JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL, BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Effect of Herbal Tablet Prepared from Moringa oleifera Leaves Extract

Ahaotu EO1, Uwalaka RE2, Edih MC1 and Ihiaha PO1

1
Department of Animal Production and Health Technology, 2Department of Forestry, Imo State Polytechnic
Umuagwo, Nigeria.

Abstract
* Moringa oleifera tree commonly known as horse radish tree possess
Corresponding Author:
high level of nutrition which is useful for humans. In the present study an
Ahaotu EO attempt was made to develop new herbal formulation. The herbal tablet
formulation was developed from the ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera
Email:emmaocy@gmail.com leaves (EEMOL) by compression process. The EEMOL was compressed
into tablet using various excipients, namely micro crystalline cellulose,
Received: 19/01/2018 sodium starch glycolate, ethyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, lactose
Accepted: 20/02/2018 anhydrous and evaluated for physical parameters such as thickness,
friability, hardness and disintegration time. This study therefore formulated
film coated tablets of Moringa oleifera leaves powder.

Keywords: Ethanolic extract, Moringa oleifera, Herbal tablet, Evaluation.

1. Introduction
Moringa belong to the family Moringaceae
(Rockwood et al., 2013), which comprises 13 species
of tropical and subtropical climates. The most popular
species is Moringa oleifera (Nkukwana et al., 2014).
"The tree ranges in height from 7 to 12 m, has tuberous
roots, soft and spongy wood, short trunk (25 cm thick),
and slender, wide-spreading, drooping, fragile
branches. The leaves are imparipinnnate-reaches 3 to 6
cm long with 2 to 6 pairs of pinnules. Each pinnule has
3 to 5 elliptical leaflets that are 1 to 2 cm long and 0.3
to 0.6 cm wide. The terminal leaflet is oval and often
slightly larger (Ihezuo et al., 2013). The flowers are
borne profusely in axillary, drooping panicles 10 to 25
cm long. They are fragrant, white or creamy-white with
yellow stamens and 2.5 cm in diameter (Asante et al.,
2014). The pods, borne singly or in pairs, are
pendulous, brown, and triangular, tapering at both
ends, 25 to 45 cm long and 1.8 cm wide, and contains
about 16 seeds embedded in the pith. The pods split
lengthwise into three parts when dry. The seeds are
round with a brownish semipermeable seed hull with
three white papery wings, embedded in dry, white,
tissue-like pith. Moringa is propagated either by
planting stem cuttings 1 to 2 m long or by seeding
(Moyo et al., 2011; Lakshmipriya et al., 2016).
Moringa is drought tolerant and is reported to tolerate
an annual precipitation of 500 to 1500 mm and annual
temperatures from 18.7 to 28.50C. Moringa grows in a
wide range of soil types (pH of 4.5 to 8.0) except heavy
clays and prefers a neutral to slightly acidic soil.
Horse radish is known as miracle tree. Besides
the roots, the long ribbed pods or "fruit" are edible and
often used in Indian curries; though the skins discarded
and only the pulp is sucked out in what is apparently a
rather messy endeavor. The leaves are also edible and
apparently incredibly nutritious. Today, horse radish is
consumed in huge quantities every day across the
Nigeria. It is added to soups and provides excellent
nutritional needs. The leaves must be used almost
immediately after picking. Just throw them into the
soup at the last minute or they will overcook and even
more slimy.
Moringa oleifera is also a rapidly growing
perennial softwood tree which for centuries has been
advocated for traditional, medicinal and industrial uses.
All its parts are edible and have been consumed by
humans. Moringa oleifera is one of the widely
distributed and naturalized species of a monogenetic
family Moringaceae (Muazu and Suleiman, 2014)
which includes 13 species of trees and shrubs
distributed in sub-Himalayan ranges of India, Sri
Lanka, Africa and Arabia (Kosolo et al., 2012). The
tree ranges in height from 5 to 10m (Carballo 2011)
and is found wild and cultivated throughout the plains
especially in hedges and in house yards.
M. oleifera leaves are rich in β-carotene,
Vitamin C, Vitamin B, Calcium, Iron and essential
amino acids (Ahaotu et al., 2013a). Thus, the leaves are
an outstanding source of nutrients suitable for
utilization in many of the developing countries of the
world to combat malnutrition (Muazu and Suleiman,
2014). A wide range of pharmacological properties

