Bearing and

lubrication
‫‪Mechanical‬‬
‫‪loads‬‬
‫االحمال الميكانيكية‬
‫األحمال الميكانيكية‬
‫‪Mechanical loads‬‬
‫األحمال الميكانيكية‬
‫‪Mechanical loads‬‬
‫‪Bearings‬‬
‫الرولمان بلي‬
History of bearings
History of bearings
Bearing selection
‫أجزاء الرولمان بلي‬
Bearing component
• Outer race (also called outer ring or cup)
• Inner race (also called inner ring or cone)
• Rolling elements (either balls or rollers)
• Separator (also called cage or retainer)
‫تطبيقات الرولمان بلي‬

‫تقليل االحتكاك‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫مقاومة االحمال‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫دليل لالجزاء المتحركة (االكسات – العجالت – الطارات – الوصالت‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫المحورية ‪) ....‬‬
‫تقليل االحتكاك‬

‫يجعل االجزاء الميكانيكية تتحرك بصوره مستقره و ناعمة‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪Making a quiet and smooth motion for mechanical‬‬

‫‪elements‬‬

‫االجزاء الداخليه للرولمان بلي تعمل علي تقليل القوه و الطاقه الالزمه لنقل او‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫دوران او جر او حركه االجزاء الميكانيكية علي االسطح‬
‫‪Reducing the power and force needed for moving‬‬
‫‪and transmitting of elements‬‬
 ‫مقاومة االحمال‬
‫‪Loads resistance‬‬
‫انواع االحمال ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
 ‫مقاومة االحمال‬
‫‪Loads resistance‬‬
‫يحاول االكس ان يدفع الرولمان بلي في نفس اتجاه الحمل‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫الحمل يعتمد علي القوه و اتجاهها‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫النوع الخطأ للرولمان بلي قد ال يتحمل االحمال الموجودة‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫يجب اختيار الرولمان بلي علي حساب االحمال‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪Gide for elements‬‬
‫دليل لالجزاء المتحركة‬
‫هذه الخاصيه هي ناتج الخاصيتين السابقتين‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫بدون الرولمان بلي تكون حركة االجزاء الميكانيكية صعبة و ليست مرنة و‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫غير محددة المركز‬
‫‪Tolerance‬‬
‫السماحية‬
‫السماحية (‪ : )tolerances‬هو مقدار االنحراف المقبول عن البعد االصلي‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫(‪)nominal dimension‬‬
‫‪Tolerance‬‬

‫الخلوص الداخلي للرولمان بلي‬

‫الخلوص الداخلي للرولمان بلي مهم للغايه ‪ ,‬ذلك حتي تتمكن العناصر الدوارة من الحصول علي غرفة مناسبة للدوران‬
‫داخلها و تتمكن من الحركة بدون احتكاك و حراره عالية ناتجة من االحتكاك‬
‫الخلوص الداخلي للرولمان بلي هو عبارة عن المسافة بين االجزاء الداخلية للرولمان بلي عند العمل‬
Suffix Range for Internal
Clearances
Suffix Range for Internal
Clearances
 ‫‪Operating temperature‬‬

‫‪ ‬نوع االحمال و سرعه الدوران و االحتكاك هي عناصر تترجم الي اهم‬

‫خاصية و هي درجة الحرارة‬

‫‪ ‬اجزاء الرولمان بلي اليجب ان تصنع فقط من مواد تتحمل االحمال المطلوبه‬
‫فقط لكن يجب ان تصنع من مواد عليها استيعاب تقلبات درجات الحراره‬
‫‪Operating temperature‬‬

‫‪ ‬لسيت كل الحرارة التي يتعرض لها الرولمان بلي هي من المحيط‬

‫‪ ‬احيانا يكون الرولمان بلي نفسه مصدر حراراه ‪ .‬لعدة اسباب‪:‬‬

‫االحمال الزائده عند التشغيل و تنتج تشوه و تلف في اجزاء الرولمان بلي‬ ‫‪.1‬‬

‫االحتكاك بين االجزاء الداخليه للرولمان بلي‬ ‫‪.2‬‬

‫التشحيم بشكل زائد‬ ‫‪.3‬‬

‫قله التشحيم التي تزيد من االحتكاك‬ ‫‪.4‬‬

Operating temperature
‫‪Bearing seats‬‬
‫كرسي الرولمان بلي‬
‫يعتبر الكرسي الداخلي‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫للرولمان بلي هو االكس نفسه‬

