LESSON 1

VOCABULARY
1.fly, flew – volar 2.believe, believed – creer
3.correct, corrected – corregir 4.sing, sang – cantar
5.catch, caught – atrapar 6.since – desde que, puesto que, ya que
7.just – solamente 8.like – como
9.right – correcto, cierto, derecho 10.left – izquierdo
11.polite – cortés 12.pretty – bonito, lindo
13.wide – ancho, amplio 14.thick – grueso, espeso
15.thin – delgado 16.bird – pájaro
17.cheese – queso 18.voice – voz
19.piece – pedazo 20.a piece of candy – un dulce
21.wing – ala 22.breast – pecho, seno
23.feather – pluma 24.horse – caballo
25.one week – una semana, ocho días 26.two weeks – dos semanas, quince días
27.three weeks – tres semanas, veinte días
IDIOMS
1.steal, stole – robar + objeto 2.rob, robbed – robar + lugar
3.arrive in – llegar + país o ciudad 4.arrive at – llegar + cualquier otro lugar
5.get married, got married – casarse 6.marry, married – casarse con
7.be married (to) – estar casado (con) 8.rain, rained – llover
9.snow, snowed – nevar 10.be born – nacer
11.I’m sure – Estoy seguro 12.I was sure – Estaba seguro
13.I don’t believe it – No lo creo 14.how long – cuánto tiempo
15.How long ago did you study English? - ¿Hace cuánto que estudiaste inglés?
16.I studied English a year ago – Estudié inglés hace un año
17.How long ago did you see him? - ¿Cuánto tiempo hace que lo viste?
18.I saw him a little while ago – Lo vi hace un rato.
19.a short time ago – hace poco tiempo 20.a long time ago – hace mucho tiempo
21.to the right – a la derecha 22.to the left – a la izquierda
FUTURE AUXILIARY – WILL/WON’T
The future tense auxiliary is WILL and the negative is WON’T. This means the actions that
HAREMOS. The affirmative contraction is formed by joining the pronoun and the auxiliary WILL.
Él comerá en casa. He will eat at home. He’ll eat at home
Él no comerá en casa. He won’t eat at home.
¿Él comerá en casa? Will he eat at home?
¿Cuándo comerá en casa? When will he eat at home? 1
*Remember the correct order in interrogative (Interrogative expression) + auxiliary + subject +
verb
The future tense is also used when in Spanish we translate SIMPLE PRESENT, but the idea is in the
FUTURE.
Vengo mañana. I will come tomorrow.

EL USO DEL AUXILIAR SHALL

This auxiliary is used only when it has these three important points:
*Suggestion idea
*Only with the pronouns I and We
*Only in interrogative
¿Te ayudo? Shall I help you? Yes, help me. No, don’t help me.
¿Bailamos? Shall we dance? Yes, let’s dance. No, let’s not dance.
LOOK: For the answers we are using the IMPERATIVE

EL INFINITIVO BE ABLE
There isn’t an infinitive for the auxiliaries CAN y COULD. When we want to use the translation
PODER, we will have to use BE ABLE.
Yo voy a poder. I’m going to BE ABLE.
When we need the translation of PODER, but in FUTURE (PODRÉ), we will use both, the auxiliary
WILL and the infinitive BE ABLE + TO.
Mi familia podrá venir en diciembre. My family WILL BE ABLE TO come in December.

EL USO DE HOW DESPUÉS DE KNOW, SHOW, TEACH and LEARN.

AS a rule, we have to use HOW before an infinitive that comes after the forms of the verbs
KNOW, SHOW, TEACH, LEARN.
El niño sabe leer. The child KNOWS HOW TO read.