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 Ahaotu et al…Design and Evaluation of Herbal Tablets of Moringa Oleifera Leaves Extract
such as anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antimicrobial,
hypotensive, hypo-cholesterolemic and hypoglycemic
have been reported for M. oleifera leaves in scientific
literature (Ahaotu et al., 2013b). Moringa leaf extracts
also present attractive features that could be utilized
topically. Ali et al. (2013) looked at M. oleifera leaf
extracts formulated into a cream for topical application
which was reported to prevent and treat oxidative stress
mediated diseases and photo aging.
It is rich in number of vitamins and minerals as
well as other phytochemicals including carotenoids.
The stem bark is reported to contain two alkaloids
namely: moringinine and moringinine (Muazu et al.,
2013). Vanillin, beta sitosterol, beta sitostenone, 4-
hydroxymellin and octacosonoic acid have been
isolated from the stem of the plant (Okechukwu et al.,
2013). Flowers contains 9 amino acids, sucrose, D-
glucose, traces of alkaloids, wax, quercetin and
kaempferat. They have also been reported to contain
some flavonoid pigments such as kaempherol, rhamnet,
iso quercetin and kaempferitin (Saalu et al., 2011).
Moringa could play an important role in solving
most of the nutrition and general disease control
problems of the world. Ijarotimi et al. (2013) reported
that Moringa oleifera contains 10% of sugar and
metabolizable energy in the leaves with an average
proportion of 9.5 MJ / kg DM. Moreover, Ahaotu et al.
(2013a, b) evaluated that the content of crude protein in
all plants was high. This species, individually,
presented one of the highest contents of soluble
carbohydrates (24.1%) and ash (25.8%). According to
(Awodele et al., 2012) there are higher values of
protein and metabolizable energy in the leaves and the
lowest value are on its crude fiber. The nutrient content
of the species compared with other foods (per 100
grams of edible portion) are depicted in the Table 1. In
all cases Moringa oleifera has a higher content of
vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium and potassium,
regarding carrot, orange, cow's milk and bananas,
respectively.
Fresh Moringa leaves have great nutritional
qualities: more vitamin A than carrots, more vitamin C
than oranges, more calcium than milk, more potassium
than bananas, more iron than spinach and more protein
than any other vegetable. They are also highly prized
and can be used for preparation of teas, salads, pastas
snacks, sauces, soups, creams, stews, fried rice, fried,
and dressings in general. These leaves can be dried in
the shade and kept whole or ground. In this latest
variant, the dust stays on for months without losing its
properties, in addition it is useful as a condiment or
added to soups, broths and juices, among others. The
flowers are rich in calcium and potassium. Its oil is
similar to olive oil, very good for salads and as a
dressing oil. Its seeds, tender and boiled in water, are
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similar to chickpeas; dry roasted, remember peanut.
The fruit is a pod or capsule triangular widely
consumed as stews, is famous for its aphrodisiac
properties, rich in protein, essential amino acids and
multivitamins (Ali, 2014).
The root, bark, pods and leaves of horse radish
tree are used in traditional medicine as treatments for
various human ailments such as headaches, diarrhoea,
worms, stomach ulcers, skin conditions, infections,
fevers, urinary conditions, liver and spleen problems,
diabetes, hypertension, malignancies, arthritis and
rheumatism (Ali et al., 2013).
Moreover, at present the results of a project on
the intensive cultivation of Moringa oleifera (Ihezuo et
al., 2013) suggested that its cultivation is an alternative
for the production of high protein fodder for feeding
sheep. It also presents 70.5% of apparent digestibility
of dry matter and 65.5% of apparent digestibility of
protein. Also, in another study, a widely claimed use of
M. oleifera leaves as an ethno-medicine for the
treatment of diabetes mellitus was scientifically
validated (Ali et al., 2013). Moringa seed kernels have
been reported to have potential anti-asthmatic activity
that may be due to its bronchodilator, mast cell
stabilization, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial
properties (Mehta and Agrawal, 2008). The study was
aimed at assessing the possibility of using horse radish
as food supplement.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Collection of Moringa Leaves
The Moringa oleifera leaves used for this work
were obtained from a Moringa plantation at the