‫و يعتبر ال )‪ (bore‬هو‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫قطر الرولمان بلي الخارجي‬
Alignment
Alignment
Alignment
Alignment
Alignment
Alignment
Alignment
Alignment
Alignment
Alignment
Alignment
‫‪Alignment‬‬

‫‪ ‬االكس و كرسي البلي البد ان يكونو‬

‫‪aligned‬‬

‫‪ :Misalignment ‬هي عدم تطابق‬

‫المركز بين االكس و كرسي البلي‬

‫‪ Misalignment ‬تقلل عمر‬

‫الرولمان بلي‬
Alignment
‫‪Alignment‬‬

‫في حاله ال ‪ misalignment‬العناصر الدواره داخل الرولمان بلي ( ‪Ex.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ )Balls‬ال تتحمل الحمل علي الطول كامل‬

‫تتركز االحمال عند مناطق صغيرة في القميص الداخلي و الخارجي للرولمان‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫بلي )‪(inner and outer ring‬‬
‫‪Alignment‬‬
‫تحدث ظاهرة ‪( stress concentration‬تركيز االحمال) علي‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫االطراف و في مناطق صغيرة جدا داخل الرولمان بلي‬

‫يحدث لذلك تلف مبكر للرولمان بلي و يقل عمره االفتراضي‬ ‫‪‬‬
Classification of bearing
Journal bearing
: journal bearing ‫ انواع ال‬
Hydrostatic .1

Hydrodynamic .2
Journal bearing
‫‪Hydrostatic journal bearing‬‬

‫‪ ‬يتم استخدام مصدر ضخ الزيت من الخارج‬

‫‪ ‬يستخدم في سرعات اصغر من ‪hydrodynamic‬‬
‫‪ ‬تصميم مجموعه الرولمان بلي اكثر تعقيدا من‬
‫‪hydrodynamic‬‬
‫‪ ‬تكلفة اعلي من ‪hydrodynamic‬‬
‫‪ ‬يتحمل احمال اعلي من ‪hydrodynamic‬‬
‫‪Hydrodynamic journal bearing‬‬

‫الضغط يتكون نتيجة للحركة النسبية بين االجزاء المتحركة‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬تكلفته اقل من ‪hydrostatic‬‬

‫‪ ‬تصميم مجموعه الرولمان بلي اقل تعقيدا من ‪hydrostatic‬‬
‫‪ ‬يستخدم في سرعات اعلي من ‪hydrostatic‬‬
‫‪ ‬يتحمل احمال اقل من ‪hydrostatic‬‬
Why journal ?
journal bearing Applications

 Crankshaft bearings in petrol and diesel engines

 Turbines
 Huge centrifugal pumps
 Large electric motors
Anti-friction Bearing

Rolling
bearing

Roller ball

“non-
tapered
tapered
Ball Bearing
‫‪Ball Bearing‬‬

‫يعتبر من اشهر االنواع المعروفة‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫و له العديد من االستخدامات في المحركات و العربات و وسائل النقل و اعمده‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫نقل الحركه ‪........‬‬
‫المكونات االساسية ‪:‬‬
‫حلقة داخلية) ‪(inner ring‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫حلقة خارجية) ‪(outer ring‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫قفص معدني )‪(cage‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫كرات معدنية )‪(rolling element‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

Ball Bearing
‫‪Ball Bearing‬‬
‫باالضافة الي مكوناته االساسية يوجد مكونات اخري ثانوية‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪Snap‬‬ ‫‪Shields Seal‬‬

