POTENTIAL MEDICINAL BENEFITS OF

MORINGA FRUIT

BY

UZOMA, PEACE OZIOMA

2018/ND/SLT/81539
IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY,

SCHOOL OF SCIENCE.

IMO STATE POLYTECHNIC, UMUAGWO-OHAJI

P.M.B 1472, OWERRI, IMO STATE.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

NATIONAL DIPLOMA (ND) IN SCIENCE LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY

SUPERVISOR: MR. AHANUOTU,

JUNE, 2021.

i
 OVERVIEW

Moringa oleifera , native to India, grows in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
It is commonly known as ‘drumstick tree’ or ‘horseradish tree’. Moringa can withstand both
severe drought and mild frost conditions and hence widely cultivated across the world. With
its high medicinal values, every part of the tree is suitable for either nutritional or
commercial purposes. The leaves are rich in minerals, vitamins and other essential
phytochemicals. Extracts from the leaves are used to treat malnutrition, augment breast milk
in lactating mothers. It is used as potential antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory,
antidiabetic and antimicrobial agent. M. oleifera seed, a natural coagulant is extensively used
in water treatment. This review explores the use of moringa across disciplines for its
medicinal value and deals with cultivation, nutrition, commercial and prominent
pharmacological properties of this “Miracle Tree”.

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

OVERVIEW...................................................................................................................................................................... ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................................................................................iii
INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................................................4
THERAPEUTIC AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF MORINGA.............................................................................8
ANTI-MICROBIAL ACTIVITY.............................................................................................................................................9
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY...................................................................................................................................10
ANTI-OXIDANT ACTIVITY...............................................................................................................................................11
ANTI-CANCER ACTIVITY.................................................................................................................................................12
HEPATO-PROTECTIVE ACTIVITY....................................................................................................................................12
CARDIOVASCULAR ACTIVITY.........................................................................................................................................13
ANTI-ULCER ACTIVITY...................................................................................................................................................14
ANALGESIC, ANTIPYRETIC AND WOUND HEALING ACTIVITY........................................................................................15
ANTI-DIABETIC ACTIVITY...............................................................................................................................................15
OTHER DIVERSE PHARMACEUTICAL ACTIVITIES............................................................................................................17
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................................................ 17
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................................................19

iii
INTRODUCTION

Moringa oleifera Lam (syn. M. ptreygosperma Gaertn.) is a tropical plant

belonging to family Moringaceae, native of India which was introduced in Brazil

around 1950. Moringaceae is a single genus family with 13 known species.

Among these oleifera is most widely used and utilized species (Sengupta and

Gupta, 1970; Morton, 1991). The tree originated from Agra and Qudh in the

northern eastern region of India, south of Himalayas (Mugal et al., 1999). It is

cultivated throughout the plains, especially in hedges and in house yards, thrives

best under the tropical insular climate, and is plentiful near the sandy beds of rivers

and streams (Qaiser, 1973). The Moringa plant has been consumed by humans

throughout the century in diverse culinary ways (Iqbal and Bhanger, 2006). It can

grow well in the humid tropics or hot dry lands, can survive destitute soils, and is

little affected by drought (Morton, 1991). Moringa grows best at altitudes up to

600 m but it will grow at altitudes of 1000 m. It tolerates a wide range of 2 rainfalls

with minimum annual rainfall requirements estimated at 250 mm and maximum at

over 3000 mm and a pH of 5.0-9.0 (Palada and Changl, 2003). It will survive in a

temperature range of 25 ºC to 40ºC but has been known to tolerate temperatures of

48ºC and light frosts.

4
Moringa oleifera (MO) is an aboriginal of Indian subcontinent and has become

naturalized in the tropical and subtropical areas around the world. Nearly thirteen

species of Moringa are included in the family Moringaceae (Nadkarni, 1976).

Indians have been using it as a regular component of conventional eatables for

nearly 5000 years (Anwar et al., 2005; Anwar and Bhanger, 2003; D'Souza and

Kulkarni, 1993). Moringa tree can grow well in the humid tropic or hot dry land

with average height that ranges from 5 to 10 m. It can survive in harsh climatic

condition including destitute soil without being much affected by drought (Morton,

1991). It can tolerate wide range of rainfall requirements estimated at 250 mm and

maximum at over 3000 mm and a pH of 5.0 to 9.0 (Palada and Chang, 2003). Its

trunk is soft, white corky and branches bearing a gummy bark. Each trip innately

compound leaves bear several small leaf legs. The flowers are white and the three

wings seeds are scattered by the winds. The flowers, tenders leaves and pods are

eaten as vegetables. The leaves are rich in iron and therefore highly recommended
5
for expected mothers. In some part of the world, MO is referred to as the ‘drum

stick tree’ or the ‘horse radish tree’, whereas in others, it is known as the kelor,

marango, mlonge, moonga, mulangay, nebeday, saijhan, sajna or Ben oil tree. In

India and Pakistan, MO is locally known as Sohanjna and is grown and cultivated

all over the country. It has been reported by Bureau of plant industry that Moringa

is an outstanding source nutritional components. Its leaves (weight per weight)

have the calcium equivalent of four times that of milk, the vitamin C content is

seven times that of oranges, while its potassium is three times that of bananas,

three times the iron of spinach, four times the amount of vitamin A in carrots, and

two times the protein in milk (Kamal, 2008). Besides, Moringa is also suggested as

a viable supplement of dietary minerals. The pods and leaves of Moringa contains

high amount of Ca, Mg, K, Mn, P, Zn, Na, Cu, and Fe. Although, minerals content

of Moringa shows variation in composition with changes in location (Anjorin et

al., 2010). Ancient medicinal system relies on several plant products used by

traditionally human communities in many parts of the world for different diseases.