Forestry unit, Imo State Polytechnic Umuagwo,
Nigeria.
2.2 Processing and Extraction of Moringa
oleifera Leaves
Also the horse radish leaves collected were
dried at room temperature until the leaves became
crispy. The stalks were removed and the leaves size
were reduced using a mortar and pestle. The weight of
dried powder was noted. An aqueous extract was
obtained using the rotary extractor thermostatically
maintained at 55°C and was dried for 3 days at room
temperature. The powder was sieved and the fraction
that passed through 180 μm sieve was used for the
study as shown in (Plates 2b).
2.3 Characterization of Moringa oleifera
Powder
2.3.1 Moisture Content
 Ahaotu et al…Design and Evaluation of Herbal Tablets of Moringa Oleifera Leaves Extract
The moisture content of Moringa oleifera
powder was determined using a moisture analyzer
(Sartorius, Germany) as earlier described by (Madu et
al., 2011). 3 g weight of the powder was poured into
the moisture balance and evenly distributed on the tray.
The machine was set at 130±1°C. The readings were
noted when the machine automatically stops. The
experiment was repeated twice and the average of the
three readings was taken as the moisture content.
Plate 2a: Moringa oleifera branch showing flowers.
Plate 2b: Moringa oleifera Leaf Powder.
Plate 2c: Moringa Tablet Extracts.
2.4 Determination of Average Moisture Loss on
Drying
Moringa leaf powder (1 g) was weighed in a
tarred petri dish. The petri dish with its content was
placed in an oven and dried at 105°C for 3 hr.
Thereafter, the petri dish with its content was cooled in
a desiccators over anhydrous silica gel and re-weighed.
The moisture content was then determined as the ratio
of weight of moisture loss to weight of sample
expressed as a percentage (Okoye et al., 2013).
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2.5 Extraction with Chloroform
One hundred grams of the powder was taken
into a flat bottom flask and one liter of chloroform was
added to it. This mixture was left on the bench for 48
hours (2 days) with daily swirling of the flat bottom
flask. The mixture was filtered and reduced to dryness
using a rotary vacuum evaporator. The reduced filtrate
was placed in the oven at 37℃ and allowed to dry.
2.6 Extraction with Methanol
The dried drug from the previous extraction was
mixed with a liter of methanol. The mixture was left
for an additional 48 hours with daily swirling of the flat
bottom flask. The mixture was filtered and also
reduced to dryness in the same manner as the
chloroform extract.
2.7 Preparation of Tablets
Four (4) batches of basic formulations of M.
oleifera leaf powder were prepared. Moringa leaf
powder (72.3%) and a disintegrants (corn starch BP 7.3
% or 9.1 % w/w with respect to the total tablet weight)
was dry - mixed for 10 minutes in a glass beaker,
moistened with the appropriate amount of binder
solution (gelatin or PVP) prepared according to the
method described by previous researchers (Okoye et
al., 2013) maintaining the volume of the solutions at
0.25 ml in the final tablet. Filler, lactose monohydrate,
was used to standardize the weights of the different
formulations. Wet massing of the ingredients was
carried out in a mortar using a pestle for 10 min. The
homogeneous wet mass was then off-loaded and
screened through a 1700 μm sieve and dried in a hot air
oven at 50℃ for 2 hours. Thereafter, the dried granules
was screened through a 600 μm sieve in order to
generate uniformly sized granules (Klein et al., 2013)
and transferred into a glass beaker. Talc (0.1 % w/w)
and Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (0.5 % w/w) was added as
gildant and anti-adherent. Talc and Sodium Lauryl
Sulphate were added at 0.1 % and 0.5 % respectively
and mixed for 5 minutes based on specifications of
previous researchers (Rowe et al., 2009).
Magnesium stearate (1 % w/w), was then added
as a lubricant and mixed for 1 minute. Mixing for 1
minute after the addition of Magnesium stearate was
done based on specifications by previous researcher
(Sarfaraz, 2004). The granulated material was then
offloaded into well labeled clean containers ready for
compression into tablets using a 10 mm round punch.
Samples from the different batches were individually
weighed and placed in the compression chamber. For
each formulation, the compressive force was adjusted
according to the properties of the material (Klein et al.,
2013). The compression force of the machine was
manually adjusted, i.e., for each material the behavior -
 Ahaotu et al…Design and Evaluation of Herbal Tablets of Moringa Oleifera Leaves Extract
Table 1: Formulations of Moringa oleifera Tablets