‫‪rings‬‬
Snap ring ball bearing “ NR”
Snap ring ball bearing
instead of normal snap ring
Shield ball bearing
Sealed ball bearing
Ball Bearing
Sealed VS shielded
Seal and Shield Variations
 Ball bearing
 Type ZZS - Removable , non-contact metal shield retained in the
outer ring with a snap wire. This type of shield is manufactured
from 300 series stainless steel and is available only on miniature
and instrument series bearings. Max operating temperature is 600°
F. Since there is no contact made with the inner ring there is no
appreciable impact on torque or speed and operation can be
compared to that of an open bearing. The removable closure
allows for cleaning and re-lubrication. The code for a single shield
is ZS.
 Ball bearing
 Type ZZ - Non-removable, non-contact metal shield retained in
the outer ring via crimping, or pressing. This type of shield cannot
be removed once installed. This type of shield can also be
manufactured from 300 series stainless steel. On larger bearings,
this type of shield is manufactured from 1008 or 1010 strip steel.
Max operating temperature is 450° F. Since there is no contact
made with the inner ring there is no appreciable impact on
torque or speed and operation can be compared to that of an
open bearing. The code for a single shield is Z.
 Ball bearing
 Type 2RS - Molded rubber seal. This type of seal is Buna-N bonded
to a steel insert. The seal is fixed into a groove in the outer ring. This
type of seal can be removed but care must be used not to bend
or cut the seal lip. Max operating temperature is 240° F. This type of
seal makes contact with the inner ring providing better protection
in contaminated environments than a metal shield. However, this
results in an increase in torque and reduces the max speed
capability of the bearing. Certain lubricants and chemicals react
with rubber. The code for a single seal is RS.
 Ball bearing
 Type TTS - Glass reinforced PTFE seal is retained in the outer ring with
a snap wire. This type of seal can be removed but care must be
used not to bend or cut the seal lip. Max operating temperature is
400° F. This type of seal makes contact with the inner ring providing
better protection in contaminated environments than a metal
shield. However, this results in an increase in torque and reduces the
max speed capability of the bearing. This type of seal exhibits less
torque than type 2RS, but is more delicate. This seal has excellent
chemical resistance. The code for a single seal is TS. Teflon seals are
only available on certain series of bearings.
Bearing Seal types
Application of Bearing Seal types
Application of Bearing Seal types
Ball Bearing

Ball Bearing ‫هناك اربع انواع من ال‬ 

Single row .1

Angular contact .2

Double row .3

Ball thrust .4
Single row ball bearing
Cage Material
 Self lubricated cage
 polymer cages excel in a number of characteristics, such as low
weight, low noise level and good sliding properties coupled with low
friction and minimal wear, high corrosion resistance and excellent
emergency running properties, resulting in long service life.
 For high-temperature applications and/or aggressive media
requirements, mainly selects the chemical-resistant fiber-reinforced
polyetheretherketone (PEEK) polymer for cage production
Cage shapes
 Ball bearing Cage types
 “J” Type: Two piece ribbon consisting of two
halves that are assembled one half from one side,
and the other half from the opposite side. Fold
down tabs secure the two halves. This type of
cage is guided by the balls. “Loose” clinch type
provides lower torque. Material is type 302
stainless steel. Brass and carbon steel are also
available. These types of cages can operate at
low to moderately high speeds. Loose crimp is
standard. Tight crimp (JF) is used for higher
speeds. Extra loose (JL) is used for low torque
applications.
 Ball bearing Cage types
 “RJ” Type: This type of cage is suitable for larger
bearings (bore diameters over 10mm) with high
load carrying capacities. It is a two piece ribbon
consisting of two halves that are assembled one
half from one side, and the other half from the
opposite side. The two pieces are riveted together
and are strong enough to with stand higher levels
of vibration and acceleration. This type of cage is
guided by the balls. Material is type 302 stainless
steel or carbon steel sheet.
Ball bearing Cage types