TAN COMO
When we use the translation TAN … COMO, we will have to use AS … AS
Examples: tan grande como as big as
tan interesante como as interesting as
tanto como as much as
tanto dinero como as much money as
tantos como as many as
tantos libros como as many books as 2
 LESSON 2
VOCABULARY
1.hang, hung, hung – colgar 2.play, played, played – jugar
3.escape, escaped, escaped – escapar 4.swim, swam, swum – nadar
5.dress, dressed, dressed – vestir (se) 6.clap, clapped, clapped – aplaudir
7.during – durante 8.simple – sencillo
9.important – importante 10.difficult – difícil
11.safe – seguro, a salvo 12.danger – peligro dangerous – peligroso
13.mouse – ratón mice – ratones 14.cat – gato
15.enemy – enemigo 16.meeting – junta, mitin, encuentro
17.plan – plan 18.bell – campana, cascabel
19.downtown – en el (al) centro 20.block – cuadra, manzana
21.neck – cuello, pescuezo 22.hair – pelo, bello
23.face – cara 24.nose – nariz
25.hand – mano 26.great – gran
IDIOMS
1.get away, got away, got away – escaparse
2.look – verse, parecer + adjetivo Él se ve feliz – He looks happy
Ella se ve bien de azul – She looks good IN blue.
3.look like – parecer, parecerse a + sustantivo 4.He looks like a teacher – Parece profesor
5.It’s possible – Es posible 6.It’s impossible – Es imposible
7.finally, at last – finalmente 8.all of us – todos nosotros 9.all of them – todos ellos
10.all of you – todos ustedes 11.what else? - ¿Qué más? 12.Who else? - ¿Quién más?
13.just then – en ese momento 14.There’ll be cheese – Habrá queso
PAST PARTICIPLE – REGULAR VERBS
The Past Participle of the regular verbs is the same than the Simple Past
ASK ASKED ASKED PEDIR, PREGUNTAR
ANSWER ANSWERED ANSWERED CONTESTAR
ARRIVE (IN, AT) ARRIVED (IN, AT) ARRIVED (IN, AT) LLEGAR (A)
BELIEVE BELIEVED BELIEVED CREER
CALL CALLED CALLED LLAMAR
CLEAN CLEANED CLEANED LIMPIAR
CLOSE CLOSED CLOSED CERRAR
CLAP CLAPPED CLAPPED APLAUDIR
COMPLETE COMPLETED COMPLETED COMPLETAR
CHANGE CHANGED CHANGED CAMBIAR
CORRECT CORRECTED CORRECTED CORREGIR 3
DROP DROPPED DROPPED CAÉRSELE A UNO
DICTATE DICTATED DICTATED DICTAR
DRESS DRESSED DRESSED VESTIR(SE)
ESCAPE ESCAPED ESCAPED ESCAPAR
FIX FIXED FIXED ARREGLAR
FINISH FINISHED FINISHED TERMINAR
FILL FILLED FILLED LLENAR
FORM FORMED FORMED FORMAR
HELP HELPED HELPED AYUDAR
HURRY HURRIED HURRIED APRESURARSE
INVITE INVITED INVITED INVITAR
JUMP JUMPED JUMPED SALTAR
KILL KILLED KILLED MATAR
LIVE LIVED LIVED VIVIR
LIKE LIKED LIKED GUSTAR
LEARN LEARNED LEARNED APRENDER
LOOK (AT) LOOKED (AT) LOOKED (AT) MIRAR (A)
LOOK (FOR) LOOKED (FOR) LOOKED (FOR) BUSCAR (A)
LAUGH (AT) [laf] LAUGHED (AT) [laft] LAUGHED (AT) [laft] REÍRSE (DE)
IRREGULAR VERBS
BE WAS, WERE BEEN SER, ESTAR
BRING BROUGHT BROUGHT TRAER
BUY BOUGHT BOUGHT COMPRAR
BEGIN BEGAN BEGUN EMPEZAR
BECOME BECAME BECOME LLEGAR A SER
BREAK BROKE BROKEN ROMPER
CATCH CAUGHT CAUGHT ATRAPAR
COME CAME COME VENIR, LLEGAR
CUT CUT CUT CORTAR
DO DID DONE HACER
DRINK DRANK DRUNK TOMAR, BEBER
EAT ATE EATEN COMER
FEEL FELT FELT SENTIR (SE)
FLY FLEW FLOWN VOLAR
FORGET FORGOT FORGOTTEN OLVIDAR
FIND FOUND FOUND ENCONTRAR 4
GO WENT GONE IR
GO BACK WENT BACK GONE BACK REGRESAR
GO TO BED WENT TO BED GONE TO BED IRSE A ACOSTAR
GO TO SLEEP WENT TO SLEEP GONE TO SLEEP IRSE A DORMIR
GIVE GAVE GIVEN DAR, REGALAR
GIVE UP GAVE UP GIVEN UP DARSE POR VENCIDO
SUPPLEMENTARY VOCABULARY
1.ARRIVAL LLEGADA 2.COMPLETION TERMINACIÓN
3.COMPLETE COMPLETO 4.COMPLETELY COMPLETAMENTE
5.CHANGE CAMBIO 6.CORRECTION CORRECCIÓN
7.CORRECT CORRECTO 8.CORRECTLY CORRECTAMENTE
9.DICTATOR DICTADOR 10.DICTATION DICTADO
11.FULL LLENO, SATISFECHO 12.FEELING SENTIMIENTO
13.FORM FORMA, ESQUELETO 14.FORMATION FORMACIÓN
15.HELP AYUDA 16.HELPER AYUDANTE
17.HELPFUL ÚTIL, COMEDIDO 18.INVITATION INVITACIÓN
19.KNOWLEDGE CONOCIMIENTO 20.KILLER ASESINO
21.LIFE VIDA 22.LOSS PÉRDIDA
23.LOSER (noun) PERDEDOR 24.LOSING (adjective) PERDEDOR
25.LOVE AMOR 26.LOVER AMANTE, GALÁN
27.LOVELY ENCANTADOR 28.LISTENER OYENTE
29.NECESSITY NECESIDAD 30.NECESSARY NECESARIO
31.NECESSARILY NECESARIAMENTE 32.PLAYER JUGADOR
33.PLAYFUL JUGUETÓN 34.PRONUNCIATION PRONUNCIACIÓN
35.RUNNER CORREDOR 36.SEAT ASIENTO
37.SITTING SENTADO 38.SPEAKER ORADOR
39.SPEECH DISCURSO 40.SALE VENTA, BARATA
41.SALESMAN VENDEDOR 42.SALESLADY VENDEDORA
43.SINGER CANTANTE 44.SONG CANCIÓN
45.SWIMMER NADADOR 46.SWIMMING NATACIÓN
47.TALK PLÁTICA 48.TALKATIVE LOCUAZ, PARLANCHIN
49.TEACHER MAESTRO 50.THOUGHT PENSAMIENTO
51.THOUGHTFUL ATENTO/CONSIDERADO 52.THOUGHTLESS DESATENTO
53.TRANSLATION TRADUCCIÓN 54.USE USO
55.USEFUL ÚTIL 56.USELESS INÚTIL
57.VISITOR VISITANTE, VISITA 58.VISIT VISITA 5
59.WORKER TRABAJADOR, OBRERO 60.WRITER ESCRITOR
61.WINNER (noun) GANADOR 62.WINNING (adj) GANADOR, VICTORIOSO
 LESSON 3
VOCABULARY
1.get off, got off, got off – bajarse de 2.shout (at), shouted (at), shouted (at) – gritarle (a)
3.cry, cried, cried – llorar 4.pay, paid, paid – pagar
5.take off, took off, taken off – quitarse 6.rest, rested, rested – descansar
7.even though – aunque 8.large – grande
9.sharp – agudo, filoso 10.kind – amable, bondadoso; clase (tipo)
11.kindness – amabilidad 12.quick – rápido
13.different (from) – diferente (de, a) 14.crooked – torcido, chueco
15.lion – león 16.cave – cueva
17.paw – pata 18.net – red
19.toot – diente teeth – dientes 20.newspaper – periódico
21.paper – papel, periódico 22.box – caja
23.party – fiesta 24.corner – rincón, esquina
25.bus – camión 26.instead of – en vez de, en lugar de
27.cheap – barato, corriente 28.expensive – caro, costoso
IDIOMS
1.make money – ganar dinero 2.be over – acabarse, terminarse (de tiempo)
3.The movie is over – Ya se acabó la película
The movie was over at ten – La película se acabó a las diez
4.a dollar an hour – un dólar la hora 5.ten dollars a day – díez dólares por día
6.once a year – una vez al año 7.twice a month – dos veces al mes
8.three times a week – tres veces por semana
9.You’re right – Tienes razón 10.You were right – Tenías razón
11.What did you do on the weekend? - ¿Qué hiciste el fin de semana?
THE PRESENT PERFECT
The present perfect in English is the same than in Spanish. The name in Spanish is
ANTEPRESENTE. It is formed using the present of HAVE (haber) used as an auxiliary and the past
participle of the main verb. The negative contraction of HAVE NOT is HAVEN’T and HAS NOT is
HASN’T
The affirmative contraction is formed by joining the PRONOUN and the auxiliary HAVE or HAS.
This affirmative contraction is only used when it is followed by the PAST PARTICIPLE
Yo he olvidado el dinero. I have forgotten the money. I’ve forgotten the money.
I haven’t forgotten the money.
Have I forgotten the money? 6
Él ha estado enfermo. He has been sick. He’s been sick.
He hasn’t been sick.
 Has he been sick?
Look at the affirmative contractions with the pronouns: I’ve, you’ve, he’s, she’s, it’s, we’ve,
they’ve. Remember to used them only when they are followed by the PAST PARTICIPLE
This tense is also used when we refer to an action that BEGAN IN THE PAST AND CONTINUES IN
THE PRESENT
We use the preposition FOR when we are going to express HOW LONG THE ACTION IS GOING TO
LAST
We use the preposition SINCE when we mention WHEN THE ACTION BEGAN.
¿Cuánto tiempo hace que ella salta? How long HAS she JUMPED?
Ella lleva diez minutos saltando. She HAS JUMPED for ten minutes.
Ella salta desde que tú llegaste. She HAS JUMPED since you came.
These sentences may have different translations, but the idea is the same SOMETHING THAT
BEGAN IN THE PAST AND CONTINUES IN THE PRESENT.
¿Hace cuánto tiempo que estudias?
¿Cuánto tiempo llevas estudiando?
¿Cuánto tiempo tienes de estar estudiando?
REGULAR VERBS
CRY CRIED CRIED LLORAR
LISTEN (to) LISTENED (to) LISTENED (to) ESCUCHAR (a)
LOVE LOVED LOVED AMAR
MARRY MARRIED MARRIED CASARSE CON
NEED NEEDED NEEDED NECESITAR
OPEN OPENED OPENED ABRIR
PASS PASSED PASSED PASAR
PICK OUT PICKED OUT PICKED OUT ESCOGER
PICK UP PICKED UP PICKED UP RECOGER
PLACE PLACED PLACED COLOCAR
PRONOUNCE PRONOUNCED PRONOUNCED PRONUNCIAR
PLAY PLAYED PLAYED JUGAR
PRACTICE PRACTICED PRACTICED PRACTICAR
REPLY REPLIED REPLIED CONTESTAR
REACH REACHED REACHED ALCANZAR, LLEGAR
REST RESTED RESTED DESCANSAR
RAIN RAINED RAINED LLOVER 7
SHOUT (at) SHOUTED (at) SHOUTED (at) GRITARLE (a)
STUDY STUDIED STUDIED ESTUDIAR
START STARTED STARTED EMPEZAR
STOP STOPPED STOPPED DETENERSE
SHOW SHOWED SHOWED ENSEÑAR
SNOW SNOWED SNOWED NEVAR
TALK TALKED TALKED HABLAR, PLATICAR
TURN OFF TURNED OFF TURNED OFF APAGAR
TURN ON TURNED ON TURNED ON ENCENDER
TRY TRIED TRIED TRATAR
TRANSLATE TRANSLATED TRANSLATED TRADUCIR
USE USED USED USAR
VISIT VISITED VISITED VISITAR
WORK WORKED WORKED TRABAJAR
WASH WASHED WASHED LAVAR
WAIT (for) WAITED (for) WAITED (for) ESPERAR (a)
WALK WALKED WALKED CAMINAR
WANT WANTED WANTED QUERER
IRREGULAR VERBS
GET GOT GOT CONSEGUIR
GET ANGRY (at) GOT ANGRY (at) GOT ANGRY (at) ENOJARSE (con)
GET MAD (at) GOT MAD (at) GOT MAD (at) ENOJARSE (con)
GET AWAY GOT AWAY GOT AWAY ESCAPARSE
GET MARRIED GOT MARRIED GOT MARRIED CASARSE
GET OFF GOT OFF GOT OFF BAJARSE DE
GET RICH GOT RICH GOT RICH ENRIQUECERSE
GET SLEEPY GOT SLEEPY GOT SLEEPY DARLE A UNO SUEÑO
GET TO GOT TO GOT TO LLEGAR A
GET HERE, THERE GOT HERE, THERE GOT HERE, THERE LLEGAR
GET THIRSTY GOT THIRSTY GOT THIRSTY DARLE A UNO SED
GET UP GOT UP GOT UP LEVANTARSE
HANG HUNG HUNG COLGAR
HAVE HAD HAD TENER
HEAR HEARD HEARD OÍR
KNOW KNEW KNOWN SABER, CONOCER
LEAVE LEFT LEFT DEJAR, SALIR 8
LIE DOWN LAY DOWN LAIN DOWN RECOSTARSE, ECHARSE
LOSE LOST LOST PERDERSE
MAKE MADE MADE HACER
MEET MET MET CONOCER
PAY PAID PAID PAGAR
PUT PUT PUT PONER, METER
PUT ON PUT ON PUT ON PONERSE
READ READ READ LEER
RUN RAN RUN CORRER

THE CORRECT POSITION OF ALREADY

The word ALREADY=YA is placed in the same position than the adverbs of frequency *before the
main verb and after the forms of the verb BE =AM, IS, ARE *
We can use it in any tense.
Ella ya está aquí. She is already here.
Nosotros ya podemos pagar. We can already pay.
NOTE: ALREADY can not be used with the SIMPLE PAST, but with the PRESENT PERFECT
Ellas YA comieron. They HAVE already EATEN.
But we can use it with the past of the verb BE = was, were
Juan ya estuvo en este lugar. Juan was already in this place.

