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Current Traditional Medicine, 2023, 9, e270622206405

REVIEW ARTICLE
ISSN: 2215-0838
eISSN: 2215-0846

Therapeutic Benefits of Miracle Tree Moringa oleifera: A Complete Overview

Faridi Shabnam1,*, Isha Rani2,*, Dhiman Vivek1, Rajat Goyal1,2 and Rupesh Kumar Gautam1
1
MM School of Pharmacy, MM University, Sadopur (Ambala), Haryana, 134007, India; 2MM College of Pharmacy,
MM (Deemed to be University), Mullana (Ambala), Haryana, 133203, India

ARTICLE HISTORY
Received: January 18, 2022
Revised: April 09, 2022
Accepted: April 19, 2022
DOI:
10.2174/2215083808666220627121322
Current Traditional Medicine
Abstract: Generally, Ayurvedic or herbal products are considered safe to use. According to a re-
port, more than 50% of the global population depends upon herbal products. To meet the global de-
mand for ayurvedic products, more and more herbal plants are analyzed for their active constituents
and health benefits. Moringa oleifera is one such plant that is analyzed for its therapeutic benefits.
Various parts of this plant, such as the leaves, roots, seed, bark, fruit, flowers, and immature pods,
act as cardiac and circulatory stimulants with antipyretic, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiepilep-
tic, diuretic, antiulcer, antispasmodic, antihypertensive, cholesterol-lowering, antidiabetic, antioxi-
dant, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, and antifungal activities. This review is about the chemical

composition of this tree’s market preparation and its different applications.

Keywords: Moringa oleifera, miracle tree, horseradish tree, phenolic compounds, antioxidant, anticancer.

1. INTRODUCTION Carlquist suggested the same based on wood anatomy [9].

Moringa oleifera, belonging to the family Moringaceae,
also called ‘drumstick tree’ or ‘horseradish tree’, is a peren-
nial tree belonging to tropical and subtropical regions of the
world [1, 2]. The Moringaceae family has a total of 13 spe-
cies, such as Moringa oleifera, Moringa arborea, Moringa
longituba, Moringa borziana, Moringa pygmaea, Moringa
hildebrandtii, Moringa drouhardii, Moringa peregrine,
Moringa stenopetala, etc. Out of all these, M. oleifera is the
most utilized and cultivated species. M. oleifera can grows
and survives in harsh climatic conditions [3, 4]. The plant is
referred to as the “miracle tree” because of the enormous
positive impact it has on people’s livelihoods. It is reported
that every plant part (seeds, flowers, stems, leaves, and roots)
is a great source of nutrients and produces major essential
medicinal principles, curing a range of diseases. This tree
may also serve as a nutritional and therapeutic substitute due
to its high nutritional contents and various medicinal charac-
teristics [5]. It is cultivated all across the world as it can
grow under severe drought and mild frost conditions. North-
west India is among the major producer of this tree [6]. The
Oleifera species of the Moringa tree are depicted in Fig. (1).
Out of all the 13 Moringa species, Moringa oleifera is
the only genus in the family Moringaceae [7]. The word
“Moringa” is derived from Southern Indian (Malayalam)
word 'Muringo' [8]. Olson, in 2002, suggested grouping of
Moringa species based on the use of DNA sequences, while
*Address correspondence to these authors at the MM College of Pharmacy,
MM (Deemed to be University), Mullana (Ambala), Haryana, 133203,
India; Tel: 82788 23717; E-mail: isha12th@gmail.com and
MM School of Pharmacy, MMU- Sadopur (Ambala), Haryana, 134007,
India; E-mail: shabnam@mmambala.org
Following Fig. (2) describes the taxonomical classification
of Moringa oleifera.
Each part of this plant is of higher nutritive value. Alka-
loids, tannins, steroids, phenolic acids, saponins, flavonoids,
terpenes, etc., are the various phytochemicals present in this
plant [10]. The leaves of this tree are loaded with minerals
and vitamins and can be used to treat malnutrition and pro-
mote lactation in mothers [11]. Moringa seeds consist of low
molecular weight cationic proteins, which are useful in in-
dustrial water purification and hardness removal. Moringa
seed floor can be used to clarify water [12, 13] and is also
used as a food supplement for humans and livestock feed. It
is also called a miracle tree because of its ability to treat var-
ious disorders like diabetes, cancer, dementia, stress, arthri-
tis, etc., without causing any side effects. It can also be used
to treat several psychiatric and autoimmune disorders [14].
Moringa leaf is totally loaded with full of nutrients;
therefore, we can use it as an alternative to imported food
supplies to treat malnutrition in poor countries. It should be
consumed either fresh or dry. Dried leaves can be stored for
a long time without loss of nutritional value and can be used
regularly. Many companies across the world manufacture
various products of Moringa leaves, such as Moringa Tea,
Moringa Tablets, Moringa Capsules, Moringa leaf Powder,
Moringa Soaps, and Moringa face wash. Some beverages are
also available in the market prepared by Moringa leaves.
Thus, it is necessary to hygienically dry and process Moringa
leaves for further use [15].
1.1. Moringa oleifera: Growth Characteristics
M. oleifera can grow and survive in harsh climatic condi-
tions. It is cultivated all across the world as it can grow under
severe drought and mild frost conditions [4]. The optimum