 “W” Type: One piece steel crown. Mainly used in

very small bearings. This type of cage is inner ring
guided. Material is type 410 stainless steel. The
cage snaps in from one side over the balls. It has
excellent performance in low torque, low speed
applications. Generally, the one piece steel
crown is not used in high speed applications.
Ball bearing Cage types
 ”TW” Type: Molded nylon cage. Reduces
fluctuations in running torque and is suitable for
high speeds. This type of cage is guided by the
balls. The operating temperature range is from -
30º C to +120º C. Also, available with a glass fiber
reinforced nylon that is more rigid and capable of
higher speeds.
 Ball bearing Cage types
 “THB” or “THA” Type: Phenolic resin machined
one-piece snap in crown type. These retainers
have high rigidity and emergency running
characteristics. Can be vacuum impregnated
with oil. These are used in high speed deep
groove ball bearings. “A” designation is for outer
ring guided, and “B” designation is for inner ring
guided. The operating temperature range is from
-50º C to +140º C.
 Ball bearing Cage types
 “TxHB” or “TxHA” Type: Machined one-piece snap in crown type
made from special materials. These retainers have high rigidity and
emergency running characteristics. These are used in high speed
deep groove ball bearings. “A” designation is for outer ring guided,
and “B” designation is for inner ring guided. The operating
temperature range is from -50º C to +260º C depending on the
material. “x” is a number code for the special material.
 Ball bearing Cage types
 “TA” or “TB” Type: One piece full machined type made of
phenolic resin material. These retainers have high rigidity and
emergency running characteristics. Can be vacuum
impregnated with oil. These are used in angular contact
bearings only. “A” designation is for outer ring guided, and
“B” designation is for inner ring guided. The operating
temperature range is from -50º C to +140º C.
 Ball bearing Cage types
 “TxA” or “TxB” Type: One piece full machined type made from
special materials. These retainers have high rigidity and emergency
running characteristics. These are used in AC type bearings only. “A”
designation is for outer ring guided, and “B” designation is for inner
ring guided. The operating temperature range is from -50º C to +260º
C depending on the material. “x” is a number code for the special
material.
‫‪Single row ball bearing‬‬
‫مصمم لتحمل االحمال‬ ‫•‬
‫‪radial‬‬
‫يتحمل ال ‪thrust‬في‬ ‫•‬
‫االتجاهين‬
‫ال ‪ alignment‬بين‬ ‫•‬
‫االكس و كرسي الرولمان بلي‬
‫مهم جدا‬
‫يوجد منه انواع ‪seal,‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪shield and snap‬‬
‫‪Single row ball bearing‬‬

‫لة انواع زياده في عدد ال ‪balls‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ذلك لتحمل احمال اعلي‬ ‫❑‬

 Single row ball bearing

Applications :

1. Apply medium radial loads and low

thrust load

2. Apply for a high speed

3. Sealed for abrasives and dust from

environments
Angular contact
ball bearing
Angular contact ball bearing
load capacity
Influence of Contact
Angles
Angular contact ball bearing
Angular contact ball bearing

 The two shoulders form a steep contact angle

slanted toward the bearing’s axis,

 assuring the highest thrust capacity and axial

rigidity. This design can support a heavy thrust
load in one direction, sometimes combined with a
moderate radial load
Angular contact ball bearing

Application :

1. Apply unidirectional push loads

2. It has resistance to regression in the axial direction
3. Apply for a high speed like a deep groove one
Universal Arrangements for
Angular Contact Ball Bearings

 Higher Stiffness for back to back

Back to Back
O arrangement (DB)
 With the ‘back to back’ bearing pair the inner rings are
claimed together. The contact angle lines between the
outer ring raceway, ball and inner raceway diverge. This
results in a maximum spread giving high rigidity. This is the
reason why this type of duplex bearing is most commonly
used.
Face to Face
X arrangement (DF)
 With the ‘face to face’ bearing pair the outer
rings are claimed together. The contact lines
converge resulting in a smaller spread and more
elastically.
Tandem (DT)
 While duplex bearings mounted ‘back to back’ or
‘face to face’ are suitable to accommodate axial
loading in both directions, a tandem mounted
bearing pair is capable of accepting a very high
axial load in one direction only. With this type of
bearing pair, preloading and reduction of play
can only be achieved, by preloading against
another bearing or bearing pair.
Application: Fan Shaft
Double row ball bearing

• It has a combination of
properties from single
row and angular
contact

• Apply for more loads in

radial and axial
direction
Double row ball bearing

Application:

1. Apply for two direction thrust load more than

single row

2. Apply for high radial load

Tapered Bearing
‫‪Tapered Bearing‬‬

‫االختالف بين النوعين من خالل اختالف خطوط االمداد‬

‫كما موضح بالرسم‬
Tapered roller bearing
‫الرولمان بلي المسلوب‬
Tapered roller bearing

A special design
apply for :

1. A smooth movement

2. Apply for a high angular loads

“ axial and radial”
Tapered roller bearing
Benefits/advantages
Load Capability
Tapered roller bearing
Benefits/advantages
1. Each roller in the bearing can align itself
perfectly between the tapered faces of the cup
and cone, without guidance by the cage.
 As each roller revolves about the cone, a wide
area of contact is made between the large end
of the roller and the rib. This wide area of contact
compels each roller to maintain accurate
alignment.
Tapered roller bearing
Benefits/advantages
 With each roller perfectly aligned between the
two races, the bearing works to maximum
productivity. Each roller has an equal share in the
total workload.
Tapered roller bearing
Benefits/advantages
2. The second benefit – the bearing’s ability to
support radial and thrust loads simultaneously – is a
result of its internal design. A radial load on a
tapered bearing produces both a radial and thrust
reaction. The rib restrains the rollers and counteracts
the load.

