lookup procedure is a recursive DNS server. When a
client (such as a web browser) submits a query, it either responds with the desired IP address
or conducts additional lookups to resolve the domain.

Authoritative DNS Server

The precise DNS records for a domain are stored on an authoritative DNS server. It has the
final say in how a given domain's domain names are translated into IP addresses. For
redundancy and reliability, each domain often has numerous authoritative DNS servers.

Root DNS Server

The top level of the DNS hierarchy is represented by the root DNS servers. They include
details regarding top-level domains (TLDs), such as.com,.org, and.net. They are essential for
directing queries to the correct TLD DNS servers during the initial DNS lookup phase.

Top-Level Domain (TLD) DNS Server

TLD DNS servers keep records of the domains that fall under each top-level domain. TLDs
include, for instance,.com,.org,.net, etc. These servers assist in directing requests to the
relevant domains' authoritative DNS servers.

Secondary DNS Server

The DNS records from the primary (authoritative) DNS server are replicated and kept up to
date by a secondary DNS server. It ensures DNS services are available and dependable by
adding redundancy and aiding in load distribution.

Uses of DNS

Domain Name Resolution

The major function of DNS is to convert human-readable domain names, such as google.com,
into machine-communicable IP addresses, such as 172.217.164.78.

Load Distribution
By spreading the load over more servers for a single domain, DNS can be set up to distribute
traffic, enhancing performance and dependability.

Redundancy and Failover

In order to enable failover to backup servers in the event that the primary server is down,
DNS enables the configuration of multiple servers or IP addresses for a domain.

Email Routing
Because it routes emails to the proper mail servers linked to the recipient's domain, DNS is
essential for email communication.

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Content Delivery Networks (CDNs)

In order to ensure effective content delivery and minimize latency, DNS is utilized to point
users to the closest or best server in a CDN.

Explain how domain names are organized and managed

A hierarchical system is used to organize and manage domain names, and it is controlled by
numerous entities and organizations. This approach, which is essential to how the internet
works, enables users to access websites and other online resources by utilizing names that can
be easily spelled out rather than IP addresses.

1. Domain Name System (DNS)

A decentralized hierarchical naming system for computers, services, and other resources
linked to the internet is called the Domain Name System (DNS). It converts human-readable
domain names, like example.com, into the numerical IP addresses that computers use to
connect to the internet, like 192.0.2.1.

2. Top-Level Domains (TLDs)

Top-level domains (TLDs), the highest level in the domain name system, are where the DNS
hierarchy begins. There are two primary groups of TLDs,

 Generic Top-Level Domains (gTLDs)- Top-level domains (gTLDs) that are general
and unrelated to any one nation or geographic area. Examples
include.edu,.gov,.org,.net, and.com.
 Country Code Top-Level Domains (ccTLDs)- These are specific to particular nations
or territory. Examples include.jp for Japan,.uk for the United Kingdom, and.us for the
United States.

3. Domain Name Registrars

People or businesses commonly utilize domain name registrars to register a domain name
inside a TLD. The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) for
generic top-level domains (gTLDs) and various national agencies for country-code top-level
domains (ccTLDs) both accredit registrars.

4. Registrant
The registrant is the individual or organization that registers a domain name and is
responsible for paying the registrar's fees for the registration period, which is often a yearly
subscription.

5. ICANN and Domain Oversight

ICANN is a nonprofit organization in charge of organizing and managing the DNS and the
distribution of IP addresses. The DNS root zone is overseen by ICANN, which also sets
standards and guidelines for domain name registrations and accredits registrars to make sure
they follow the rules.

6. Domain Name Registration Process

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A prospective registrant chooses an available domain name and verifies its availability on a
registrar's website before registering it. The registrant submits the required information and
pays the registration price to the registrar if the requested domain name is available.

7. DNS Hosting and Name Servers

Typically, the registrant sets up domain settings, including domain name servers (DNS), after
registration. Records for the domain, including the IP address to which it is mapped, are
stored on DNS servers.

8. Domain Renewal and Management

The standard duration of a domain registration is a set timeframe, frequently one year. To
keep control of the domain, registrants must renew their registrations before they expire.
Additionally, registrants have access to the control panel of their registrar to alter domain
settings, including DNS records.

Task 02

Discuss the capabilities and relationships between front-end and backend website
technologies and explain how these relate to presentation and application layers.

