Grade 11

Chapter 4
1. Demonstration: place a zinc rod in an aqueous copper(II) solution
2. Demonstration: place a copper strip in an aqueous zinc solution
3. Demonstration: show the displacement reactions of halogens and halides

Ex. 1 The color of chlorine, bromine and iodine dissolved in CCl4 are respectively

Ex. 2 When chlorine water is added to NaBr solution

a) the element bromine is produced.
b) chlorine reacts to give chloride ions.
c) bromine changes to bromide ions.
d) no reaction takes place.
e) chlorine bubbles out as a gas.
f) bromine bubbles out as a gas.
g) the solution turns from colorless to brown.

Ex. 3 When bromine water is added to NaCl solution

a) the element chlorine is produced.
b) chlorine reacts to give chloride ions.
c) bromine changes to bromide ions.
d) no reaction takes place.
e) chlorine bubbles out as a gas.
f) bromine bubbles out as a gas.
g) the solution turns from colorless to brown.

Ex. 4 When bromine water is added to NaI solution

a) the element iodine is produced.
b) bromine reacts to give bromide ions.
c) if CCl4 is added, its colour becomes purple.
d) no reaction takes place.
e) iodine bubbles out as a gas.
f) bromine bubbles out as a gas.
g) the solution turns from brown to colorless.

4. Equations of the displacement reactions of halogens: X2 + 2Y- → 2X- + Y2

Ex. 5 Write the reactions that occur spontaneously:

5. Half reaction: A reaction showing gain or loss of electrons.

6. Oxidation: is a half reaction in which electrons are lost (or gain of oxygen)
7. Reduction: is a half reaction in which electrons are gained (or loss of oxygen)
8. An oxidation reduction reaction: is the sum of the two half reaction, it must not show any electrons.
9. Reducing agent: species that gets oxidized.
10. Oxidizing agend: species that gets reduced.

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CQD 19.
a. When acidified potassium manganate (VII) is added to a reducing agent its color changes from purple to
______________.
colorless

b. When acidified potassium iodide solution, which is a reducing agent, is added to an oxidizing agent such as
chlorine or hydrogen peroxide, the solution turns a ______________
brown color.
ox
Ex. 6 In the reaction: Fe + Cu → Fe+2 + Cu+2
+3 +
red
a) Fe is a reducing agent and Cu+ is an oxidizing agent.
+3

b) Fe+3 is an oxidizing agent and Cu+ is a reducing agent.

c) Fe+2 is an oxidizing agent and Cu+2 is a reducing agent.
d) Fe+3 is oxidized and Cu+ is reduced.
e) An oxidizing agent is itself a reducing agent.

Ex. 7 A spontaneous reaction occurs when a piece of iron is placed in 1.0M CuSO4 (aq). The reducing agent
is:
a) Fe.
b) Cu+2.
c) H2O.
d) SO4-2.
e) CuSO4.

11. Draw an electrochemical cell.

12. An electrochemical cell consists of: two half cells, each containing a metal rod in its solution. The
two half cells are connected internally by a salt bridge and externally by metal wires and a voltmeter.
13. Salt bridge: is a glass tube containing an aqueous soluble electrolyte that does not interfere in the
reaction. It’s function is to furnish an electric path to complete the circuit.
14. Anode: the electrode at which oxidation occurs, it is the negative terminal of the cell (the more
reactive metal)

Ex. 8 The anode is the

a) electrode where reduction occurs.
b) electrode where oxidation occurs.
c) electrode to which positive ions are attracted.
d) electrode to which negative ions are attracted.
e) positive terminal of a cell.
f) negative terminal of a cell

15. Cathode: the electrode at which reduction occurs, it is the positive terminal of the cell (the less
reactive metal)

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Ex. 9 The cathode is

a) electrode where reduction occurs.

b) electrode where oxidation occurs.
c) electrode to which positive ions are attracted.
d) electrode to which negative ions are attracted.
e) positive terminal of a cell.