:‫لهذا السبب البد من‬

‫التشحيم بشكل مستمر اثناء التشغيل‬
‫وضع رولمان بلي اخر جانبا لتحمل‬
axial ‫الحمل‬
‫استخدام الرولمان بلي المسلوب‬

‫أعمدة المحور الخلفي‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫العجالت األمامية‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫عجالت المقطورة‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫اعمدة نقل الحركة‬ ‫‪‬‬

Design range for Taper
Roller Bearings
Bearing fixation for taper and
angular contact bearing
Bearing fixation for taper and
angular contact bearing
Back to Back
O arrangement (DB)
 With the ‘back to back’ bearing pair the inner rings are
claimed together. The contact angle lines between the
outer ring raceway, ball and inner raceway diverge. This
results in a maximum spread giving high rigidity. This is the
reason why this type of duplex bearing is most commonly
used.
Face to Face
X arrangement (DF)
 With the ‘face to face’ bearing pair the outer
rings are claimed together. The contact lines
converge resulting in a smaller spread and more
elastically.
Tandem (DT)
 While duplex bearings mounted ‘back to back’ or
‘face to face’ are suitable to accommodate axial
loading in both directions, a tandem mounted
bearing pair is capable of accepting a very high
axial load in one direction only. With this type of
bearing pair, preloading and reduction of play
can only be achieved, by preloading against
another bearing or bearing pair.
Anti-friction Bearing

“non-tapered” ‫هناك نوعان من ال‬ 

Non
tapered

Cylindrical Needle
‫‪Cylindrical roller bearing‬‬
‫الرولمان بلي االسطواني‬
‫مكوناتة االساسية‪:‬‬
‫حلقة داخلية) ‪(inner ring‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫حلقة خارجية) ‪(outer ring‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫قفص معدني )‪(cage‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫اسطوانات معدنية )‪(rolling element‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪Cylindrical roller bearing‬‬
‫الرولمان بلي االسطواني‬
‫‪ ‬بعض االنواع بها ‪flanges or ribs‬‬
‫وذلك لتحمل الحمل ال ‪ thrust‬ان وجد في لعض االحيان‬ ‫❖‬

‫‪ ‬مميزاته‬
‫يستخدم في االحمال العالية في اتجاة ‪radial‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫االجزاء الداخليه عاليه الدقة و الحركة‬ ‫‪.2‬‬

‫‪ ‬االستخدام االكثر شيوعا ‪:‬‬

‫أعمدة المحور الخلفي‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
Other Basic Variants
Needle roller bearing
‫الرولمان بلي االبري‬
‫‪Needle roller bearing‬‬

‫‪ ‬يعتبر نفس تصميم الرولمان بلي االسطواني‬

‫لكن مع اختالف االتي ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬اقطار العناصر الدوارة اصغر‬

‫‪ .2‬عدد العناصر الدوارة اكثر‬
‫‪ .3‬ال يحتوي علي قفص )‪(cage‬‬
‫‪ .4‬في هذا النوع كل ابرة تدفع باقي االبر‬
‫‪Needle roller bearing‬‬

‫مميزاته‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬يتحمل احمال عاليه في اتجاه ‪radial‬‬
‫‪ .2‬يستخدم في حاالت ضيق المسافات‬

‫االستخدام الشائع ‪:‬‬

‫‪Universal joints‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬

‫التروس الوسيطة‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫االكسات الصغيره‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
Self-aligning ball bearing
‫‪Self-aligning ball bearing‬‬

‫هذا النوع من الرولمان بلي نفس تكوين الرولمان بلي العادي‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫لة خاصية تجعله يتقبل القليل من ال ‪ angular misalignment‬الناتج‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫عن سوء التجميع او اختالف المراكز‬
Self-aligning ball bearing
Linear ball bearing
Sliding bearing
Ball thrust
Thrust Bearing Capabilities
Compact Aligning
Roller Bearing
CARB
Spherical Roller Bearings
‫‪Spherical Roller Bearings‬‬

‫هذا النوع من الرولمان بلي يتحمل و يسمح ب ‪angular‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪misalignment‬‬
‫يسمي هذا النوع ب ‪ self-aligning‬و ذلك الن شكل ال ‪spherical‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫لالجزاء الدوارة يتقبل ال ‪misalignment‬‬
Spherical Roller Bearings
‫‪Spherical Roller Bearings‬‬