% age w/w of total tablet weight (450mg)
No_ Materials F1
1 Moringa powder 70.3 (325.35 mg)
2 Corn starch (disintegrant) 7.3 (32.85 mg)
3 Gelatin 0.7 (3.15 mg)
4 PVP (K-30) - -
5 Lactose(filler) 20.1 (81.45 mg)
6 SLS 0.5 (2.25 mg)
7 Talc 0.1 (0.45 mg)
8 Magnesium stearate 1.0 (4.5 mg)
Total 100
at a particular applied force was observed.
To obtain the tablets, the machine engine was
not engaged, so each form of the solid dosage was
obtained individually by manual rotation of the punch
as proposed by previous researchers (Klein et al.,
2013). After compression, the formulations were
collected and stored away from light and rehydration
(in desiccation chamber) at room temperature until
further analysis. The different formulations of Moringa
tablets are shown in Table 1.
The choice of using corn starch at 7.3 % in
formulations F1, F2 and F4 and 9.1 % in F3 in
combination with gelatin at 0.7 % and 3.6 % in F1 and
F2 respectively and PVP at 0.7 % and 2.2 % in F3 and
F4 respectively was based on findings of (Okoye et al.,
2013) which indicated that these combinations resulted
in granules with flow and compressibility properties
which are better than for the other combinations. These
percentages are within the recommended rages for
tableting (Okoye et al., 2013).
2.8 Antibacterial Assay of Moringa Tablets
Uncoated tablets were selected at random,
crushed together in a mortar and pestle and the powder
(100 g) was used to obtain chloroform and methanol
extracts using the same method previously described
for extracting the unformulated M. oleifera leaf
powder. The antibacterial activity of the chloroform
and methanol extracts was also tested using the same
method previously described for the unformulated M.
oleifera leaf powder. The results of the unformulated
M. oleifera leaf powder served as the reference for the
tablets in terms of activity against Staphylococcus
aureus and E. coli.
2.9 Coating
The tablet formulations were optimized by film
coating. The routine coating pan, Gryphon class E,
No_150445R England was used. This was operated at a
speed of 24 rpm and temperature of 40℃ to 45℃.
Aquarius preferred HSP was used as the coating
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F2 F3 F4
70.3 (325.35 mg) 720.3 (325.35 mg) 702.3 (325.35mg)
7.3 (32.85 mg) 9.1 (40.95 mg) 7.3 (32.85 mg)
3.6 (16.20) - -
0.7 (3.15 mg) 2.2 (9.90 mg)
17.2 (68.4 mg) 18.3 (73.35 mg) 18.7 (75.15 mg)
0.5 (2.25 mg) 0.5 (2.25 mg) 0.5 (2.25 mg)
0.1 (0.45 mg) 0.1 (0.45 mg) 0.1 (0.45 mg)
1.0 (4.5 mg) 1.0 (4.5 mg) 1.0 (4.5 mg)
100 100 100
material. It was chosen for this purpose because it is a
fully formulated easily dispersed and ready - to - use
coating system. It is composed of Ethyl cellulose
modified with Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC).
The coating solution was prepared at a
concentration of 10 % w/v using 75 % v/v ethanol and
sprayed manually using a fine hand spray. Spraying the
coating solution at 10 % w/v was for faster throughput
and reduced labor and energy costs
(ashland.com/pharmaceutical, 2012). The use of
ethanol as the solvent is because it is less expensive
than the organic materials, requires no solvent recovery
system and is environmentally friendly.
Also, the potential toxicities associated with
residual solvents in the products are eliminated as it
was reported by previous researchers (Porter and
Felton, 2010). No colorant was added to the coating
material such that the tablets retained the green look of
a natural herbal product. This is because fast green FCF
(coloring agent) that had been proposed because of
being a permissible colorant in food, drug and
cosmetics by the FDA (Okoye et al., 2013) was not
readily available.
The coating solution was prepared in the
following way; generally, in a flat bottomed flask (1 L)
properly weighed coating material, aquarius preferred
HSP (40 g), was put. 75 % ethanol (400 ml) solution
was added followed by vigorous shaking until all the
particles had dissolved. The solution was filtered
through a sieve (muslin cloth) into a glass beaker. The
solution was then put into the hand spray for spraying
unto the tablets. One kilogram of placebo tablets was
used to increase on the bulk of the tablet bed in the
coating pan in which the tablets of interest were put to
ensure uniform coating. The tablets were dusted before
they were put in the coating pan.
Once in the coating pan, the tablets were
warmed up to the temperature of 40℃ to 45℃ until the
bed temperature was 35℃ to 45℃. The coating pan
was rotated at 24 rotations per minute and spraying was
started slowly.
 Ahaotu et al…Design and Evaluation of Herbal Tablets of Moringa Oleifera Leaves Extract