16. Electrons flow in the wires from the anode to the cathode

CQD 4 [G] Given below a schematic diagram of a simple cell.

Knowing that magnesium is more reactive than copper,

a. what is the direction of the current in the external circuit?

b. what is the direction of the electron flow in the external circuit?

Ex. 10 In the outside circuit of an electrochemical cell, the electrons flow from the

a) negative terminal to the positive terminal.

b) positive terminal to the negative terminal.
c) cathode to the anode.
d) anode to the cathode.
e) electrode to which positive ions are attracted.
f) electrode to which negative ions are attracted.
+ -
17. Current flows in the wires from the cathode to the anode
18. Ions flow in the salt bridge to maintain electrical neutrality: Cations travel towards the cathode and
anions towards the anode.

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Ex. 11 In the solutions in a cell, which is true about how ions move?

a) Cations move towards the cathode.

b) Anions move towards the electrode where oxidation takes place. Anode
c) Cations move towards the anode.
d) Anions move towards the cathode in the wire.
e) Anions and cations move in opposite directions.

19. In an electrochemical cell the voltage eventually drops to zero after a long time
20. Cu-Ag cell:
Copper
more • Reactions: at the anode Cu(s) → Cu2+ + 2e– and at the cathode Ag (s) ← Ag+ + e–
reactive • anode and cathode: the copper electrode and the silver electrode.
than silver
21. Perform calculations involving electrochemical cells

Ex. 12 The net reaction of a cell formed of silver and copper half cells is: Cu(s)+2Ag+(aq) →
2Ag(s)+Cu+2(aq)
When 0.0100 mole of copper dissolves, how many silver moles will form?

22. Redox reactions can be identified by an increase in the number of O-atoms

CQD 1. [G] Which of the following equations is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction?

a. CuCO3 → CuO + CO2

b. ZnO + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2O
c. 2Cu + O2 → 2CuO
d. Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2

23. Spontaneous reactions can be predicted: using a list of equations in decreasing tendency to lose
electrons

CQD 2. These elements are listed in decreasing tendency to lose electrons.

Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2e–

H2(g) → 2H+(aq) + 2e–
Cu(s) → Cu2+(aq) + 2e–
Ag(s) → Ag+(aq) + e–

Which of these reactions below takes place spontaneously?

a. Cu(s) + Zn2+(aq) → Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq)
b. Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
c. Cu(s) + 2H+(aq) → Cu2+(aq) + H2(g)
d. H2(g) + Cu2+(aq) → Cu(s)+ 2H+(aq)
e. 2Ag(s) + 2H+(aq) → 2Ag+(aq) + H2(g)
f. Zn(s) + 2Ag(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag+(aq)

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24. Voltmeter is used to measure the energy released by a cell W = Q×V

CQD 3. A zinc rod is placed in a 1.0 M zinc nitrate solution. A copper strip is placed in a 1.0 M copper nitrate
solution. The two half-cells are connected by a salt bridge and, externally, by a voltmeter. The voltmeter reads
1.10 V, and it shows that copper is the positive terminal of the cell.

a. Which electrode is at the cathode?

b. Write the equation of the half-reaction that takes place at the cathode.
c. Which electrode at is the anode?
d. Write the equation of the half-reaction that takes place at the anode.
e. In what direction does the current pass in the solution?
f. How much energy is released by the cell when 2.0 C pass by any point in the circuit?