‫االكثر شيوعا هو تصميمة من صفين من العناصر الدوارة التي تحمل شكل‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ spherical‬لتحمل حمل ‪ radial‬و ‪axial‬‬
‫اما في التصميمات ذات الصف الواحد فهي التتحمل ال ‪axial load‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫شكل العناصر الدوارة في هذا النوع تختلف من مصنع لالخرو ليس لها‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪standard‬‬
Basic design
Ball Joint
Female Male
Ball Joint
bearing specification
 bearing dimension series

Often the boundary dimensions of a bearing are predetermined by the machine’s

design. Typically, the shaft diameter determines the bearing bore diameter. For the
same bore diameter, different outside diameters and widths may be available. The
availability of bearings in a certain ISO dimension series depends on bearing type and
bore diameter.
Other space-related criteria that influence the selection of bearing type include:
Example for the same shaft
bearing specification
bearing specification
ER HC CSA
Standard pillow block
Oval two bolts flange type
units
square flange type units
Take up unit
light duty oval two bolt
flange
tapped base unit bearing
triple lip seals bearing
bearing specification
bearing specification
Bearing removal and
cleaning
 Bearing removal
recommended tools:

1. drift pins
2. hammers
Bearing removal and
cleaning
 Safe bearing removal tools:
‫مكبس‬ .1
‫‪.2‬انواع الزراجين المختلفة ‪:‬‬
‫‪.2‬انواع الزراجين المحتلفة‪:‬‬
 ‫الطرق الغير مستحبة لفك الرولمان بلي‬
‫)‪(bearing removal‬‬

‫استخدام الحرارة و التسخين على الرولمان بلي او الطرق علي الرولمان بلي ‪,‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫من االساليب االكثر استخداما لكنها اكثر خطورة في فك الرولمان بلي‬
 ‫الطرق الغير مستحبة لفك الرولمان بلي‬
‫)‪(bearing removal‬‬
‫الطرق علي الرولمان بلي باستخدام اجزاء حادة قد يعرض العمدة للتلف و‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫التأكل‬

‫استخدام تورش التسخين قد يحدث تأثير علي االعمدة‬ ‫‪‬‬

 ‫الطرق الغير مستحبة لفك الرولمان بلي‬
‫)‪(bearing removal‬‬

‫التسخين بالنار مباشرة قد يضعف االجزاء المحيطة بالرولمان بلي و تقلل من‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫خصائص المواد مما يجعلها تتلف الحقا‬
‫تنظيف الرولمان بلي‬
)Cleaning bearings(
‫تنظيف الرولمان بلي‬
)Cleaning bearings(
‫تنظيف الرولمان بلي‬
)Cleaning bearings(
‫تنظيف الرولمان بلي‬
)Cleaning bearings(
‫تنظيف الرولمان بلي‬
)Cleaning bearings(
 Bearings with shields or seals on both sides should
not be washed. Instead, wipe them off to keep
dirt from getting inside.
‫تركيب الرولمان بلي‬

‫خطوات ما قبل التركيب‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ .1‬فحص االكس و ال ‪ housing‬للرولمان بلي ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1.1‬تأكد من ابعاد و خلوصات االكس و ال ‪housing‬‬
‫‪ .2.1‬تأكد من ان ال ‪ housing‬للرولمان بلي دائري و ليس بيضاوي او مسلوب‬
‫‪ .3.1‬تأكد من نظافة اماكن التركيب‬
‫‪ .4.1‬تأكد من االدوان المطلوبة للتركيب و ادوات الضغط المطلوب‬
‫تركيب الرولمان بلي‬

‫‪.1‬المكبس ‪:‬‬
‫تركيب الرولمان بلي‬

‫‪.2‬ادوات خاصة ‪:‬‬

 ‫الطرق الغير مستحبة لتركيب الرولمان بلي‬
‫)‪(bearing installation‬‬
Oiling and
lubrication
Oiling and lubrication

 Why ?
1. Reduce Friction
2. Minimize Wear
3. Cool Parts
4. Prevent Corrosion
5. Disperse Contaminants
6. Act as a Sealant
3 Keys to Successful
Lubrication