Front-end technologies

Front-end technologies, often known as client-side technologies, are the tools and languages
used to design a website's or online application's user interface and user experience. These
technologies are in charge of what a user sees and interacts with in a web browser. Here are
some of the most important front-end technologies,
 HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
HTML is the basic building component for online pages. It uses tags and elements to define
the structure and content of a web page. HTML5 is the most recent version, and it offers
multimedia elements as well as enhanced organization.

 CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)

CSS is a language that is used to govern the layout, formatting, and styling of web content. It
lets you customize the visual presentation of HTML elements including fonts, colors, spacing,
and layout.

 JavaScript
JavaScript is a versatile programming language that may be used to bring interactivity and
dynamic behavior to web pages. It can be used to generate animations, process user input,

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retrieve data from servers, and much more. React, Angular, and Vue.js are popular JavaScript
frameworks and libraries.

 Bootstrap
Bootstrap is a famous CSS framework that offers pre-designed, responsive, and mobile-first
components like navigation bars, buttons, and grids. It makes it easier to create a visually
pleasing and consistent user experience.

 jQuery: jQuery is a lightweight, feature-rich JavaScript library. It makes several basic

jobs easier, such as event handling, DOM manipulation, and AJAX interactions.

Back-end technologies

The technologies and tools needed to develop the server-side of a website or online
application are referred to as backend website technology. They are in charge of data storage,
processing, and overall website functionality. Here are a few examples of important backend
technologies,

 Server

A server is a computer or software system that stores and manages website data and answers
to client (usually web browser) requests. Apache, Nginx, and Microsoft Internet Information
Services (IIS) are examples of popular web servers.

 Programming Languages

Node.js: A server-side runtime environment that allows developers to use JavaScript. It is

well-known for its event-driven, non-blocking architecture.

Python: Used extensively in web development with frameworks like as Django and Flask.

Ruby: Frequently used with the Ruby on Rails framework, which is well-known for its
developer-friendly conventions.

PHP: Developed for web development and widely used in conjunction with the LAMP stack
(Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP).

Java: A versatile language that is frequently used with frameworks such as Spring to
construct enterprise-level applications.

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C#: Associated with the Microsoft ecosystem and used for web applications with ASP.NET.

 Databases

Relational Databases (RDBMS): MySQL, PostgreSQL, and Oracle are examples. They store
data in structured tables.

NoSQL Databases: MongoDB, Cassandra, and Redis are examples. They are more adaptable
and more suited to unstructured or semi-structured data.

In-memory Databases: For example, Redis stores data in RAM for quick access.

 Frameworks

Express.js: A popular Node.js web application framework.

Ruby on Rails: A Ruby framework that prioritizes convention over configuration.

Django: A Python framework that provides a high-level, all-in-one web development

solution.

Spring: A Java framework that allows you to create scalable and secure applications.
ASP.NET is a Microsoft framework used to create web applications and services.

Relationships between front-end and backend website technologies

Fron-End
Front end refered to the clients side of the
application.
It is the part of the website users can see
& interact with.
It typically includes everything that
attirubutes to the visiual aspects of the
websites.
It forms the basis of what users can touch
& experience on their web browsers.
The essentials of front end web
development include HTML, CSS &
JavaScript.
Back-End
Back-end refers to the server side of the
application.
It constitutes everything that happens
behind the scenes.
It generally includes a web servies that
communicates with a database to serve
requests that the front end presents.
It is the brann of the website that is never
visible to the end users.
The essentials of back end development
includes Ruby, Python, Java, .Net.

Table 01

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Front-End Technologies

 Presentation Layer

The presentation layer in the OSI model is in charge of converting data across formats and
ensuring that data is presented in a fashion that the application layer can understand. Front-
end technologies are in charge of how data is presented to consumers in the context of web
development. This comprises the components of design, layout, and user interface. Front-end
technologies are concerned with data presentation to the user's browser.

 Application Layer

The application layer is the uppermost layer in the OSI architecture and is responsible for
directly providing network services to end-users or applications. The application layer on the
server-side in web development may comprise components that generate dynamic content,
process user input, and interface with databases. The front-end interacts with the application
layer by sending data or functionality requests to the server. APIs (Application Programming
Interfaces) are technologies that permit this contact.
Back-End Technologies:

 Presentation Layer

While the presentation layer in the OSI model is primarily concerned with client-side data
presentation, back-end technologies are in charge of preparing and transferring data to the
presentation layer. This could include data processing, business logic, and database access.
Back-end technologies manage data formatting and transformation before sending it to the
front-end.