25. Standard hydrogen electrode: a rod of mossy platinum with gaseous hydrogen being bubbled onto it,
immersed in a 1M acid solution
26. Standard conditions: All aqueous solutions have a concentration of 1.0M, all gases have pressure of
1.00 atm and a temperature of 25°C.
27. Standard electromotive force of a cell, E°net: is the energy released throughout the circuit when a
coulomb of electrons passes through any one point in the main circuit. It is the voltage of the cell when each
electrode is placed in 1M solution of its ions, at 25°C and 1 atmosphere
28. An electrochemical cell can be represented using the line notation
29. If a reaction is the sum of two other reactions, then its E°net is the sum of their E°net

Ex. 13 Given that Zn(s) / Zn2+ // H+ / H2(g) E°net = +0.76V

H2(g) / H+ // Cu2+ / Cu(s) E°net = +0.34V

Find E°net for Zn(s) / Zn2+ // Cu2+ / Cu(s)

30. Standard half cell potential: the electromotive force E° of the cell formed between this half cell and
a standard hydrogen half cell

31. E°cell = E°ox + E°red

CQD 6. A half-cell consisting of a cadmium rod dipped into a 1.0 M Cd(NO3)2 solution is connected with a
standard hydrogen half-cell. The cell voltage is 0.40 volt and the platinum electrode in the hydrogen half-cell
is the cathode. Determine E° for the reaction: Cd → Cd2+ + 2e–

CQD 7.
a. Predict the Eºnet for the cell made up of the standard half-cells of zinc and silver.
b. How does the current flow in the outside circuit?
c. Which electrode is the cathode?
d. Which electrode gains weight?
e. When this electrode gains 0.0010 mol, how many grams would the other electrode have lost in weigh.

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CQD 8. Predict the E°net for the cell made up of the standard half-cells of copper and bromine. Given:

Cu → Cu2+ + 2e- Eº = -0.34 V

2Br¯ → Br2 + 2e- Eº = -1.06 V

a) Which electrode is the positive terminal of the cell?

b) How do the positive and negative ions flow in the solutions?
c) Do you expect a copper metal to react with bromide ions?
Do you expect copper ions to react with bromine?

32. If E°cell > 0, the reaction is spontaneous, if E°cell < 0, the reverse reaction is spontaneous, if E°cell = 0,
the reaction is at equilibrium.

CQD 5. Using the table of standard reduction half-cell potentials, answer the following:

a) What would happen if an aluminium spoon is used to stir Fe(NO3)2 solution?

What would happen if an iron spoon is used to stir an AlCl3 solution?

b) Can 1 M Fe2(SO4)3 solution be stored in a container made of nickel metal?

Explain your answer.

33. E°net allows us to predict the spontaneity of reactions but tells us nothing about their rates.
34. Sometimes E°net of a cell > 0 , but the reactions doesn’t take place because of:
• kinetic factors, ie. a high activation energy
• Reaction run under non-standard conditions
35. Know the rules for assigning oxidation numbers for atoms in elements, compounds, ions

CQD 10. [G] Find the oxidation number for each element in following species.
a. NH3
b. H2CO3
c. I2
d. MnO4 –
e. Cr2O7 2-

36. We redefine oxidation and reduction respectively as an increase and a decrease in oxidation numbers.

Ex. 14 Find the oxidation number of each element in

a) H3PO4
b) HSO4–
c) C2H3O2–
d) Pt(H2O)42+
e) Fe2(CO3)3

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37. Balance redox reactions: in acidic medium

CQD 9. When copper metal is placed in a dilute solution of nitric acid, bubbles of NO gas are produced. The
solution turns blue, indicating that Cu2+ is forming. Write a balanced equation, showing all steps.

38. Balance redox reactions: in basic medium

Ex. 15 Complete and balance the following equation which takes place in basic aqueous solution

P4 (s) + H2O (l) → H2PO3-(aq) + P2H4 (g)

39. Redox reactions are not acid base reactions.

Ex. 16 Which of the following reactions are redox reactions, i.e. have atoms that change oxidation numbers?
Check by finding the oxidation number of each element in the reactants and products.

a) H+ + OH– →H2O
b) 2H+ + CaO → Ca2+ + H2O
c) Zn(s) + 2H+ → H2(g) + Zn2+
d) NH3(g) + HCl(g) → NH4Cl(s)

40. Hydrogen ions oxidize metals below them in the standard electrode potential series.

Ex. 17 Which of the following reactions, in which H+ oxidizes a metal, are spontaneous in an acidic medium?