PRESENT PERFECT, AUXILIARY CAN

The auxiliary CAN is only used for the present (can) and for the past (could), the present perfect
of PODER, with the translation HA PODIDO has to be used with the present of the auxiliary
HAVE/HAS plus the past participle of the verb PODER = BEEN ABLE, followed by the infinitive with
TO
Él ha podido terminar a tiempo. He has been able to finish on time.

THE USE OF THE WORDS ONE and ONES.

We use the word ONE (singular) and ONES (plural) after any adjective to avoid the repetition of
the noun. Look at the examples:
Este libro es mío. El azul es tuyo. This book is mine. The blue ONE is yours.
¿Quieres los platos grandes o los chicos? Do you want the big plates of the Little ONES?
No estudié la primera lección, sino la segunda. I didn’t study the first lesson, but the second
one
9
LESSON 4
VOCABULARY
1.fall down, fell down, fallen down – caerse 2.shake, shook, shaken – sacudir, agitar,
temblar
3.spill, spilled, spilled – derramarse (líquido) 4.carry, carried, carried – cargar
5.disappear, disappeared, disappeared – desaparecer
6.dance, danced, danced – bailar 7.even – a mano, hasta even if – aun cuando
8.against – contra 9.along – a lo largo de, por
10.empty – vacío 11.careful – cuidadoso
12.carefully – cuidadosamente, con cuidado 13.market – mercado
14.bucket – cubeta 15.head – cabeza
16.favorite – favorito, predilecto 17.ribbon – listón
18.dream – sueño 19.happiness – felicidad 20.road – camino
21.highway – carretera 22.spring – primavera 23.summer – verano
24.fall – otoño 25.winter – invierno 26.far – lejos
27.increasing scale – escala ascendente 28.degree – grado
IDIOMS
1.have a good time – divertirse, pasarla bien 2.have fun – divertirse, pasarla bien
3.Have a nice weekend – que pase buen fin de semana
4.Have a nice vacation – que pase felices vacaciones
5.get sick – enfermarse 6.Be careful – Tenga cuidado
7.like this, this way – así, de esta manera 8.like that, that way – así, de esa manera
9.good luck – buena suerte 10. Back luck – mala suerte
11.You’re lucky – Usted tiene buena suerte. Usted es afortunado
12.You’re unlucky – Usted tiene mala suerte 13.the one that – el que, la que
14.the ones that – los que, las que
15.The one that doesn’t study won’t pass. El que no estudie no pasará.
16.not. even – ni siquiera
17.He didn’t even tell me.
18. Have you ever been to Taxco? Yes, I’ve been there.
In this lesson we will learn the COMPARATIVE and SUPERLATIVE OF SUPERIORITY used with
ONE-SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES or TWO-SYLLABLE ONES ENDED IN Y or W
We will form this COMPARATIVE by adding the ER ending to the adjective or adverb. We use
THAN when we say QUE
BLUE – azul BLUER THAN – más azul que
YOUNG – joven YOUNGER THAN – más joven que 10
We will form the SUPERLATIVE by adding the EST ending to the adjective or adverb. Normally,
we use THE before the superlative.
BLUE – azul THE BLUEST – el más azul
YOUNG – joven THE YOUNGEST – el más joven

If the adjective or adverb has two syllables, but ends in Y or W will be considered as a short one.
HAPPY – feliz HAPPIER THAN – más feliz que THE HAPPIEST – el más feliz
NARROW – angosto NARROWER – más angosto que THE NARROWEST – el más angosto
SPELLING RULES
*If the adjective or adverb ends with an E, we will not have to repeat it.
WHITE – blanco WHITER THAN – más blanco que THE WHITEST – el más blanco
*If the adjective or adverb ends with only one consonant and it has only one vowel before, we
will have to double the last consonant
SLIM – delgado SLIMMER THAN – más delgado que THE SLIMMEST – el más delgado
*If the adjective ends with a Y, we will omit it and we will place IER or IEST
THIRSTY – sediendo THIRSTIER THAN – más sediendo que THE THIRSTIEST – el más sediento
There is a group of IRREGULAR adjectives and adverbs. You will have to memorize them
GOOD – bueno BETTER THAN – mejor que THE BEST – el mejor
WELL – bien BETTER THAN – mejor que THE BEST – el mejor
BAD – malo WORSE THAN – peor que THE WORST – el peor
FAR – LEJOS FARTHER THAN – más lejos que THE FARTHEST – el más lejano
A LOT,
MUCH, MORE THAN – más que THE MOST – el que más
MANY
LITTLE – poco LESS THAN – menos que THE LEAST – el que menos
FEW – pocos LESS THAN – menos que THE LEAST – el que menos

THE USE OF YET

The word YET is used in interrogative sentences for the translation YA, but if we use it with a
negative auxiliary, the translation changes
Los niños todavía no pueden ir a la escuela. The children can’t go to school yet.
Todavía no está lloviendo. It isn’t raining yet.
Remember the rule you learned for the use of ALREADY. We can not use already with the
SIMPLE PAST. We have to used it with PRESENT PERFECT
¿Ya comiste? Have you ALREADY eaten=Have you eaten YET?
Sí, ya comí. Yes, I have ALREADY eaten.
No, todavía no he comido. No, I haven’t eaten YET. 11
We will also learn the use of STILL = TODAVÍA. This word can be used in any tense and we place it
in the same position than the adverbs of frequency.
¿Todavía estás trabajando? Are you STILL working?
Sí, todavía estoy trabajando. Yes, I’m STILL working.
No, ya no estoy trabajando. No, I’m not working ANY MORE*
*Remember, we use ANY MORE or ANY LONGER at the end of the sentence for the translation YA
NO.
¿Todavía estudias? Do you STILL study?
Sí, todavía estudio. Yes, I STILL study.
No, ya no estudio. No, I don’t study ANY MORE.
LESSON 5
VOCABULARY
1.blow, blew, blown – soplar 2.die, died, died – morirse, secarse (plantas)
3.turn over, turned over, turned over – voltear(se) volcar(se), remover
4.shine, shone, shone – brillar 5.dig, dug, dug – excavar, cavar
6.lend, lent, lent – prestar 7.soft – suave, blando softly – suavemente, quedo
8.orchard – huerto 9.fruit – fruta
10.treasure – tesoro 11.land – tierra, terreno
12.soil – tierra (para sembrar) 13. sun – sol
14.moon – luna 15.star – estrella
16.sky – cielo, firmamento 17.sea – mar
18.river – río 19.mountain – montaña 20.wind – viento
21.world – mundo 22.class – clase 23.north – norte
24.south – sur 25.east – este 26.west – oeste
IDIOMS
1.make a living – ganarse la vida, sostenerse
2.get old – envejecer 3.I can’t help it – Ni modo, no puedo remediarlo
4.I couldn’t help it – Ni modo, no pude remediarlo
5.Let me know – avíseme 6.It’s cheap – Es barato, es corriente
7.It’s expensive – Es caro, es costoso. 8.I think so – Creo que sí.
9.I don’t think so – Creo que no. 10.so (that) – para que
11.Give me money so (that) I can buy it – Dame dinero para que lo compre.
12.It’s windy – Hace viento, hace aire. 13.It’s cloudy – Está nublado.
14.It’s sunny – Hace sol, hay sol. 15.The sun is shining – Hace sol, hay sol.
16.This is the best book I’ve ever read – Este es el mejor libro que he leído.
12

THE PAST PERFECT

For this tense we have to use the auxiliary HAD and the main verb in PAST PARTICIPLE. The name
of the tense in Spanish is ANTECOPRETÉRITO and the translation is HABÍA + PARTICIPIO
Ella había comido temprano. She had eaten early.
Ella no había comido temprano. She hadn’t eaten early.
 ¿Ella había comido temprano? Had she eaten early?
We can use an affirmative contraction (only followed by the past participle verb) between the
pronoun and the auxiliary HAD. I’D – YOU’D – HE’D – SHE’D – IT’D – WE’D – THEY’D.

THE PAST PERFECT OF CAN

Remember that we can only use the auxiliary CAN for the present and COULD for the past. For
the rest of the tenses we have to use the verb BE ABLE with the corresponding auxiliary. In this
case the translation HABÍA PODIDO is formed with the auxiliary HAD + BEEN ABLE + TO.
Los muchachos habían podido terminar a tiempo.
The boys HAD BEEN ABLE TO finish on time.