 Application Layer

The OSI model's application layer corresponds more closely to the back-end of web
development. The web server, application servers, and database servers are all part of it. The
back-end application layer processes front-end requests, manages data, handles business
logic, and handles authentication and authorization. To retrieve and change data, it also
interfaces with external services and databases.

Discuss the differences between online website creation tools and custom built sites with
regards to design flexibility, performance, functionality, User Experience (UX) and User
Interface (UI)

Criteria Online website creation Custom built sites

tools

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Design Flexibilty
Performance
Functionality
User Experience (UX)
User Interface (UI)
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These programs frequently
provide pre-designed
templates that users can
modify to some extent.
While they provide for
some design flexibility,
they limit how much you
may modify the design to
your individual needs.
These platforms often host
websites on their servers,
which might result in
pooled resources and
potentially poor
performance during traffic
spikes. Performance may
not be as optimized as it
would be with custom
solutions.
These tools frequently
include a restricted number
of built-in capabilities and
plugins. Users may be
restricted to the platform's
functions. Integrating
bespoke features can be
difficult.
The UX of a website can
vary depending on the
templates and tools offered.
While some templates may
be well-designed, others
may not fulfill the most
stringent UX requirements.
Customization choices are
sometimes limited.
These tools frequently
provide user-friendly
modification interfaces.
However, the UI design
itself may be constrained
by the platform's templates
and design components.
Table 02
WDD
Custom websites provide
the most design versatility.
You have entire control
over the design, allowing
for one-of-a-kind layouts,
visuals, and interactions
that are consistent with
your brand and user
expectations.
Custom websites can be
optimized for speed. Code,
server infrastructure, and
databases may all be
optimized by developers to
ensure fast loading times,
scalability, and consistent
performance.
Custom solutions provide
virtually endless functional
options. Developers can
design custom features and
integrations that are
targeted to the website's,
users', and corporate
objectives.
You have complete control
over the user experience
with custom websites.
Design, navigation, and
interaction can all be
precisely developed to
deliver a superior UX that
is consistent with your
brand and meets the
demands of your users.
Custom websites enable
completely original UI
design. You may design a
UI that is visually
appealing and closely
corresponds with your
branding and user
preferences.
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Task 03

Create a design document for a branded, multipage website supported with medium
fidelity wireframes and a full set of client and user requirements.

ER Diagram

Figure 01

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Logical Database

Figure 02

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Wireframes

Patient registration

Figure 03

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Add ICU Record

Figure 04

Add Payment

Figure 05

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Add room

Figure 06

Add room record

Figure 07

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Staff registration

Figure 08

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System requirements are the specifications and configurations that a system must have in
order to operate a given piece of hardware or software. They provide as a foundation for
programmers to construct systems. These are more specific descriptions of user needs that
serve as the foundation for system design. As a result, if these requirements and issues are not
met, installation issues or poor performance may arise.

Following are some system requirements for this hospital management system.

Hardware Requirements:
 RAM should be 4GB or Higher
 HDD (20GB or more recommended)
 VGA (512MB or higher)

Software Requirements: -
 XAMPP Software
 Notepad ++
 Windows 7 or higher Operating System
 A web Browser (Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox,etc..)

Table Structure Of Arogya Hospital Management System

Patient Details

Figure 09

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ICU Records

Figure 10

Payment Details

Figure 11

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Room details

Figure 12

Room records

Figure 13

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Staff Details

Figure 14

Staff Duty

Figure 15

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User Interfaces

Staff Registration

Figure 16

Add icu records

Figure 17

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Add room

Figure 18

Add room record

Figure 19

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Patient registration

Figure 20

Rom delete

Figure 21

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Code segments of HTML, PHP, and MySQL.

Add icu record

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Figure 22

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Add Payment

Figure 23

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Add room

Figure 24

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Add room record

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Figure 25

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Patient registration

Figure 26

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Staff registration

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Figure 27

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Delete room

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Figure 28

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Update room

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Figure 29

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Figure 30

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Task 04

Create a suitable Test Plan identifying key performance areas and use it to review the
functionality and performance of your website.

Test Plan

Introduction

Arogya Healthcare Hospital is a well-known and frequently busy location recognized for its
medical services. The Arogya Healthcare Hospital chose to employ a hospital administration
system built using HTML, CSS, JavaScript, PHP, and MySQL. The Arogya Healthcare
Hospital Management System provides access to all fundamental and critical patient
information, such as medical history, room availability, daily schedules, and patient
invoicing, to staff, doctors, and administrators.