a) Zn(s) + 2H+ → H2(g) + Zn2+

b) Mg(s) + 2H+ → H2(g) + Mg2+
c) Cu(s) + 2H+ → H2(g) + Cu2+
d) 2 Ag (s) + 2 H+ → H2 (g) + 2 Ag+

41. Know that copper can react with sulfuric and nitric acid but not with hydrochloric acid

Ex. 18 Which of the following acids can oxidize zinc?

a) HCl
b) HNO3
c) H2SO4

Ex. 19 Which of the following acids can oxidize copper metal?

a) HCl
b) HNO3
c) H2SO4

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Ex. 20 In which case is a gas different from hydrogen gas liberated?

a) HCl + Fe
b) HNO3 + Cu Cu + NOCu²
c) H2SO4 + Cu

42. Electrolysis: is the process whereby an electric current is used to force a non-spontaneous reaction to
take place

Ex. 21 Electrolysis means

a) burning by an electric current.
b) fusing by an electric current.
c) bombarding by electrons.
d) separation by electricity.

43. In electrolysis:
• the anode is the positive electrode that attracts anions and at which oxidation takes place.
• the cathode is the negative electrode which attracts cations and at which reduction takes place.
• The electrolyte is the molten or aqueous substance that undergoes electrolysis.
44. In electrolysis of a molten salt: the metal is produced at the cathode and the non-metallic element at
the anode.

CQD 11. [G] Electrolysis of molten lead bromide, PbBr2, is conducted using the below apparatus.

a. Write the half-reaction that takes place at the negative electrode (cathode).
b.Write the half-reaction that takes place at the positive electrode (anode).
c. Write the chemical equation for the electrolysis of molten lead bromide.

Ex. 22 Write the two half-reactions occurring when molten ZnCl2 is electrolyzed.

45. Metals or hydrogen are formed at the cathode, non-metals (other than hydrogen) are formed at the
anode.
46. Many metals such as sodium, calcium and aluminium are extracted from their ores by
electrolysis of their molten salts.
47. Identify products of the electrolysis of molten and aqueous salts

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CQD 13. Concentrated hydrochloric acid is electrolyzed using the apparatus below.

a. Label on the diagram the position of the electrodes.

b. What are the two observations when the circuit is switched on? Bubbles of gases at electrodes, bulb lights
c. Give the name of the product at the positive electrode. Chlorine gas
d. Give a test used to identify the product formed at the positive electrode.Litmus paper gets bleached

CQD 14. Which of the following aqueous solutions produces H2(g) and O2(g) during electrolysis?

a. KI(aq)
b. CuI2(aq)
c. molten NaOH
d. CuSO4(aq)
e. K2SO4(aq)

CQD 18. Fill the table with the correct products formed when aqueous copper(II) sulfate solution is
electrolyzed using graphite (C) and/or copper (Cu) electrodes.

Electrolysis of CuSO4(aq)
Products at anode Products at cathode
Cu electrodes Cu ---> Cu²+2e Cu
Graphite (C) electrodes O2 Cu

48. Using inert electrodes like carbon or platinum

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Electrolyte Change at inert negative electrode Change at inert positive electrode

Lead formed bromine formed
Molten lead(II) bromide
Silvery solid observed brown vapour observed
Hydrogen Chlorine
Concentrated aqueous
Colorless gas bubbles yellowish vapour observed
sodium chloride
The solution remaining will be NaOH(aq)
Hydrogen Oxygen
Dilute sulfuric acid Colorless gas bubbles Colorless gas bubbles
The solution remaining will be a more concentrated sulfuric acid solution
Copper formed Oxygen
Aqueous copper (II) Pinkish brown solid observed Colorless gas bubbles
sulfate
The solution remaining will be a dilute sulfuric acid solution

Ex. 23 The following are results for the experiments on electrolysis using inert electrodes.
Complete the table below, the first one has been done for you.