COMPOUND VERBS
These verbs are compound by a VERB and a PREPOSITION.
wake up – despertar get up – levantarse put on – ponerse
take off – quitarse turn on – encender turn off – apagar
take out – sacar pick out – escoger pick up – recoger
turn over – voltear
When the complement of these verbs is a noun or a personal pronoun (except the OBJECTIVE
PRONOUNS), we can use them between the verb and the preposition of after it.
Yo puedo sacar la silla. I can TAKE OUT the chair=I can TAKE the chair OUT.
Despierta a este niño. WAKE UP this boy=WAKE this boy UP.
Voy a escoger uno. I’m going to PICK OUT one=I’m going to PICK one OUT.
But when the complement of these verbs is an OBJECTIVE PRONOUN (me, you, him, her, it, us,
them), we will have to place it between the verb and the preposition.
Ella pudo despertarlos. She could WAKE them UP.
Póntelo. PUT it ON.
LESSON 6
VOCABULARY
1.knock (on), knocked (on), knocked (on) – tocar 2.save, saved, saved – salvar, ahorrar, guardar
3.watch, watched, watched – observar, vigilar 4.kiss, kissed, kissed – besar
5.cover, covered, covered – cubrir 6.last, lasted, lasted – durar
7.forever – para siempre 8.foolish – tonto (adj.) 13
9.lazy – perezoso, flojo 10.noise – ruido noisy – ruidoso, escandaloso
11.ant – hormiga 12.pasture – campos para pastar
13.grain – grano 14.corn – maíz, elote
15.wheat – trigo 16.shade – sombra
17.cloud – nube 18.arm – brazo
19.leg – pierna 20.foot – pie feet – pies
21.clothes – ropa (plural) 22.coat – abrigo
23.overcoat – abrigo 24.raincoat – impermeable
25.address – dirección 26.leaf – hoja (de árbol) leaves – hojas
IDIOMS
1.try hard – hacer lo posible por, esforzarse por 2.get ready – alistarse, prepararse
3.day after day – día tras día 4.as usual – como de costumbre
5.as if – como si 6.no wonder – con razón
7.at noon – a mediodía 8.by car – en coche
9.by bus – en camión 10.by plane – en avión
11.by train – en tren 12.by ship – en barco
13.There’d been work – Había habido trabajo. 14.There’d been children – Había habido niños.
COMPARATIVE and SUPERLATIVE – ADJECTIVES WITH TWO OR MORE SYLLABLES
The adjectives and adverbs that have more than a syllable will form the COMPARATIVE using the
word MORE before the adjective and the word THAN when we use QUE in Spanish.
Beautiful MORE BEAUTIFUL THAN
For the SUPERLATIVE we will use the words THE MOST.
Beautiful THE MOST BEAUTIFUL
In this rule are considered the adverbs with LY ending, the equivalent of MENTE ending in
Spanish.
Slowly MORE SLOWLY THAN THE MOST SLOWLY
But, EARLY is considered as a short adjective because LY is not the equivalent of MENTE
LESSON 7
VOCABULARY
1.stay, stayed, stayed – quedarse, alojarse, permanecer 2.feed, fed, fed – dar de comer
3.hide, hid, hidden – esconder(se), ocultar(se) 4.travel, traveled, traveled – viajar
5.spend, spent, spent – gastar (dinero); pasar (tiempo) 6.worry, worried, worried - preocuparse
7.dark – oscuro 8.heavy – pesado
9.loud – fuerte (sonido); chillante (color) 10.huge – gigantesco, enorme
11.own – propio owner – dueño 12.excitement – emoción, excitación
13.remains – restos 14.building – edificio
15.fortune – fortuna 16.peace – paz 14
17.music – música 18.meal – comida
19.news (sing) – noticias 20.trip – viaje
21.God – Dios 22.town – pueblo
23.beans – frijoles 24.nut – nuez
25.station – estación (autobús, ferrocarril) 26.light – luz; claro, liviano, ligero
 IDIOMS
1.wear out – acabarse, desgastarse My shoes wore out – Se me acabaron los zapatos
2.wear (something) out – gastar (algo) You wore them out – Los gasté
3.feel at home – estar a gusto, sentirse como en su propia casa
4.get wet – mojarse 5.get (your hair, feet… ) wet – mojarse (cabello,
pies…)
6.such as – tal (es) como 7.such (a) + noun – tal, semejante + sustantivo
8.such a car – tal coche such cars – tales coches such rain – semejante lluvia
9.such (a) + adj. + sust. - ¡tan! (used when someone or something surprises you)
10.She is such a nice girl! - ¡Ella es una muchacha tan bonita!
11.fit, fit, fit – quedar, caber 12.The suits fits me – El traje me queda.
13.It makes me sick – me hace daño, me enferma
14.How long is your class? - ¿Cuánto tiempo dura su clase?
15.It’s an hour long – Dura una hora 16.How long is her hair? - ¿Qué tan largo tiene el cabello?
CONDITIONAL
When we want to express the idea of something that we are imagining, that is LO QUE
HARÍAMOS, we have to use the auxiliary WOULD followed by the simple verb. This auxiliary gives
us the RÍA ending. We can use a contraction between the pronoun and this auxiliary = I’d, You’d,
He’d, She’d, It’d, We’d, They’d, but only when it is followed by the simple verb.
Él ayudaría a mi familia. He would help my family=He’s help my family.
Él no ayudaría a mi familia. He wouldn’t help my family.
¿Él ayudaría a mi familia? Would he help my family?
¿Por qué no ayudaría a mi familia? Why wouldn’t he help my family?
Remember that CAN only exists in the present; COULD, in the past; but if we want to use the
translation PODRÍA, we have to use the auxiliary WOULD + BE ABLE + VERB WITH TO and this
form is equivalent to COULD and both of them are correct.
Ella podría terminar a tiempo. She would be able to finish on time.
She could finish on time.
LESSON 8
VOCABULARY
1.build, built, built – construir 2.mean, meant, meant – querer decir, significar 15
3.tie, tied, tied – amarrar 4.keep, kept, kept – conservar, guardar, quedarse con
5.fight, fought, fought – pelear 6.prefer, preferred, preferred – preferir
7.hardly – apenas, duramente 8.exact – exacto, preciso exactly – exactamente
9.together – junto (s) 10.bright – brillante
11.tight – apretado, ajustado 12.fat – gordo, gordura
13.ugly – feo 14-free – libre; gratis freedom – libertad
15.wolf – lobo wolves – lobos 16.thief – ladrón thieves – ladrones
17.skin – piel, cutis 18.bone – hueso
19.finger – dedo 20.mark – marca
21.chain – cadena 22.watch – reloj (de pulso)
23.roof – techo, azotea 24.surprise – sorpresa
25.bathing suit – traje de baño 26.elevator – elevador
27.decreasing scale – escala descendente
IDIOMS
1.shake hands with – saludar de mano a 2.get drunk – emborracharse
3.get sick – enfermarse 4.tie (someone/something) up – amarrar (alguien/algo)
5.one by one – uno por uno, uno a uno 6.side by side – uno a lado del otro
7.It’s out of order=It doesn’t work – Está descompuesto. No funciona.
8.What a pity – Qué lástima 9.Would you like…? - ¿Le gustaría (quiere)?
10.Would you like to go to the movies - ¿Le gustaría (quire) ir al cine? – invitación
11.There’d be work – Habría trabajo. 12.There’d be children – Habría niños.
COMPARATIVE DEGREE – INFERIORITY
To form this degree we have the use the words LESS … THAN before the adjective or adverb, and
no matter if it is a short or a long adjective or adverb.
EASY LESS EASY THAN
YOUNG LESS YOUNG THAN
INTERESTING LESS INTERESTING THAN
SUPERLATIVE DEGREE – INFERIORITY
To form this degree we have to use the words THE LEAST before the adjective or adverb, and no
matter if it is a short or a long adjective or adverb
EASY THE LEAST EASY
YOUNG THE LEAST YOUNG
INTERESTING THE LEAST INTERESTING

THE USE OF GERUND AFTER PREPOSITIONS

In Spanish we use INFINITIVE after a preposition. In English, we have to use GERUND, that is the
ING ending. 16
Learn the following prepositions and look at the examples.
Before antes de Besides además de
After después de On al
Without sin Instead of en lugar de, en vez de
In spite of – a pesar de
Antes de comer, lávate las manos. Before eating, wash your hands.
Podemos estudiar después de jugar. We can study after playing.
LESSON 9
VOCABULARY
1.ride, rode, ridden – montar, andar o ir 2.drown, drowned, drowned – ahogarse
3.grow, grew, grown – crecer, cultivar 4.drive, drove, driven – manejar, arrear
5.turn, turned, turned – doblar, dar vuelta 6.remember, remembered, remembered – recordar
7.brown – color café 8.yellow – amarillo
9.pink – color rosa 10.ashamed – apenado, avergonzado
11.funny – chistoso, divertido, raro 12.crazy – loco, demente
13.sweet – dulce (sabor) 14.sour – agrio, ácido
15.donkey – burro 16.fish – pez, peces; pescado, pescados
17.fool – tonto (sust) 18.respect – respeto
19.age – edad 20.edge – orilla, borde
21.pole – poste, pértiga 22.bridge – puente
23.shoulder – hombro 24.business – negocio (s) (singular)
25.pupil, student – alumno, estudiante 26.alone – solo
IDIOMS
1.have just + past part – acabar de + infinitive I’ve just eaten – Acabo de comer.
I’d juste aten – Acababa de comer 2.get scared – asustarse, espantarse
3.get on – subirse (a); montar 4.I don’t remember – No recuerdo
5.Do you remember me? - ¿Te acuerdas de mí? 6.Aren’t you ashamed? - ¿No te da pena?
7.Turn around – Dese vuelta. Voltee. 8.more or les – más o menos
9.It’s none of your business – No te importa. No te incumbe.
OBLIGATION AUXILIARIES
SHOULD: The translation of this auxiliary is DEBERÍA and we use it when we want to advise
somebody.
Ellos deberían llegar más temprano. They should arrive earlier.
Ellos no deberían llegar más temprano. They shouldn’t arrive earlier.
¿Ellos deberían llegar más temprano? Should they arrive earlier?
¿Por qué no deberían llegar más temprano? Why shouldn’t they arrive earlier? 17

OUGHT TO: This auxiliary gives the same idea than SHOULD, but the difference is that it can only
be used in AFFIRMATIVE.
Ellos deberían llegar más temprano. They ought to arrive earlier.
MUST: The translation is DEBES o TIENES QUE, but it implies a COMPLETE OBLIGATION or AN
ABSOLUTE NECESSITY. It is used only in affirmative. For negative or interrogative we use the
verb HAVE TO.
 Debes respetar a tus padres. You must respect your parents.