Table 2: Results of Pre-formulation studies done on M. oleifera leaf powder.

Dav (μm) P (g/ml) Db (g/ml) Dt (g/ml) RD ε ɵ (o) HR CI

265.475 1.344 ± 6.8% 0.37 0.50 0.37 0.63 37.3 1.25 37.3

All the results of results of pre-formulation studies were consistent with findings of previous
researchers (Okoye et al., 2013).

Table 3: Results of Extraction.

Material Percentage yield (%)

Chloroform extract Methanol extract
Moringa oleifera leaf powder (100 g) 6.07 5.49
Moringa oleifera formulated tablet powder (100 g) 4.41 4.17

The appearance of the tablets was checked
regularly and once they were fully covered with the
coating solution, spraying was stopped and they were
rolled in the coating pan for another 30 min so that they
dried. The coating process took 2 hrs. The quality of
the film coated tablets was then evaluated by carrying
out uniformity of weight test and disintegration test of
the tablets.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Pre-formulation Studies
The MOP was subjected to pre-formulation
studies which included determination of moisture loss
on drying, average particle diameter (Dav), particle
density (P), bulk (Db) and tapped density (Dt), relative
density (RD), porosity (ε), angle of repose (ɵ),
Hausne’s ratio (HR) and compressibility index (CI).
The average moisture loss on drying was 7.87 ± 2.9%.
This value is less than the accepted maximum and this
low moisture content can inhibit bacterial, fungal or
yeast growth. M. oleifera leaf powder is shown in Plate
2b above. Results of pre-formulation studies done on
M. oleifera leaf powder are shown in Table 2.
3.2Antimicrobial Assay
3.2.1 Extraction
Extraction of 100 g of M. oleifera leaf powder
(MOP) gave a higher percentage yield compared to
extraction of 100 g of Moringa formulated tablets
powder with the chloroform extracts being more than
the methanol extracts. Results of extraction are shown
in Table 3 below and the extracts are shown in Plates
2c above.
Both chloroform and methanol extracts of M.
oleifera leaf powder and Moringa formulated tablets
exhibited antimicrobial activity against both test
microorganisms (S. aureus and E. coli) with zones of
inhibition ranging from 8.07 to 13.92 mm in diameter
compared to the negative control which ranged from
6.87 and 7.07 mm and the positive control
(Gentamycin) which ranged from 26.10 to 28.11 mm.
S. aureus showed greater susceptibility compared to E.
coli and this was similar to findings of previous studies
(Marrufo et al., 2013). This study revealed that M.
oleifera leaf extracts have greater activity against gram
positive bacteria while gram negative bacteria are more
resistant. Results of antimicrobial activity (zones of
inhibition) of M. oleifera extracts are shown in Tables
4 and 5 below. These are for activities of extracts from
the powder and the formulated tablets respectively. It is
however important to note that extracts from M.
oleifera powder exhibited greater activity compared to
extracts from the formulated tablets. This is because
the quantity of the formulated tablets crushed for this
purpose was less as more tablets were to be used for
further tests and also for film coating. Also, tablets
from the different formulations were mixed and
crushed together with the assumption that they had the
same antimicrobial activity since they had gone
through the same processes.