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Therapeutic Benefits of Miracle Tree Moringa oleifera e270622206405 Current Traditional Medicine, 2023, Vol. 9, No. 2

Fig. (1). Oleifera species of the Moringa tree.

growth requirements of Moringa oleifera [16, 17] are depict-
ed in Table 1.
Fig. (2). Taxonomical classification of Moringa oleifera.
Table 1. Optimum growth requirements of Moringa oleifera.
trees can also be cultivated [16]. Tree cuttings with 4-5cm
diameter and 1m length can be cultivated. But this method
has a drawback; plants grown with this method have a much
weaker root system. Such plants are also affected by drought
and winds. The nutritional composition of Moringa also var-
ies according to the geographical area in which it grows. For
example, Indian Moringa is slightly different in nutritional
composition as compared to Moringa grown in Nigeria. In
the hot-humid season, Vitamin A was predominant, but in
the cold-dry season, Vitamin C and iron were the predomi-
nant phytochemicals present [17, 18].
Soil is also one of the major factors that affect the nutri-
tional composition of Moringa. For example, studies re-
vealed that the plants grown under poultry manure are found
to possess high phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and manga-
nese compared to those grown using fertilizer alone. Plants
grown using fertilizers alone have a different nutritional
composition compared to the one to which fertilizers are
applied in combination [19].
1.2. Moringa oleifera: Essential Phytochemicals
The essential phytochemicals of Moringa oleifera [18]
are described in Table 2.
Table 2. Essential phytochemicals possessed by Moringa spe-
cies.

Region Tropical/Sub-tropical Active

Parts Used Nutritional Value
Constituents
0 0
Temperature 25 C- 35 C
Dried Leaves Vitamin A 10 times more than in carrots
Soil Sandy/ loamy soil Dried Leaves Calcium 17 times more than in milk

Dried Leaves Protein 9 times more than in yogurt

pH Slightly alkaline
Dried Leaves Potassium 15 times more than in bananas
Rainfall 250mm- 300mm
Dried Leaves Iron 25 times more than in spinach

Dried Leaves Vitamin C 7 times more than in oranges

Moringa seeds are directly sown in sandy/ loamy soil
with slightly alkaline pH at 2cm depth and are allowed to
germinate for 5- 12 days [14]. Moringa can also be propagat- 1.3. Moringa oleifera: Chemical Composition
ed from saplings and placed inside a plastic bag. Saplings are
allowed to grow to about 30 cm in height and are then trans- The chemical composition of Moringa oleifera [18] is
planted into the soil [18]. But transplantation should be done described in Table 3.
with extreme care without damaging the taproots. Moringa
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Table 3. Chemical composition of Moringa oleifera.

S. No. Category Chemical constituents References

1 Flavanoids Rutin, Quercetin, Rhamnetin, Kaempferol, Apigenin, Myricetin, etc. [20-23]

2 Glucosinolates [4-O-(α-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)-benzyl glucosinolate], 4-[(α-L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl] isothio- [24-26]

cyanate (GMG-ITC), 4-O-(α-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)-benzyl glucosinolate, etc.

3 Phenolics Gallic acid, Ellagic acid, Ferulic acid, Caffeic acid, o-coumaric acid, Chlorogenic acid, Gentisic [27-30]
acid, Syringic acid, ρ-coumaric acid, Sinapic acid, etc.

4 Terpenes Lutein, E-luteoxanthin, 13-Z-lutein, 15-Z-β-carotene, E-zeaxanthin, Lupeol acetate, β-amyrin, α- [31-33]
amyrin, etc.