Change at the negative Change at the positive

Electrolyte Change to electrolyte
electrode electrode
Potassium formed Iodine formed Used up
Dilute aqueous sodium
chloride
Potassium hydroxide
Hydrogen formed Bromine formed
formed

CQD 12. [G] Identify in each of the following the products that form on the electrode of the
electrolytic cell.

Electrolyte At the cathode (-) At the anode (+)

Concentrated solution of
sodium bromide, NaBr
Concentrated solution of
silver nitrate, AgNO3
dilute solution of
potassium bromide, KBr

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49. Using copper electrodes

Electrolyte Change at inert negative electrode Change at inert positive electrode

Copper formed Copper dissolves
aqueous copper (II) Pinkish brown solid observed Electrode diminishes
sulfate Electrolyte is unchanged
Copper is transferred from anode to cathode

Ex. 24 Concentrated hydrochloric acid is electrolyzed using the apparatus below.

a. Label on the diagram the position of the electrodes.

b. What are the two observations when the circuit is switched on?
c.
(i) The product at the positive electrode is called:
(ii) The test and the result of this product are:

Test:
Result:

Ex. 25 Which of the following aqueous solutions produces H2(g) and O2(g) during electrolysis?

Product at anode Product at cathode

a) KI(aq) I2 (s) H2 (g)
b) CuI2(aq) I2 (s) Cu (s)
c) molten NaCl Cl2 (g) Na (l)
d) CuSO4(aq) O2 (g) Cu (s)
e) K2SO4(aq) O2 (g) H2 (g)

50. Electroplating: using electricity to cover an object with a thin layer of metal.
51. Metal objects are electroplated to improve their appearance and resistance to corrosion.
52. Know that Cu/Ag are called reacting electrodes and C/Pt are considered inert electrodes
53. Know the apparatus needed to electroplate an object with Cu or Ag or Ni
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CQD 15. An iron spoon is to be plated with copper metal. Write the two half-reactions occurring at each
electrode.

CQD 16. Which of the following apparatus could be used to electroplate an iron nail with nickel?

54. Application of electrolysis: purification of copper.

55. Batteries: dry cell
56. Batteries: fuel cell

CQD 17. [G] Hydrogen fuel cells may be used to replace combustion engines in cars.

a. Give the reactants involved in the reaction occurring inside a hydrogen fuel cell.
b. Give the chemical equation for the reaction that occurs in a hydrogen fuel cell.
c. What are the advantages of hydrogen fuel cells (or hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells)?

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CQD 20. [T] Given the following standard reduction potentials:

Reduction half reaction Eº (V)

Au3+ + 3e-  Au +1.50
Ag+ + e-  Ag +0.80
Cu2+ + 2e-  Cu +0.34
Zn2+ + 2e-  Zn -0.76
Mg2+ + 2e-  Mg -2.37

Which of the following pairs of metals would produce the largest voltage?

A. silver and copper

B. magnesium and gold
C. zinc and copper
D. zinc and magnesium
E. gold and copper

CQD 21. [T] Which of the following electrolytic cells forms gases at both of its inert electrodes?

A. Cell 1: aqueous sodium iodide

B. Cell 2: aqueous copper(II) sulfate
C. Cell 3: aqueous sodium chloride
D. Cell 4: molten sodium chloride
E. Cell 5: molten potassium iodide

CQD 22. [T] Which of the following represent(s) a reduction change?

1. Fe → Fe2+
2. H2O2 → H2O
3. Cr2O42- → Cr2O72-

A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 1 only
D. 2 only
E. 2 and 3 only

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CQD 23. [T]

a. A student assembled the following electrochemical cell.

i. What is the direction of electron flow in this electrochemical cell?

ii. The student replaced the iron electrode with a silver electrode. The voltmeter reading changed.
Describe the change and explain why this change occurred.
iii. When the student replaced the zinc electrode with a copper electrode, the voltmeter gave a
negative reading. Explain why.

b. A student conducts electrolysis of concentrated aqueous solution of sodium chloride using the following
apparatus.

i. Which particles allows the flow of the electric current in the sodium chloride solution?
ii. Give two reasons for the use of graphite as the electrodes.
iii. What is the gas produced at the anode?
iv. Write the ionic half-equation for the reaction occurring at the anode. Include state symbols.
v. A blue litmus paper is dipped in the remaining solution after electrolysis is over.
Does the blue litmus paper change color? Explain why.