**Sometimes we can use MUST in negative MUSTN’T but it is not so formal.

No debes golpear la puerta. You mustn’t hit the door.
SHOULD HAVE: This is the past tense idea of SHOULD. It has to be followed by PAST PARTICIPLE
and for the negative, we use SHOULDN’T HAVE. It has different translations and it is used when
we repent of something we did or we didn’t do. Its translations are DEBISTE, DEBERÍAS HABER,
DEBISTE HABER or HUBIERAS.
Debiste comer. You should have eaten.
Deberías haber comido. You should have eaten.
Debiste haber comido. You should have eaten.
Hubieras comido. You should have eaten.
MUST (probability): We use this auxiliary only in affirmative and it expresses PROBABILITY. The
translation is HA DE + infinitive.
Ella ha de comer en este lugar. She must comer in this place.
Ellos han de ser ricos. They must be rich.
For the negative, we have to use the word PROBABLY and the corresponding negative auxiliary.
Ella no ha de comer en este lugar. She probably doesn’t eat in this place.
Ellos no han de ser ricos. They probably aren’t rich.
MUST HAVE (probability): This is the past tense idea of MUST. It also expresses PROBABILITY,
but in the past. The translation is HA DE HABER + past participle.
Ella ha de haber comido aquí. She must have eaten here.
Ellos han de haber sido ricos. They must have been rich.
For the negative, we have to use the word PROBABLY and the corresponding negative auxiliary,
but in the past.
Ellos no han de haber comido aquí. They probably didn’t eat here.
Ellos no ha de haber sido ricos. They probably weren’t rich.
LESSON 10
VOCABULARY
1.decide, decided, decided – decidir 2.hunt, hunted, hunted – cazar
3.notice, noticed, noticed – fijarse en, notar 4.send, sent, sent – mandar, enviar 18
5.bleed, bled, bled – salir sangre, sangrar 6.capture, captured, captured – capturar
7.also – también 8.grateful – agradecido 9.sore – adolorido, lastimado
10.cruel – cruel 11.fresh – fresco, del día 12.unhappy – infeliz
13.whole – entero, completo 14.several – varios 15.chance – oportunidad
16.opportunity – oportunidad 17.slave – esclavo 18.master – amo
19.king – rey 20.soldier – soldado 21.toe – dedo del pie
22.thorn – espina; púa 23.story – cuento 24.shelter – albergue
25.weather – tiempo, clima 26.season – estación, temporada
IDIOMS
1.get better – mejorarse 2.get worse – empeorarse 3.at first – al principio
4.I have a bad cold – Tengo un fuerte catarro
2.I have a bad headache – Tengo un fuerte dolor de cabeza.
3.I have a bad toothache – Tengo un fuerte dolor de muelas.
4.I have a bat earache – Tengo un fuerte dolor de oído.
5.I have a bad stomach-ache – Tengo un fuerte dolor del estómago.
THE USE OF THE VERB TAKE WITH THE TRANSLATION – TOMAR, TARDAR
For these expressions, we have to consider some important points:
1)The subject is always IT
2)The verb that we use is TAKE
3)The person who performs the action is placed after TAKE
4)The second verb is always in INFINITIVE
Yo me tardo dos horas en limpiar la casa. It takes me two hours to clean the house.
Ella se tardó diez minutos en hacer la tarea. It took her ten minutes to do the homework.
Nos tardaremos dos años en pagar el coche. It will take us two years to pay for the car.
To express MUCHO, we have to use:
A LONG TIME Affirmative sentences
LONG Negative or interrogative sentences.
To express CUÁNTO TIEMPO, we have to use HOW LONG
¿Cuánto tiempo se tardan ellos en lavar el coche?
How long does it take them to wash the car?
¿Cuánto tiempo se tardaron ustedes en vender su casa?
How long did it take you to sell your house?
SUPPLEMENTARY VOCABULARY
1.birth Nacimiento 2.belief creencia
3.blood Sangre 4.bloody sangriento
5.cover tapa, tapadera 6.capture captura
7.captive Cautivo 8.disappearance desaparición 19
9.dance Baile 10.dancer bailarín
11.death Muerte 12.dead muerto (adj)
13.dying moribundo (adj) 14.decision decisión
15.decisive Decisivo 16.driver chofer
17.flier Aviador 18.flight vuelo
19.flying Volador 20.fight pelea, pleito
21.fighter peleador, luchador 22.marriage casamiento, matrimonio
23.growth Crecimiento 24.hunter cazador
25.kiss Beso 26.loan préstamo
27.meaning Significado 28.pay salario, sueldo
29.payday día de pago 30.payment pago, abono
31.preference Preferencia 32.snow nieve
33.shout Grito 34.savings ahorros
35.rider Jinete 36.traveler viajero
37.traveling (adj) Viajero
LESSON 11
VOCABULARY
1.smile (at), smiled (at), smiled (at) – sonreír (a) 2.add, added, added – agregar, sumar
3.agree, agreed, agreed – estar de acuerdo 4.push, pushed, pushed – empujar
5.pull, pulled, pulled – jalar, tirar de 6.find out, found out, found out – averiguar,
enterarse
7.however – sin embargo 8.nevertheless – sin embargo
9.inside – adentro 10.inside – adentro 11.rainy – lluvioso
12.high – alto (cosas) 13.low – bajo (cosas) 14.true – verdadero
15.truth – verdad 16.camel – camello 17.pig – cochino o cerdo pequeño
18.hog – cocino o cerdo grande 19.job – empleo, trabajo
20.hump – joroba 21.body – cuerpo 22.gate – reja, portal
23.peach – durazno 24.orange – naranja 25.side – lado
26.game – juego 27.present – regalo 28.advantage – ventaja
IDIOMS
1.used – acostumbraba He used to get up early – Acostumbraba levantarse temprano.
2.get in – entrar (a) meterse He got in the car – Se subió al coche
The thief got in through the window – El ladrón se metió por la ventana
3.get out (of) – salir (de) He got out of the car – Se bajó del coche.
The door was closed and I couldn’t get out – La puerta estaba cerrada y no me pude salir.
4. give up – darse por vencido, renuncia, dejar 5.Don’t push – No empuje usted.
6.You’re wrong – Usted no tiene razón; usted está equivocado. 20
7.every other day – cada tercer día; un día sí y otro no 8.He just left – Acaba de salir
9.It’s true – Es verdad, es cierto 10.It’s the truth – Es la verdad
11.I found out about the party – Averigüé lo de la fiesta
12.I found out about it – Lo averigüé
PASSIVE VOICE
This is a form that we use when the complement is the subject of the sentence because it is
considered more important. We need two elements to form PASSIVE VOICE:
1)Verb BE in the corresponding form (am, is, are; was, were; be; been; to be)
2)The main verb in PAST PARTICIPLE
Se hacen muchos planes. Many plans are made.
Se hicieron muchos planes. Many plans were made.
Se harán muchos planes. Many plans will be made.
Se han hecho muchos planes. Many plans have been made.
Se tienen que hacer muchos planes. Many plans have to be made.

USED TO
This is an expression that we use we we want to express a HABIT or ROUTINE in the past tense.
In Spanish we can use the translation ACOSTUMBRABA, SOLÍA or THE ÍA ending of the main verb.
Ella acostumbraba leer de noche=Solía leer de noche=Leía de noche
She USED TO read at night.
LESSON 12
VOCABULARY
1.touch, touched, touched – tocar 2.satisfy, satisfied, satisfied – satisfacer
3.return, returned, returned – regresar 4.examine, examined, examined – examinar
5.appear, appeared, appeared – aparecer 6.seem, seemed, seemed – parecer
7.therefore – así es que; por lo tanto 8.blind – ciego blindness – ceguera
9.real – verdadero really – en serio, de veras, verdaderamente
10.silly – tonto, zonzo, alocado 11.flat plano 12.round – redondo
13.elephant – elefante 14.snake – víbora 15.guide – guía
16.zoo – zoológico 17.tail – rabo, cola 18.trunk – trompa; baúl
19.fan – abanico, ventilador 20.rope – soga, cuerda 21.rest – resto; descanso
22.impression – impresión 23.judgment – criterio, sentencia
24.lake – lago 25.purse – bolsa 26.so far – hasta ahora
IDIOMS
1.make, let, help – hacer, dejar, ayudar a que alguien haga algo
He made me go – Él me hizo ir – Él hizo que yo fuera.
He let me come – Él me dejó venir – Él dejó que yo viniera 21
He helped me study – Él me ayudó a estudiar
2.get lost – perderse 3.get tired – cansarse 4.on time – a tiempo
5.once in a while – de vez en cuando 6.What’s it like? - ¿Cómo es?
7.What are they like? - ¿Cómo son? 8.each other – el uno al otro; se
They love each other – Ellos se quieren 9.(neg. aux.)…at all – en absoluto
They ate nothing at all – No comieron nada en absoluto
10.the house, building, car across the Street – la casa, edificio, carro de enfrente