5 Alkaloids Marumoside A and B, Pyrrolemarumine-4″-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside etc. [34, 35]

6 Sterols β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside, β-sitosterol, Campesterol, Stigmasterol, etc. [36, 37]

Fig. (3). Chemical structures of chemical constituents (Capmesterol, Stigmasterol, B-sitosterol, and Marumoside A).

The chemical structures of these chemical constituents
are described in Figs. (3-6).
1.4. Moringa oleifera: Nutritional Characteristics
1.4.1. Leaves
The leaves of this tree are loaded with minerals and vita-
mins and can be used to treat malnutrition and promote lacta-
tion in mothers. Moringa leaves are rich in vitamins, miner-
als, PUFA, saturated fatty acids, and antioxidants [18, 19].
Moringa leaves consist of minerals (calcium, potassium,
zinc, magnesium, iron, and copper), vitamins (beta-carotene
of vitamin A, vitamin B, such as folic acid, pyridoxine, and
nicotinic acid, vitamin C, D, and E), PUFA (omega-3 and
omega-6), tannins, sterols, terpenoids, flavonoids (quercetin,
glucosides, rutinosides, and malonyl glucosides), saponins,
anthraquinones, alkaloids, reducing sugar and glucosinolates
[37]. Moringa leaves are loaded with calcium [8 ounces of
milk (300-400 mg calcium) < Moringa leaves (1000 mg Cal-
cium)] [38]. Moringa leaf powder can be used for the treat-
84
ment of anemia, an effective substitute for iron tablets [Beef
(2 mg Iron) < Moringa leaf powder (28 mg Iron)] [39].
Moringa leaves can provide 25.5 to 31.03 mg of zinc per kg
[40]. It can fulfill the daily requirement of zinc, which is
essential for the production of sperm and the synthesis of
DNA and RNA. Moringa leaves also have a low calorific
value and can be used in the diet of obese patients [41].
Leaves of Moringa are generally used in many countries as
vegetables. The addition of Moringa leaves to cow feed in-
creases milk production by about 43%-65% [42]. The pres-
ence of phytosterols in leaves can promote the activity of
mammary glands [43].
1.4.2. Pods
Moringa pods consist of 46.78% fiber, 20.66% protein,
30% amino acids, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid.
β-carotene and sterols in the plant pods are potent inhibitors
of ROS (reactive oxygen species) intermediates and thus
help in preventing cancer. These constituents further reduce
the plasma cholesterol level and enhance the fecal excretion
Therapeutic Benefits of Miracle Tree Moringa oleifera e270622206405 Current Traditional Medicine, 2023, Vol. 9, No. 2

Fig. (4). Chemical structures of chemical constituents (Quercetin, Apigenin, Rutin, Kaempferol, Rhamnetin, and Myricitine).