3.2.2Antimicrobial Activity
Musiba, (2012)

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 Ahaotu et al…Design and Evaluation of Herbal Tablets of Moringa Oleifera Leaves Extract

Table 4: Zones of inhibition of Moringa powder extracts.

Microorganism Zones of inhibition (mm)

Chloroform extract Methanol extract Gentamycin (positive control) Negative control
S. aureus 13.92 9.04 28.11 6.87
E. coli 10.71 8.45 26.81 7.07

Table 5: Zones of inhibition of Moringa tablets extracts.

Microorganism Zones of inhibition (mm)

Chloroform extract Methanol extract Gentamycin (positive control) Negative control
S. aureus 11.01 8.07 27.57 6.90
E. coli 11.02 8.72 26.10 6.92

Table 6: Micrometric properties of Moringa oleifera powder and granules of four different formulations

Micromeritic property MOP F1 F2 F3 F4

Average particle diameter, Dav ( μm) 268.475 368.54 366.56 363.48 436.02
Powder particle density, ρ (g/ml) 1.354 ± 6.8% 1.17 ± 6.2% 1.16 ± 7.8% 1.17 ± 7.0% 1.18 ± 7.8%
Bulk density, Db (g/ml) 0.37 0.48 0.49 0.48 0.50
Tapped density, Dt (g/ml) 0.50 0.56 0.57 0.56 0.59
Relative density (RD) 0.37 0.48 0.49 0.48 0.50
Porosity (ε) 0.63 0.52 0.51 0.52 0.50
Angle of repose, ɵ (o) 38.3 37.0 37.5 37.5 37.7
Hausner‟s Ratio (HR) 1.35 1.17 1.16 1.17 1.18
Compressibility Index, C I (%) 26 14.29 14.04 14.29 15.25

3.2.3 Film Coating
Film coated tablets were circular, smooth green
and shiny in appearance with percentage gains in
weight ranging from 0.95 to 1.03. Moringa film coated
tablets and the coating pan used are shown in plate.
4. Conclusion
From the above results it can be concluded that
Moringa oleifera leaf powder has antimicrobial activity
which is also retained upon being granulated and
compressed into tablets. It was further concluded that
granules of Moringa oleifera leaf powder formulated
with 0.7 % PVP as binder and 9.1 % corn starch as
disintegrants possess values of CI and HR that are rated
as having good flow and resultant tablets that are
strong enough to pass friability test and at the same
time pass disintegration test. This study indicated that it
is possible to make film coated tablets of Moringa
oleifera leaf powder specially formulated and
granulated with 0.7 % PVP as a binder and 9.1 % corn
starch as disintegrants.
Acknowledgement
The authors wish to thank the Executive
Director and entire management of TETFUND for
providing necessary facilities to conduct present study.

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