 Viscosity

 Additives

 Lubrication Practices
Five Rights of Lubrication

1. Right Type of Lubricant

2. Right Quality
3. Right Amount
4. Right Place
5. Right Time
Metallic Part Surface
Causes of Friction
‫أسباب االحتكاك‬
‫‪Major Causes of Friction‬‬
‫االسباب االساسية و الحرجه لالحتكاك‬
Ways to Reduce Friction
‫طرق تقليل االحتكاك‬
‫‪Viscosity‬‬

‫اللزوجة هي اهم خصائص الزيوت و الشحوم‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫اللزوجة ‪ :‬هي مقاومة المادة للسريان‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪Unit is Pa.S‬‬
Viscosity
‫اللزوجة‬
Viscosity
Viscosity
 In data sheet :

1. Use the kinematic viscosity mm^2/S

2. Kinematic viscosity at 40˚ and 100˚ C
3. Testing for kinematic viscosity according to
ASTM D445
Measuring viscosity
 Measuring Dynamic Viscosity

Rotational viscometers are one of the more popular

types of instruments used to measure dynamic
viscosity. These instruments rotate a probe in the
liquid sample. Viscosity is determined by measuring
the force - or torque - needed to turn the probe.
Measuring viscosity
 Measuring Kinematic Viscosity

There are several ways to find the kinematic viscosity of a fluid,

but the most common method is determining the time it takes
a fluid to flow through a capillary tube. The time is converted
directly to kinematic viscosity using a calibration constant
provided for the specific tube
Wrong viscosity
Viscosity and Temperature
Lubrication and Friction
‫التشحيم و االحتكاك‬
‫‪Viscosity Versus Pressure‬‬
‫اللزوجة و الضغط‬
‫تزداد اللزوجة بزيادة الضغط‬
Viscosity Index

 in oil data sheet method determines the viscosity

index of lubricating oils by ASTM D2270
 Oil oxidation
 Oil oxidation is an undesirable series of chemical reactions
involving oxygen that degrades the quality of an oil. Oxidation
eventually produces rancidity in oil, with accompanying off
flavours and smells. ... Oxidation is not one single reaction, but a
complex series of reactions.
Liquid lubricants
 Mineral oils (from petroleum crude)
 Fixed Oils : These are the reserve food materials of plants and
animals .Those, which are lipid at 15.5c to 16.5c are called as
fixed oils.
✓ Animal (acid less tallow oil, etc)
✓ Vegetable (Castor oil, Palm oil, etc)
✓ Fish.

 Synthetic fluids
Silicons, silicate esters, phosphate esters, polyglycols, diabasic-acids
esters, chlorofluro carbon polymers; Fluorocompounds (fluoro esters)
Neopentyl, polyol esters, polyphenyl ethers.
Mineral Oil Properties
Synthetic Lubricants are Man-
Made Fluids Like Liquid Plastics
Synthetic Lubricant Properties
Sliding Contact Lubrication
Rolling Contact Lubrication
Oil Film Thicknesses In Machine
Dynamic Clearances
‫الزيوت و الشحوم‬

‫الشحم‬
‫‪ ‬يبقي لفتره اطول علي الجزئ‬
‫‪ ‬يتقطر بشكل اقل‬
‫‪ ‬يعمل في ظروف عمل متغيره‬
‫‪ ‬يعمل كعاذل في بعض االحيان‬
‫‪ ‬تكلفه قليله‬
‫الزيت‬
‫‪ ‬يتقطر و ذلك النة سائل ذو احتكاك‬
‫داخلي اقل‬
‫‪ ‬يفضل في السرعات العاليه‬
‫‪ ‬يعمل في الخلوصات الضيقة‬
‫‪ ‬يعمل كمبرد لدرجات الحرارة المرتفعة‬
‫‪ ‬ال يتقبل ملوثات‬
comparison between oiling
and greasing
Lubrication and Friction
‫التشحيم و االحتكاك‬