Scope

A few functions will be tested to confirm that the system is both fully functioning and user-
friendly. All of the buttons will be tested here as well.
We ranked the features because the hospital management system has many distinct functions,
and testing will proceed in accordance with this ranking.

Objectives

 Identify the scope of the system which has to be tested.

 To check the performance of the system.
 To check the errors occurs in the system.
 To check the failures in the system.
 To ensure whether the system fulfils the client requirements.

Test Case 01

Patient Registration

Test Data Expected result Actual Result Status

Clicking submit * Registration tab * Registration form Pass
after filling out should be is displayed.
form displayed.

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* Successful * Patient
message should be successfully
previewed, and the registered message
record should be is previewed, and
stored in the patient the record is stored
details table. in the “patient
details” table
successfully.
Table 03

Figure 31

Test Case 02

Staff Registration

Test Data Expected result Actual Result Status

Clicking submit * Registration tab * Registration form Pass
after filling out should be is displayed.
form displayed.
* New Employee
* Successful successfully
message should be registered message
previewed, and the is previewed, and
record should be the record is stored
stored in the staff in the “staff details”
details table table successfully

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Table 04

Figure 32

Figure 33

Test Case 03

Add ICU Records

Test Data Expected result Actual Result Status

Clicking submit *Add ICU records * Add ICU records Pass

after filling out tab should be tab should be
form displayed. displayed.

* Successful * Successful
message should be message should be
previewed, and the previewed, and the
record should be record should be
stored in the ICU stored in the ICU
records table records table
Table 05

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Figure 34

Test Case 04

Add new room

Test Data Expected result Actual Result Status

Clicking submit * Add room records * Add New Room Pass

after filling out tab should be form is displayed.
form displayed.
* New Room has
* Successful been added
message should be successfully
previewed, and the message is
record should be previewed, and the
stored in the room record is stored in
records table the “Room records”
table successfully.
Table 06

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Figure 35

Figure 36

Test Case 05

Add payment

Test Data Expected result Actual Result Status

Clicking submit * Add Payment tab * Add Payment tab Pass

after filling out should be should be
form displayed. displayed.

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* Successful • Successful
message should be message should be
previewed, and the previewed, and the
record should be record should be
stored in the stored in the
payment details payment details
table. table.

Table 07

Figure 37

Figure 38

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User feedbacks

Figure 39

Figure 40

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Figure 41

Figure 42

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Figure 43

Figure 44

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Evaluation of overall test results and the review of the overall success of the website

Based on user feedback and various testing procedures, Arogya HMS has been assessed to
have achieved remarkable success. As a result of the above, the system developed is a well-
functioning system that is more user-friendly and facilitates efficient movement inside the
system. This system's efficiency and level of security are also important aspects in its success.
Because user actions take less time, the system can be more efficiently arranged.
Furthermore, there are no security concerns at this time because all user information is fully
protected.

Further recommendations

 Can take necessary actions to improve system security.

 Improved interface using J Query as well as bootstrap.

 Establish a method for patients to register with HMS at home.

 Introduce the method of notifying the doctor's updated information, appointment time,
payment andother information updated in the hospital management system through
text messages on the patient'smobile phone multiply instead of email.

 Alternatively, if this hospital in Arogya can operate an operating room inside its
facility, anothertechnique can be used to designate relevant staff and enter relevant
information into the facility data.

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References

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https://n6cloud.com/blog/server-hardware/ [Accessed 20 Oct. 2023].

GeeksforGeeks. (2021). Presentation Layer in OSI model. [online] Available at:

https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.geeksforgeeks.org/presentation-layer-in-osi-
model/amp/ [Accessed 25 Oct. 2023].

GeeksforGeeks. (2023). Top 10 Backend Technologies You Must Know [2023]. [online]
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technologies/amp/ [Accessed 28 Oct. 2023].

Hero Vired. (n.d.). Top 20 Front end Technologies and Their Usage. [online] Available at:
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Scribd. (n.d.). Differences Between Online Website Creation Tools and Custom | PDF |
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https://www.scribd.com/document/534929954/Differences-between-online-website-creation-
tools-and-custom. [Accessed 23 Oct. 2023].

Solarwinds (n.d.). What Is a Web Server and How Does It Work? - IT Glossary | SolarWinds.
[online] www.solarwinds.com. Available at: https://www.solarwinds.com/resources/it-
glossary/web-server. [Accessed 22 Oct. 2023].

Techopedia (2019). What is a Communication Protocol? - Definition from Techopedia.

[online] Techopedia.com. Available at:
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/25705/communication-protocol. [Accessed 23 Oct.
2023].

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