Fig. (5). Chemical structures of chemical constituents (Alfa Amyrin, Beta Amyrin, and 15-Z B Carotene).
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Current Traditional Medicine, 2023, Vol. 9, No. 2
Fig. (6). Chemical structures of chemical constituents (Gallic Acid, Ellagic acid, Syringic acid, Ferulic acid, p-Coumaric acid, Sinapinic acid,
and Caffeic acid).
of the same. Moringa pods can be used in the treatment of
colon cancer and digestive problems [44, 45].
1.4.3. Seeds
Moringa seed oil consists of linoleic acid, oleic acid, and
76 % PUFA (Polyunsaturated fatty acids). Moringa seed oil
is a good substitute for olive oil and is used for the control of
cholesterol in the body. Moringa seed oil can be extracted by
cold pressing technique. The oil comprises mainly behenic
acid, which makes this oil more resistant to rancidity.
Moringa seeds also possess anti-diabetic activity. 50-
100mg/kg dose of Moringa seed powder in rats act by reduc-
ing the blood glucose level. Moringa seeds also show anti-
arthritic activity due to their anti-inflammatory property. The
seeds also can purify water through the precipitation of
heavy metals. Seeds also show antimicrobial activity due to
the presence of constituents like pterygospermin and benzyl
isothiocyanate [46-48].
1.4.4. Flowers
Moringa flowers can be used commercially to produce
honey as these are a good source of nectar. The flowers also
possess anti-cancer properties that act by inhibiting the
growth of PC3 cells [49]. Therapeutic activities exerted by
Moringa flowers are antimicrobial (active against bacterial,
parasitic, and viral infection), antiulcer (due to the presence
of alkaloids, saponins, and tannins), antipyretic, anti-
psychiatric (nervous disorders such as hysteria and demen-
tia), anticancer, diuretic, and hepatoprotective [50-52].
1.4.5. Bark
Moringa bark extract shows antibacterial (Staphylococ-
cus aureus, Citrobacter freundii, Bacillus megaterium) and
86
e270622206405 Shabnam et al.
antifungal activity (against Neurospora crassa and Aspergil-
lusniger). Moringa bark can also be used to treat UTIs [53,
54].
1.5. Moringa oleifera: Therapeutic characteristics
1.5.1. Anti-diabetic
Moringa can act upon both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
Studies revealed that the aqueous extract of Moringa can be
used to treat STZ- induced type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabe-
tes in rats. In the case of STZ- induced diabetes, STZ causes
dephosphorylation of ATP, which in turn promotes the syn-
thesis of superoxide and ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species).
This then leads to apoptosis of beta-pancreatic cells, which
results in reduced secretion of insulin. This is the main cause
of diabetes [55]. Moringa seed powder is also known to re-
duce the blood glucose levels [56, 57]. Studies revealed that
the administration of 500mg/kg of Moringa seed powder in
rats stimulates the antioxidant enzymes, which further can
bring down the level of superoxide and ROS [58]. Thus, can
be used to treat diabetes. One extract from the moringa leaf
has been shown that it is effective in lowering blood sugar
levels within 3hrs after ingestion, though less effective than
the standard hypoglycemic drug, glibenclamide. Kumari et
al. published a study in 2010. For 40 days, type 2 diabetes
participants were given 8 g of dried M. oleifera leaf in tablet
form. The study enlisted the participation of 46 subjects. The
fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels were 28 per-
cent and 26 percent less, respectively, at the end of the trial.
Additionally, compared to the control group, total cholester-
ol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and very low density lipo-
protein cholesterol were 14 percent, 14 percent, 29 percent,
and 15 percent reduced, respectively [59].
Therapeutic Benefits of Miracle Tree Moringa oleifera e270622206405
1.5.2. Anticancer
Cancer is the uncoordinated, uncontrolled, and prolifera-
tive growth of tumor cells. Over 24 lac cancer patients are
diagnosed every year in India [60]. Yet, there is not a specif-
ic cause for this deadly disease. But some factors are known
to promote cancer. For example, smoking, tobacco, radiation
exposure, and too much sunlight exposure. Treatment of
cancer includes surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and
vaccination (only for cervical cancer). Moringa is a natural
product that is known to possess anti-cancer properties.
Moringa can be used as a specific anti-neoproliferative agent
[61] that acts specifically on cancer cells. The active constit-
uents of the Moringa leaves responsible for anti-cancer activ-
ities are quercetin, kaempferol, glucosinolates, niazimicin,
and benzyl isothiocyanate [62]. Because of its low toxicity
[63] and the presence of a range of phytochemicals [47], M.
oleifera has a lot of potential as a source of anticancer medi-
cines. Many published studies indicate encouraging results
of various extracts from the moringa plant [64]. The anti-
cancer efficacy of M. oleifera leaf extracts was studied in
human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells by Jung et al.
in 2015. It was shown that M. oleifera leaf extracts induce
apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Oral dosing of the leaf extracts
considerably inhibited (upto 50 percent) the proliferation of
HepG2 cells and A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells in the
hollow fibre experiment. These findings corroborate the use
of soluble M. oleifera leaf extracts as orally administered