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CQD 24. [T]

Electrolysis is used to break down ionic compounds.
a. A student conducts an electrolysis for a concentrated solution of copper(II) chloride.

i. Why is it recommended to use inert electrodes in electrolysis?

ii. A solid deposit is observed at the negative electrode. Identify this solid.
iii. Write the ionic half equation for the reaction occurring at the negative electrode.
iv. A fizzing is observed at the positive electrode. Identify the gas released and explain how it forms.
v. Identify the species that is reduced in the solution undergoing electrolysis.

b. A student wants to electroplate an iron rod with chromium.

i. At which electrode the student should place the chromium rod?

ii. Suggest a suitable electrolyte for this electrolysis?
iii. Write the ionic half equation occurring at the negative electrode.
iv. At which electrode oxidation occurs?
v. Give a reason why chromium is used in electroplating.

CQD 25. [T]

A student conducts electrolysis on dilute solution of sodium chloride using the apparatus shown below.

a. Gas X makes a pop sound when tested with a lighted splint.

Identify gas X.
b. Suggest a test for oxygen gas. Include result of the test in your answer.
c. Suggest a material to be used as an electrode and give one reason why it is suitable.
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CQD 26. [T]

The below apparatus is used to break down molten lead bromide.

a. What is the process shown in the figure called?

b. What are the expected observations on the positive electrode (anode) and on the negative electrode
(cathode)?
c. A Bunsen burner is used to melt solid lead bromide. How can the student adjust the Bunsen burner to
give the hottest flame?
d. Why is it recommended to use graphite electrodes in the above apparatus?
e. When replacing molten lead bromide with an aqueous solution of lead bromide in the above apparatus,
hydrogen gas is produced at the negative electrode and bromine gas is produced at the positive
electrode.
i. Suggest a test for hydrogen gas. Include observation.
ii. How can you identify bromine gas?
f. Lead bromide is classified as hazardous chemical. Suggest a safety precaution when dealing with lead
bromide.

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CQD 27. [T]

A student conducted two redox titration experiments to investigate the reaction between aqueous solution of
potassium manganate(VII) and two aqueous solutions of iron(II) sulfate, solution R and solution T, of
different concentrations.

Experiment 1
A 50 cm3 burette was filled with potassium manganate(VII) solution to the 0.0 cm3 mark.
25 cm3 of solution R were measured using a pipette and poured into a conical flask.
Potassium manganate(VII) solution was added to the flask while shaking it until a pale pink color appears.

a. The burette showed the following measurement.

i. Record the final burette reading.

ii. Calculate the volume of potassium manganate(VII) solution used in cm3.

Experiment 2
25 cm3 of solution T was measured using a measuring cylinder and experiment 1 was repeated. But this time
the burette was not filled to the 0.0 cm3 mark.

b. The initial and final readings of the burette are shown.

i. Record the final reading in cm3.

ii. Calculate the volume of potassium manganate(VII) solution used in cm3.

c. Which solution is more concentrated solution R or solution T? Explain

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d. i. If in experiment 2, the student used 50 cm3 of solution T, instead of 25 cm3, calculate the volume of
potassium manganate(VII) needed to reach the end point.
ii. What issue will the student face when titrating 50 cm3 of solution T?

e. Another student conducted the same experiments using a measuring cylinder to measure 25 cm3 of
solutions R and T instead of a pipette.
How would his results differ from that of the student who used the measuring cylinder?

f. How can the student reach more reliable results in this experiment?

g. Indicators are used in most titrations to determine when the end point is reached. Why no indicator was
used in this titration?

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