journal bearing ‫ثالث اوضاع األكس في ال‬ 

Oil Examples

 Caltex Regal R&O 100 : multi purpose “ e.g. vane

pump “

 Mobil DTE 26 : Hydraulic and anti-wear

 Mobil HD 46 :hydraulic and high power

Oil specification
 Pour point : The pour point of a liquid is the temperature below which
the liquid loses its flow characteristics. It is defined as the minimum
temperature in which the oil has the ability to pour down from a
beaker.
 Flash point
 Viscosity Index
 Viscosity, Kinematic
 Density
Grease specification
 Temperature range
Comprehends the suitable working range of the grease. It goes
between the low temperature limit (LTL) and the high temperature
performance limit (HTPL). LTL is defined as the lowest temperature at
which the grease will allow the bearing to be started up without
difficulty. Below this limit, starvation will occur and cause a failure.
Above HTPL, the grease will degrade in an uncontrolled way so that
grease life cannot be determined accurately. The traffic light
concept illustrates these concepts.
 Dropping point
The dropping point of a grease is the temperature at which it passes
from a semi-solid to a liquid state.
 Viscosity
A measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. For lubricants, a proper
viscosity must guarantee an adequate separation between surfaces
without causing too much friction
Grease specification
Mechanical stability
 The consistency of bearing greases should not significantly change
during its working life:

1. Prolonged penetration
The grease sample is subjected to 100 000 strokes in a device called a grease
worker. Then, the penetration is measured. The difference against penetration
at 60 strokes is reported as the change in 10–1 mm.

1. Roll stability
A grease sample is placed in a cylinder with a roller inside. The
cylinder is then rotated for 72 or 100 hours at 80 or 100 °C (175 or 210
°F) (the standard test demands just 2 hours at room temperature). At
the end of the test period, once the cylinder has cooled to room
temperature, the penetration of the grease is measured and the
change in consistency is reported in 10–1 mm.
Grease specification
 Operating temperature
 Flash point
 Grease application ( food , bearing ….)
 NLGI : What NLGI?

A numerical scale for classifying the consistency of lubricating

greases, based on the ASTM D217 worked penetration at 25°C
(77°F). NLGI Grades are also referred to as NLGI Consistency
Numbers or NLGI Numbers. In order of increasing consistency
(hardness)

NLGI 0 for negative temp.

Grease specification
Grease Examples
 Bearing lubrication
 Grease lubrication features
1. Reduces maintenance time. There are no minimum grease
levels to maintain, so lubrication cycles are less frequent.
2. Is confined to the housing or bearing. This means a simpler seal
design can be used to retain lubricant and exclude dirt.
3. Grease is more viscous than oil lubricants.
Bearing lubrication

 Oil lubrication
 Since it is thinner than grease, oil needs more frequent
lubrication intervals. Generally, oil is used to lubricate bearings
in high temperature and/or high speed applications.
 In gear boxes or high loads “ tapper bearings “
Methods of lubrication

 Oiling pin
 Oiling tree
 Oiling container
 Pump
 Filter
 Fittings
 Hoses
Lubrication practice
Lubrication practice

Simple gearbox oiling glass

indicator
oiling vessel
Lubrication practice
Lubrication practice
greasing practice
greasing practice
greasing practice
greasing practice
Bearing
failures
Bearing failure

 Bad and Poor storage

Troubleshooting

 Brinelling

Brinelling on the high part of the race

shoulder is often caused by pressure
against the unmounted – rather than
the press-fit race during installation.
Hammering the bearing during
installation or removal may
cause brinelling on the shoulder of the
race.
Troubleshooting

 Contamination
Troubleshooting

 Fretting

When small metal particles decay

and break off of the bearing
races, it is called fretting
Fretting occurs when there is
excessive rubbing between the
inner race and the shaft, or the
outer race and the housing,
Troubleshooting

 Peeling
• Peeling is a light scraping away of the
bearing’s surface
• The damage is usually just superficial,
normally less than .001˝ deep.
• Peeling damage most often is related to
improper lubrication. There may not, for
example, be enough lubrication in the
bearing (along the inner diameter of
the cup) which can result in peeling
Troubleshooting

 Spalling
 Spalling is an advanced stage of bearing decay.
Caused by metal fatigue, the failure begins as
microscopic cracks beneath the bearing surface.
 These tiny fractures work their way to the surface,
and eventually result in the flaking away of metal
particles
Troubleshooting

 Misalignment

Misalignment can be identified by a diagonal polishing on the inside

of the stationary ring, while the rotating ring develops flaking across
the entire
raceway
 Troubleshooting
 Seizing
 Seizing is a common form of failure when bearings are first
put into service. When the rolling elements fail to roll, the
resulting friction generates excessive heat very rapidly
 Seizing frequently occurs between the cone back face and
the large end of the roller on tapered roller bearings.
 The main reason : The cages are usually damaged or
destroyed when this occurs.
Troubleshooting

 Bearing vibration spectrum