medicines to treat human liver and lung malignancies [65].
Krishnamurthy et al. in 2015 investigated the anti-cancer
properties of moringa leaf extract, n-hexane, chloroform,
ethyl acetate, methanol, and fractions of ethyl acetate ex-
tracts of M. oleifera leaves in vitro and in vivo, using Hep-2
cell lines and Dalton's lymphoma ascites paradigm in mice,
respectively. One fraction, with a CTC50 value of 12.5 +0.5
g/ml, was found to have a possible cytotoxic effect in Hep-2
cell lines. When compared to the control group, in vivo trials
with dosages of 5 and 10 mg/kg, p.o. showed a substantial
reduction in body weight and an increase in overall survival.
These results were likewise equivalent to those obtained in
animals treated with standard, 5-fluorouracil [66]. In 2021,
Xie et al. discovered that Moringa oleifera alkaloid extract
has potent inhibitory action against A549 cell proliferation
and migration, as well as the ability to trigger apoptosis and
cell cycle arrest in A549 cells. It was also suggested that
alkaloid extract's effects were mediated by inhibiting the
activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway [67].
1.5.3. Miscellaneous
The ability of Moringa to reduce the ROS (reactive oxy-
gen species) can be found useful in preventing cerebral is-
chemia [68, 69], which is characterized by obstruction of
blood flow to the brain. Moringa leaf extract stimulates ace-
tylcholine and other cholinergic neurotransmitter synthesis
and thus can prevent dementia [70]. Inhibition of acetylcho-
line esterase enzyme also improves memory. A study evalu-
ates that the administration of Moringa in rats can reduce
urea and creatinine levels in the blood and, thus, can be used
to prevent renal failure [71]. Moringa can also act as an anti-
ulcer agent [72]. Administration of 500mg of Moringa can
reduce gastric acidity by about 86.15%. According to a study
conducted by Liu et al. in 2021, H2O2 inhibits cell prolifera-
Current Traditional Medicine, 2023, Vol. 9, No. 2
tion, reduces cell viability, causes oxidative damage, and
inactivates the PI3K/Akt/Foxo1 pathway, which inhibits
osteogenic induction in rat BMSCs. By restoring cell prolif-
eration and viability, lowering peroxidative damage, block-
ing apoptosis, and activating the PI3K/Akt/Foxo1 pathway,
serum-containing Moringa oleifera leaf extracts positively
regulated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC)
osteogenic development. These findings support the thera-
peutic use of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts to treat patients
with osteoporosis caused by ageing and peroxidative dam-
age, and they also suggest that using Moringa oleifera leaf
extracts to prevent osteoporosis and reduce fragility could be
a promising strategy [73].
In a distinct human trial, Kushwaha et al. (2014) exam-
ined 30 postmenopausal women who were given 7 g of M.
oleifera leaf powder daily for three months. A control group
of 30 postmenopausal women was also included. Significant
increases in serum glutathione peroxidase (18.0%), superox-
ide dismutase (10.4%), and ascorbic acid (44.4%) were
found, along with significant decreases in malondialdehyde
(16.3%) and lipid peroxidation (lipid peroxidation). Fur-
thermore, there was a considerable decrease in fasting blood
glucose levels (13.5%) as well as an increase in haemoglobin
(17.5%). There were no side effects noted [74].
Several studies have shown that leaf extracts can de-
crease liver damage caused by paracetamol. Fakurazi et al.
(2008) found that giving 200 and 800 mg/kg of water and
ethanol extracts of M. oleifera leaves reduced acetamino-
phen-induced liver injury, as measured by lower AST, ALT,
and ALP levels and higher hepatic glutathione levels [75].
Additionally, Fakurazi et al. in 2012 revealed that i.p. admin-
istration of hydroethanol extracts of Moringa oleifera flow-
er and leaves at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight
guarded against acetaminophen-induced liver disease. The
extracts reduced hepatic lipid peroxidation, improved gluta-
thione levels, and boosted superoxide peroxidase and cata-
lase levels, all of which are antioxidant enzymes [76].
The immunomodulatory effect of Moringa was found use-
ful in the treatment of autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid
arthritis. It acts by reducing the synthesis of TNF-alpha and
IL-1 [77]. Moringa is also known to possess antimicrobial
activity against several microbes, including Bacillus subtilis,
Staphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio cholera [78]. The thera-
peutic applications of various parts of Moringa oleifera, along
with their active constituents, are described in Table 4.
1.6. Moringa oleifera: Commercial Applications
Moringa seeds contain about 40% edible oil called Ben
oil [101]. This colorless and odorless oil resists rancidity as
compared to other botanical oils. After the extraction of oil
from seeds, the seed cake left behind can also be used as a
fertilizer. Ben oil has mosquito repellant properties and can
be used in dermal preparations [101]. Seed oil can be used to
lubricate industrial machinery [102]. It can also be used in
perfumes, paper, and textile industries. It is a good substitute
for olive oil [103].
Chemical coagulants (aluminium sulfate, ferric sulfate)
clarify the water by neutralizing the suspended particles to
form flocs and making them filterable. Moringa seed powder
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Table 4. Therapeutic applications of various parts of Moringa oleifera along with their active constituents.