SUBJUNCTIVE
We use this tense when we talk about an action that is not completely sure or depends on
others.
Subjunctive doesn’t exist in English so we will have to use INDICATIVE (present or past)
Ella puede ayudar después de que TERMINE.
She can help after she FINISHES.
Ella podía ayudar después de que TERMINARA.
She could help after she FINISHED.
But, we have some verbs that use an specific formula to express this SUBJUNCTIVE. These verbs
are: WANT, TELL, ASK, LIKE, NEED, HELP. And in these cases we will have to use:
WANT, TELL, ASK, LIKE, NEED, HELP + PERSON + INFINITIVE TO
Yo quiero que María venga. I want María to come.
Juan me dice que estudie inglés. Juan tells me to study English.
La niña te pide que pagues. The girl asks you to pay.
Nos gusta que ellos bailen. We like them to dance.
Juan necesita que vengas. Juan needs you to come.
Ella le ayuda a la niña a hacer la tarea. She helps the girl to do the homework.
Look that when we use a pronoun it has to be OBJECTIVE.
To use a negative idea in a second verb, we have to use NOT before the verb.
Yo le digo a mi hermana que NO coma. I tell my sister NOT to eat.
LESSON 13
VOCABULARY
1.explain, explained, explained – explicar 2.lift, lifted, lifted – alzar, levantar
3.move, moved, moved – moverse, cambiarse de casa 4.own, owned, owned – poseer, tener
5.avoid, avoided, avoided – evitar, eludir, esquivar, rehuir 6.bet, bet, bet – apostar
7.intelligent – inteligente 8.proud – orgulloso 9.proudly – orgullosamente
10.stupid – estúpido, tonto 11.mind – mente 12.smart – listo, inteligente
13.strange – raro, curioso 14.brain – cerebro 15.back – espalda; de atrás
16.fact – hecho 17.shirt – camisa 18.object – objeto, complemento 22
19.strength (sing) – fuerza 20.tie – corbata 21.belt – cinturón
22.handkerchief – pañuelo 23.glove – guante 24.skirt – falda
25.hose – medias 26.stocking – media
IDIOMS
1.keep (someone) from (doing something) – impedir o no dejar que alguien haga algo
He kept me from coming – Él me impidió que viniera.
2.Explain this tense to me – Explíqueme este tiempo. Explain it to me – Explíquemelo
3.get dark – anochecer, oscurecer 4.get light – amanecer, hacerse de día
5.on the other hand – en cambio, por otra parte 6.one at a time – uno por uno, uno a uno
7.at least – por lo menos 8.any color – cualquier color 9.anyone (anybody) – cualquiera
10.Anyone can learn English – cualquiera puede aprender inglés.
11.anywhere (any place) – en cualquier lado 12.anything – cualquier cosa
THE USE OF SUBJUNCTIVE IN PAST TENSE
This means that we have to use the same rule that we learned about the use of the verbs WANT,
TELL, ASK, LIKE, NEED, HELP no matter if instead of PRESENT we use PAST. We will have to
change the first verb, but not the second one.
Yo quería que él estudiara. I wanted him to study.
Ella nos pidió que no pagáramos. She asked us NOT to pay.

THE SHORT FORM WITH AUXILIARIES

When we ask a question and in the answer we want to avoid the repetition of the complete
sentence, we must use only three elements:
1.Yes or No 2.Pronoun, always pronoun 3.Auxiliary
Do you want to study in this school? Yes, I do No, I don’t
Did the boys eat sushi yesterday? Yes, they did No, they didn’t
Is María dancing very well? Yes, she is No, she isn’t

OPPOSITE EXPRESSIONS
When we have two opposite expressions, in the second one we don’t have to repeat the
complete sentence. We will need only three elements:
1.Expression BUT 2.Subject – noun or pronoun 3.auxiliary – aff. or neg.
Ellos pueden venir mañana, pero nosotros no. They can come tomorrow, but we can’t.
María comprará regalos, pero mi mama no. María will buy presents, but my mom won’t.
Ella no estaba en casa, pero nosotros sí. She wasn’t at home, but we will.
Mi mamá no trabaja, pero mi papá sí. My mom doesn’t work, but my dad does.
Look: If the first sentence is affirmative, the second one is negative; and if the first one is
negative, the second one will be affirmative. 23

LESSON 14
VOCABULARY
1.shoot (at), shot (at), shot (at) – dispararle a 2.name, named, named – nombrar, poner nombre
3.hurt, hurt, hurt – lastimar 4.hit, hit, hit – golpear, pegar
5.smell, smelled, smelled – oler 6.punish, punished, punished – castigar
7.certainly – ciertamente, con mucho gusto 8.calm – tranquilo, calmado
9.calmly – tranquilamente 10.brave – valiente 11.except – menos, excepto
12.square – cuadrado, plaza 13.park – parque 14.distance – distancia, lejanía
15.half – mitad 16.order – orden 17.post – poste
18.sign – letrero, señal 19.shot – disparo, tiro 20.tyrant – tirano
21.stream – arroyo 22.air – aire 23.arrow – flecha
24.heart – corazón 25.deer – venado(s) 26.bow and arrow – arco y flecha
27.bear – oso 28.Europe – Europa
IDIOMS
1.stop – dejar de 2.He stopped talking – Él dejó de hablar
3.get hurt – lastimarse 4.He got hurt – Él se lastminó
5.hurt your hand, leg, etc. – lastimarse la mano, pierna, etc.
She hurt her head – Ella se lastimó la cabeza.
6.take care of – cuidar de, a; encargarse de
7.go swimming, dancing, riding – ir a nadar, bailar, montar
8.such a good shoot – tan buen tirador 9.a pair of shoes – un par de zapatos, unos zapatos
10.a pair of socks – unos calcetines 11.a pair of hose – unas medias
12.a pair of stockings – unas medias 13.a pair of gloves – unos guantes
14.all that – todo lo que 15.If I were you – si yo fuera tú, yo que tú
SECOND CONDITIONAL
This conditional is used when we talk about an action that is not true or real. This is formed by a
main sentence and a subordinate clause. The subordinate clause always begins with IF and the
verb in THE PAST TENSE. The main sentence if represented with auxiliary WOULD.
Si ellos vivieran aquí, yo los ayudaría If they lived here, I would help them.
Ella estudiaría inglés si tuviera tiempo She would study English if she had time.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
Reflexive pronouns are used with three different ideas:
*Reflexive – when the same person who performs the action, receives it. In these
sentences we place it immediately after the verb and the pronoun is always according to the
noun.
Ella SE cuida. SHE takes care of HERSELF. 24
*Emphatically – When we want to reinforce or contrast and idea. In these sentences, we
place it after the subject or at the end of the sentence.
Yo misma les di el dinero. I MYSELF gave them the money=I gave them the money MYSELF
*With the idea WITHOUT HELP or WITHOUT COMPANION. In these sentences we have to
use BY before the reflexive pronoun.
Ellos fueron al cine solos. They went to the movies BY THEMSELVES.
Él hizo la tarea solo. He did the homework BY HIMSELF.

THE USE OF THE ARTICLE THE

We have to omit the article THE:
*Before a title that is followed by the last name
I invited MR. Brown She talked to PROFESSOR James.
If the title doesn’t have the last name, USE THE ARTICLE
I invited THE MAN. She talked to the professor.
*When we talk about something in general
I like coffee She loves animals
If we specify a detail, we have to use the article THE
I like THE coffee that she makes. She loved the animals in that zoo.

THE SHORT FORM WITH THE AUXILIARIES

This is a question at the end of the sentence. Remember that we must avoid repetition.
To form this, we have to use two elements:
1)auxiliary 2)noun or pronoun
Ella puede ahorrar, ¿y tú? She can save, can you?
Ellos no van a venir, ¿y María? They aren’t going to come, is María?
Nos gustaba leer de noche, ¿y a ella no? We liked t oread at night, didn’t she?
Ella estuvo en casa, ¿y tú no? She was at home, weren’t you?
LESSON 15
VOCABULARY
1.bother, bothered, bothered – molestar 2.cook, cooked, cooked – cocinar
3.boil, boiled, boiled – hervir 4.cost, cost, cost – costar
5.throw, threw, thrown – arrojar, echar 6.surprise, surprised, surprised – sorprender
7.widow – viuda 8.beggar – mendigo 9.stranger – forastero, extraño
10.nail – clavo 11.key – llave 12.silver – plata
13.pot olla 14.fire – fuego, incendio 15.silverware (sing) – cubiertos
16.shelf – estante, repisa 17.pocket – bolsa, bolsillo 18.ticket – boleto 25
19.tea – te 20.vegetable – legumbre 21.ice – hielo iceman – hielero
22.onion – cebolla 23.tomato – jitomate 24.salt – sal
25.pepper – pimienta, pimiento
IDIOMS
1.plan – pensar, planear I plan to go to New York – Pienso ir a Nueva York
2.get through – acabar, terminar He got through eating – Él acabó de comer.
He got through before ten – Él terminó antes de las diez
3.give (something) away – regalar (algo) He gave it away – Lo regaló.
4.give (something) to (somebody) He gave it to me – Me lo regaló.
5.it seems to me – me parece 6.in fact – en realidad, de hecho
7.a long way – muy lejos 8.Don’t bother me – No me moleste
Stop bothering me – Deje de molestarme 9.That’s (It’s) too bad – Qué lástima
10.That’s (It’s) a pity – Qué lástima 11.That’s (it’s) a shame – Qué lástima
12.I’m glad that you came – Me alegro que haya venido.
THIRD CONDITIONAL
This is the PAST TENSE IDEA of SECOND CONDITIONAL and it is formed by
IF + HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE and WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
Si ellos hubieran vivido aquí, yo los hubiera ayudado.
IF they HAD LIVED here, I WOULD HAVE HELPED them.
Ella hubiera estudiado inglés si hubiera tenido tiempo.
She WOULD HAVE STUDIED English IF she HAD HAD TIME.