Body Part Active Constituent Therapeutic Application References

Behenic acid Acne treatment [79]

Vitamin A, C and E Anti-wrinkle [80]

Isothiocyanates (reduces insulin resistance) Anti-diabetic [81, 82]
Leaves
Terpenoids (reduces intestinal glucose
uptake)
Phenolic compounds (increases glucose
tolerance)
Vitamin C and E (prevent hair fall) Nourishment of Hair [83, 84]
Zinc (recovers damaged hair follicles)
Arginine, Cysteine and Methionine (pro-
mote hair growth)
Omega-3 fatty acids (strengthens the hair)
Iron and Vitamin C (boosts immunity) Boosts energy and stamina [85]

Isothiocyanate and Niazimicin (prevent Anti-hypertensive [86]

thickening of arteries)
Isothiocyanates Anti-inflammatory [87]
Vitamin A, C, and E Anti-ageing [79, 80]

Vitamin C and E Anti-Alzheimer [88]

Behenic acid Anti-hyperlipidemia [89]

Pterygospermin, Morngine and Benzyl Anti-microbial [90]

isothiocyanate
Glucosinolates Anti-cancer [78]
Seeds
Anti-oxidants (prevent oxidative damage of Improves fertility [91]
sperm)
Isothiocyanates Anti-inflammatory [87]
Tryptophan Sedative [92]

Zinc Blood sugar regulation [89]

Calcium and Magnesium Cures joint pain [93]
Tannins and Phenols Antibacterial [90, 91]
Alkaloids, Saponins and Tannins Antiulcer [39]

Vitamin A, C, and E Anti-oxidant [94]

Flowers
Isothiocyanates and Thiocarbamates Hepato-protective [95]

Flavonoids Antimicrobial [90, 91]

Bark Tannins, Phenols, and Alkaloid Anti-inflammatory [87]

Peptides Anti-fungal [96]

Terpenoids and Glycosides Anti-pyretic [97]

Terpenoids and Glycosides Anti-malaria [98]

Vitamin B Cures Stomach pain [99]

Saponins Cures tooth decay [82]

SpirochinandAnthonine Anti-bacterial [90, 91]
Roots Campesterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol Diuretic [100]
andavenasterol
Steroids Sexual weakness [58]

88
Therapeutic Benefits of Miracle Tree Moringa oleifera e270622206405
can be used to clarify turbid water [103]. The principle be-
hind the cleansing of water is the suspension of muddy parti- [2]
cles as a result of aggregation due to electrical charges and
gravitational force. Moringa seeds contain a cationic protein
that can act as a natural coagulant. Heavy metals like Pb, Cu, [3]
Cr, and As can be eliminated from the contaminated water
using Moringa seed extract. Moringa seeds also possess anti-
septic properties that cause sepsis of microbes present in [4]
contaminated water [104, 105].
Moringa flowers are a good source of nectar and thus can
be used for beekeeping. Moringa leaves can be degraded to [5]
produce methane gas [106]. A study reveals that it is possible
to generate 440 m3 of biogas/hectare annually. Moringa seed
oil can also be used as biodiesel in vehicles due to its charac-
teristics of low temperature and high viscosity index.
[6]
Moringa oleifera seed oil is used in making soaps, cosmet-
ics, and sunscreens [107]. The seed oil also acts as a preserv-
ative due to the presence of a high concentration of antioxi-
dants. Moringa seed cake left behind after the extraction of
ben oil from them can be used as good manure to increase [7]
fertility. Moringa is known to possess mammary gland stim-
ulant and milk production enhancer properties. An Indian
lady, Kiranawati discovered the Moringa noodles recipe. [8]
This recipe includes boiling, steaming, sautéing, and cooking
the noodles. Sautéing the noodles improves the lactogogum [9]
values and also masks the bitter taste of Moringa. Studies
revealed that these noodles enhanced the milk production
and growth of mammary glands in rats [108]. [10]
CONCLUSION
From the above review, we have concluded that Moringa [11]
oleifera is truly a miraculous tree with a lot of pharmacolog-
ical, medicinal, and therapeutic properties. Moringa exists in
more than 13 species, out of which M. oleifera is most wide-
ly studied. This tree can survive and grow even in harsh cli- [12]
matic conditions. Each part of this tree is fully loaded with
nutrients. The tree possesses many therapeutic properties, out
of which anti-cancer and anti-diabetic effects are the major
ones. Moringa truly appears to be a "Miracle" plant with
countless benefits for humanity and thus should be taken as a [13]
high-quality gift of nature at a very low price.
[14]
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
Not applicable.
[15]
FUNDING
None. [16]
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest, financial or
[17]
otherwise.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
[18]
Declared none.
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