WHOEVER, WHATEVER, WHICHEVER, WHEREVER, WHENEVER

Whoever – quienquiera que, quien, sea quien sea, cualquiera que
Whatever – cualquier cosa que, lo que
Whichever – cualquiera que, el que
Wherever – dondequiera que, por dondequiera que
Whenever – siempre que, en cualquier tiempo que sea, cuando sea, cada vez que
The use of these words are related to SUBJUNCTIVE
Daré el dinero a quien (quienquiera) que VENGA primero.
I will give the money to WHOEVER COMES first.
Cada vez que VENGAS, te ayudaré.
I will help you WHENEVER you COME.
Dondequiera que ESTÉS, te encontraré.
WHEREVER you are, I will find you.

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SHORT FORM WITH TOO and SO
This is, once again, a short form to express sentences. In this case the use in Spanish is TAMBIÉN
The elements that we are going to use are:
1)noun or pronoun 2)auxiliary 3)too
Ella es muy inteligente, y su hermano también.
She is very intelligent, and her brother is too.

We have a second option

1)so 2)auxiliary 3)noun or pronoun
She is very intelligent and so is her brother.
Los niños vendrán a mi casa, y las niñas también
The boys will come to my house, and the girls will too.
The boys will come to my house, and so will the girls.
Nos gusta trabajar aquí, y a mi hermana también.
We like to work here, and my sister does too.
We like to work here, and so does my sister.

SHORT FORM WITH EITHER and NEITHER

In this case we are going to use negative sentences and the rules are the same than TOO and SO,
but now the words are EITHER and NEITHER.
Ella no es muy inteligente, ni su hermano tampoco.
She isn’t very intelligent, and her brother isn’t either.
She isn’t very intelligent, and neither is her brother.
Look that in the second option the auxiliary must be affirmative because NEITHER is a negative
word.
LESSON 16
VOCABULARY
1.realize, realized, realized – darse cuenta, realizar 2.test, tested, tested – probar
3.fail, failed, failed – fallar, fracasar, reprobar 4.choose, chose, chosen – escoger
5.follow, followed, followed – seguir 6.fool, fooled, fooled – engañar, bromear
7.wise – sabio wisdom – sabiduría 8.power – poder powerful – poderoso
9.handsome – guapo 10.straight – recto, derecho 11.humble – humilde
12.artificial – artificial 13.human – humano 14.nature – naturaleza
15.universe – universo 16.jewel – joya jewelry (sing.) – joyas
17.diamond – diamante 18.toy – juguete 19.bouquet–ramillete
20.dew – rocío 21.bee – abeja 22.queen – reina
23.sister-in-law – cuñada brother-in-law – cuñado 27
IDIOMS
1.get rid of – deshacerse de, quitársele a uno
I want to get rid of my old car – Me quiero deshacer de mi viejo coche.
I can’t get rid of my cold – No se me quita el catarro.
2.look alike – parecerse They look alike – Ellos se parecen
3.go shopping – ir de compras 4.How far – qué tan lejos
How far is it to New York? - ¿Qué tan lejos está Nueva York?
5.Walk straight ahead – Camine derecho 6.at midnight – a medianoche
7.soft drink – refresco 8.hard liquor – bebida alcohólica
9.Whose book is this? It’s mine, yours, María’s
POSIBILITY WITH MAY and MIGHT
We use these two auxiliaries to express posibility. There’s no difference between them, only if
you use them with the past tense; in this case it is better to use MIGHT. The negative for them is
MAY NOT and MIGHT NOT and there is not a contraction. The translation is PUEDE QUE.
She may go with us. Puede que vaya con nosotros.
She may not go with us. Puede que no vaya con nosotros.
It might rain tomorrow. Puede que llueva mañana.
It may not rain tomorrow. Puede que no llueva mañana.

INDIRECT QUESTIONS
This is a subordinate sentence that begins with the interrogative expressions (which, when,
where, what, why, how, how much, how many, whose). Remember that this is not a direct
question; so you don’t have to use the interrogative order, but the order for AFFIRMATIVE or
NEGATIVE sentences.
Where IS HE? Pregunta directa
I don’t know where HE IS. Pregunta indirecta
What time IS IT? Pregunta directa
Tell me what time IT IS. Pregunta indirecta
Why DIDN’T SHE come? Pregunta directa
Nobody knows why SHE DIDN’T come. Pregunta indirecta

THE SHORT FORM WITH TO

Instead of repeating a verb that we used before, we must use TO to avoid its repetition. This
form is normally used after the verbs WANT, LIKE, NEED, HAVE.
No estudio porque no quiero. I don’t study because I don’t want TO.
Ella vino, pero no tenía que hacerlo. She came, bur she didn’t have TO.
28
LESSON 17
VOCABULARY
1.smoke, smoked, smoked – fumar 2.count, counted, counted – contar
3.bury, buried, buried – enterrar 4.discover, discovered, discovered – descubrir
5.breathe, breathed, breathed – respirar 6.prepare, prepared, prepared – preparar
7.recently – recientemente 8.slim – delgado 9.interest – interés
10.amount – cantidad 11.advice – consejo (s) advise – aconsejar
12.bottom – fondo, parte inferior 13.wood – madera 14.bank – banco
15.furniture – muebles a piece of furniture – un mueble 16.dishes – trastos, platos
17.mail – correo, correspondencia mailman – cartero 18.relative – pariente
19.nephew – sobrino 20.niece – sobrina 21.New Year’s – el día de Año Nuevo
New Year’s Day – el día de Año Nuevo New Year’s Eve – la víspera de Año Nuevo
22.Easter Sunday – Domingo de resurrección Easter week – semana de Pascua
Holy Week – Semana Santa 23.Halloween – Víspera de Todos los Santos
24.Thanksgiving=Thanksgiving Day – (USA) Día de Acción de Gracias
25.Christmas – Navidad 26.Christmas Day – día de Navidad
27.Christmas Eve – Víspera de Navidad, Nochebuena
IDIOMS
1.be worth – valer (money) How much is the book worth? - ¿Cuánto vale el libro?
It’s worth $300 – Vale $300.
2.be worth it – valer la pena It isn’t worth it – No vale la pena.
He isn’t worth it – Él no vale la pena.
3.be worth + ing – valer la pena It’s worth reading – Vale la pena leerse.
It wasn’t worth buying – No vale la pena comprarse.
4.run away – escapar 5.change your mind – cambiar de idea
6.draw interest – ganar intereses 7.Whose fault is it? - ¿Quién tiene la culpa?
It’s my fault – Yo tengo la culpa, la culpa es mía. It was my fault – Yo tuve la culpa, la culpa fue mía.
8.without fail – sin falta 9.I hope so – Espero que sí I hope not – Espero que no
10.after all – después de todo 11.Be careful – Tenga cuidado
12.dig (something) up – desenterrar (algo)
POSIBILITY WITH MAYBE and PERHAPS
These two words aren’t auxiliaries, but they have the same idea than MAY and MIGHT. They are
placed at the beginning of the sentence. Remember to use the auxiliary WILL when the idea is in
the future no matter if the translation is in present
Maybe (Perhaps) he is sick. Quizá/tal vez él esté enfermo.
Maybe (Perhaps) they didn’t study. Quizá/tal vez ellos no estudiaron.
Maybe (Perhaps) she will come tomorrow. Quizá/tal vez ella venga mañana. 29
LESSON 18
VOCABULARY
1.express, expressed, expressed – expresar 2.repeat, repeated, repeated – repetir
3.suffer, suffered, suffered – sufrir 4.draw, drew, drawn – dibujar
5.rent, rented, rented – rentar, alquilar 6.burn, burned, burned – quemar
7.fortunate – afortunado fortunately – afortunadamente
Unfortunately – desgraciadamente, desafortunadamente
8.constant – constante constantly – constantemente
9.quiet – callado 10.conceited – creído, vano, presumido
11.brokenhearted – con el corazón roto 12.talkative – locuaz, parlanchín
13.pale – pálido 14.delicate – delicado 15.bill – cuenta; billete; pico
16.hill – colina 17.person – persona 18.goddess – diosa
19.chocolate – chocolate 20.lip – labio 21.tongue – lengua
22.storm – tempestad 23.insect – bicho, insecto 24.army – ejército
25.navy – marina
IDIOMS
1.would rather + infinitive without to than – preferir
John would rather play than study – Juan prefiere jugar que estudiar
2.die down – acabarse poco a poco, calmarse
3.take (something) away (from) – quitar (algo) (a); llevarse (algo)
He took the book away from her – Le quitó el libro a ella.
They took the furniture away – Se llevaron los muebles.
4.fall in love (with) – enamorarse (de) 5.be in love (with) – estar enamorado (de)
6.insist on + gerund – empeñarse en, insistir en + infinitivo
He insisted on going – Se empeñó en ir.
7.It doesn’t do any good – No sirve de nada 8.It didn’t do any good – No sirvió de nada
9.from then on – desde entonces 10.over and over – una y otra vez
11.He said over and over – Lo dijo una y otra vez 12.on purpose – a propósito, adrede
13.How often? - ¿Qué tan a menudo? ¿Cada cuándo?
How often do you go? – ¿Qué tan a menudo va? ¿Cada cuándo va?
14.once a week – una vez a la semana twice a week – dos veces a la semana
Three times a week – tres veces a la semana
HOPE and EXPECT
These are two verbs that we can use with two different ideas.
HOPE is used with the idea of hoping. We use PRESENT or FUTURE sentences after HOPE
I hope she works well – Espero que ella trabaje bien/Ojalá ella trabaje bien.
I hope they will come tomorrow – Espero que vengan mañana/Ojalá vengan mañana. 30
Juan hopes to get rich soon – Juan espera hacerse rico pronto.
EXPECT is used with the idea of demanding, being almost sure or counting on.
*We use EXPECT + PERSON + TO
I expect them to finish on time – Espero que ellos terminen a tiempo.
*We may use a noun after EXPECT
 They didn’t expect SO MANY PEOPLE at the party – No esperaban tanta gente en la fiesta.
*We may use INFINITIVE TO
He expects to buy a new car next year – Él espera comprar un coche nuevo el año próximo.

HOPE EXPRESSIONS
We may use HOPE when we give good (or bad) wishes to people. We may not translate ESPERO
or OJALÁ.
Que pases felices vacaciones I hope you have a nice vacation.
Que se mejore pronto I hope you will get better soon.

WISH EXPRESSIONS
We may also use WISH when we give good (or bad) wishes to people, but when they are opposite
to the reality.
*We may use auxiliary WOULD
Ojalá lloviera. I wish it WOULD rain.
Ojalá ellos no cantaran. I wish they WOULDN’T sing.
*We have five exceptions with WISH – BE, FEEL, KNOW, CAN, HAVE. And in these cases we have
to use PAST TENSE instead of WOULD.
Ojalá ella fuera más alta. I wish she WAS taller.
Ojalá ella no se sintiera mal. I wish she DIDN’T feel sick.
Ojalá supieras su nombre. I wish you KNEW his name.
Ojalá ustedes pudieran pagar. I wish you COULD pay.
Ojalá él tuviera dinero. I wish he HAD money.
Ojalá ellos hubieran ido. I wish they HAD gone.
LESSON 19
VOCABULARY
1.cross, crossed, crossed – cruzar, atravesar 2.freeze, froze, frozen – congelase, helar
3.paint, painted, painted – pintar 4.attack, attacked, attacked – atacar
5.wrap, wrapped, wrapped – envolver 6.sound, sounded, sounded – sonar, oírse
7.special – especial especially – sobre todo 8.although – aunque though – aunque
9.marvelous – maravilloso 10.courage – valor 11.patience – paciencia
12.part – parte 13.group – grupo 14.sympathy – compasión, simpatía 31
15.canoe – canoa boat – bote, barco row boat – bote de remos
16.jail – cárcel 17.prison – prisión 18.history – historia
19.sled – trineo 20.berry – mora 21.blanket – cobija, frazada
22.pillow – almohada, cojín 23.church – iglesia 24.sheet – sábana; hoja (papel)
25.savage – salvaje 26.French – francés 27.France – Francia
28.Indian – Indio
IDIOMS
1.pay attention to – hacer caso a; poner atención a
Don’t pay ANY attention to him – No le haga caso.
2.stand in line – hacer fila, pararse en fila 3.to go – seguir, continuar
He went on eating – Él siguió comiendo 4.wrap (something) up – envolver (algo)
5.make a mistake – equivocarse, tener o cometer un error
6.by the time – a la hora, para cuando
It was raining by the time we left – A la hora que salimos estaba lloviendo
7.Shut up – Cállate 8.Be quiet – Cállate 9.Keep quiet – Cállate 10.I kept quiet – Me callé.
11.How long has it been since you saw him? - ¿Cuánto tiempo hace que lo vio/Cuánto tiempo
hace que no lo ves/Cuánto tiempo hace que no lo has visto?
12.It’s been about two months – Hace como dos meses
13.It’s been two months since I saw him – Hace como dos meses que no lo veo/Hace como dos
meses que no lo he visto/Hace como dos meses que lo vi.
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
This tense is used to express an action that began in the past, but continues at the present
moment. We have to use three elements to form this tense: HAVE/HAS+BEEN+ING VERB
Ella ha estado leyendo todo el día. She has been reading all day.
We can also use this tense to ask a question with HOW LONG when the idea is an action that
began in the past and continues at the present moment.
¿Cuánto tiempo llevas estudiando inglés? ¿cuánto tiempo hace que estudias inglés?
¿Cuánto tiempo hace que estás estudiando inglés?
¿Cuánto tiempo tienes estudiando inglés? ¿Cuánto tiempo has estado estudiando inglés?
How long have you been studying English?
Remember the use of the preposition FOR when you mention an expression of time.
Hace un año que estudio inglés. I have been studying English FOR a year.
And the preposition SINCE when you mention when the action began.
Estudio inglés desde octubre. I have studied English SINCE October.

32
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
This is the past tense idea of PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE. The difference is that with this
tense the action continued IN THAT MOMENT, not RIGHT NOW.
¿Cuánto tiempo LLEVABAS estudiando inglés? ¿Cuánto tiempo HACÍA que estudiabas inglés?
¿Cuánto tiempo HACÍA que estudiabas inglés? ¿Cuánto tiempo TENÍAS estudiando inglés?
¿Cuánto tiempo HABÍAS estado estudiando inglés?
How long had you been studying English?
LESSON 20
VOCABULARY
1.sew, sewed, sewed – coser 2.weave, wove, woven – tejer (en telar)
3.knit, knitted, knitted – tejer (con agujas) 4.admire, admired, admired – admirar
5.include, included, included – incluir 6.join, joined, joined – juntar, hacerse socio de
7.tear, tore, torn – romper rasgar 8.immediately – inmediatamente
9.wonderful – maravilloso 10.natural – natural 11.jealous – celoso
12.guilt – culpa 13.guilty – culpable 14.warning – amonestación, advertencia
15.art – arte 16.center – centro 17.cloth – tela material – tela
18.needle – aguja 19.thread – hilo 20.contest – competencia, concurso
21.heaven – cielo 22.spider – araña 23.spider web/cobweb – telaraña
24.fly – mosca 25.butterfly – mariposa 26.worm – gusano
27.earth – tierra, suelo
IDIOMS
1.make fun of – burlarse de 2.go with – acompañar, ir con
I went downtown with my mother – Acompañé a mi mamá al centro.
3.throw (something) away – tirar o botar (algo) 4.Throw it away – Tíralo.
5.take a bath – bañarse (en tina) 6.take a shower – bañarse (en regadera)
7.be guilty – ser culpable 8.shades of color – matices de color
9.a bad cold – un fuerte catarro 10.a bad cough – una tos fuerte
11.a sore throat – un dolor de garganta
SUPLEMENTARY VOCABULARY
1.addition Suma 2.additional adicional
3.agreement Acuerdo 4.agreeable agradable
5.attack Ataque 6.admiration admiración
7.admirable Admirable 8.annoying molesto (que molesta)
9.bet Apuesta 10.bother molestia
11.breath Aliento 12.breathing respiración
13.cook Cocinero 14.cooking cocina
15.cost costo, precio 16.costly caro, costoso 33
17.choice Selección 18.cross cruz
19.crossing Crucero 20.discovery descubrimiento
21.drawing Dibujo 22.examination examen, prueba
23.explanation Explicación 24.expression expresión
25.expectation Expectación 26.failure fracaso
27.drunkard/drunk borracho (sust.) 28.drunk (adj.) borracho
29.insult Insulto 30.insulting insultante, ofensivo
31.knitting Tejido 32.notice aviso, noticia (cartel)
33.noticeable (adj.) Notorio 34.name nombre
35.punishment Castigo 36.preparation preparación
37.painter Pintor 38.paint pintura (líquido)
39.painting pintura (el arte) 40.realization realización
41.repetition Repetición 42.rent renta
43.smile Sonrisa 44.smiling sonriente
45.satisfaction Satisfacción 46.satisfactory satisfactorio
47.smell Olor 48.surprise sorpresa
49.smoke Humo 50.sound sonido
51.sewing Costura 52.wish deseo
53.weave tejido (en telas) 54.weaving tejer (el arte)
55.weaver Tejedor

34