Among these plants, MO has its great contribution from ancient time. It is a plant

with exceptional medicinal properties which can resolves the health care needs in

several situations. Easy cultivation of Moringa within adverse environmental

condition and wide availability attract attention for economic and health related

potential in resource limited developing countries. This study discusses medicinal

6
potential of this exceptional plant and its potential as a commercial medicinal and

nutritional supplement.

TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION

Kingdom: Plantae

Sub kingdom: Tracheobionta

Super Division: Spermatophyta

Division: Magnoliophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Subclass: Dilleniidae

Order: Capparales

Family: Moringaceae

Genus: Moringa

Species: oleifera

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF MORINGA FRUIT

M. oleifera is often referred as a panacea and can be used to cure more than 300

diseases. Moringa has long been used in herbal medicine by Indians and Africans.

7
The presence of phytochemicals makes it a good medicinal agent. In this section,

the effect of moringa leaf is reviewed below:

Figure 1:2 Moringa fruit

Source:http://www.pharmainfo.net/reviews/moringa-oleifera-lam-miracle-seed

THERAPEUTIC AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF

MORINGA

Besides rich nutritional value, moringa also has curative and prophylactic

properties. Almost all the parts viz., root, bark, gum, leaf, pods, flowers, seed and

seed oil have been used for various ailments. Rajanga et al. [30] stated that the

plant possesses rich pharmacological properties like cardia and circulatory

stimulants, anti-tumour, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, diuretic,

anti-hypertensive, antidiabetic, hepato-protective, anti-bacterial and anti-fungal

properties. Enormous research and development programmes were conducted on

8
pharmaceutical and therapeutic properties of moringa and were summarized

hereunder.

ANTI-MICROBIAL ACTIVITY

Caceres et al. [13] studied the antimicrobial activities of moringa leaves, roots,

bark and seeds against bacteria, yeast, dermatophytes and helminths by a disk-

diffusion method. The fresh leaf juice and aqueous extracts from seeds inhibit the

growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. They inferred that

no activity was demonstrated against other pathogenic viz., Gram-positive, Gram-

negative bacteria and Candida albicans. Juice from the stem bark showed an

antibacterial effect against S. aureus. Dahot [32] investigated the antimicrobial

activity of three fractions of moringa leaf extract against Escherichia coli,

Klebsiella aerogenes, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus and Basillus subtilis and observed

that all the three fractions showed strong inhibitory activity against E. coli, S.

aureu and B. subtilis. But clear zone of inhibition was noted against K. aerogenes

and fraction 2 showed a significant zone of inhibition against Aspergillus niger.

Similarly, Amer et al. stated that aqueous and ethanol moringa leaf extract could be

a potential source for treatment against certain bacterial infection. Since bacteria in

water are attached to solid particles, treatment of water with moringa powder can

remove bacteria up to 90 to 99%. Additional treatment of water by boiling or

adding chlorine is needed to render it completely safe to drink. Similarly, Shekhar

9
et al. tested the effect crude ethanol extract of moringa seed against E. coli,

Salmonella typhii, Vibrio cholera, Shigella dysentriae and Pseudomonas

aeruginosa in drinking water and inferred that moringa seed extracts had

antibacterial activity against E. coli. Arama et al. [42] also tested the moringa seed

extract for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), S. typhii

and V. cholerae (ref. Romel Cary Blair Lot. 452610) and indicated that V.

cholerae was the most tolerant bacteria species to moringa extract as compared to

E. coli and S. typhii. Alam et al. [43] investigated antibacterial activity of moringa

leaf extracts against four Gramnegative bacteria (Shigella shinga, Pseudomonas

aeruginosa, Shigella sonnei and Pseudomonas spp.) and six gram-positive

bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus-B- haemolytica,

Bacillus subtilis, Sarcina lutea and Bacillus megaterium) and inferred that leaf

extract exhibited inhibitory effect against all the tested Gram-negative bacteria and

Gram-positive bacteria except in S. aureus and S. haemolytica. Nantachit [44];

Doughari et al. [45] and Prashith et al. [46] reported similar anti-bacterial activity

of moringa against certain bacteria. Nwosu and reported antifungal activity of

moringa leaf extract against seven pathogenic fungi using the broth dilution and

agar plate methods.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY

10
Medhi et evaluated antiinflammatory activity of methanol and aqueous extract of

moringa root bark at a dose of 750 mg/kg and observed significant inhibition of

oedema development at 1, 3 and 5 hours after treatment. Mahajan et al. [54,55]

investigated anti-inflammatory activity from the ethanol extract of moringa seeds

in toluene diisocyanate (TDI as antigen) induced asthma in Wistar rats and guinea

pigs. An anti-fibrotic study conducted by Hamza (2010) indicated that moringa

seed extract possessed anti-inflammatory properties against CCl4 induced liver

damage and fibrosis. Paliwal et al. [28] stated that moringa seed oil has been used

for various ailments in indigenous medicine of South Asia, including the treatment

of inflammation and infectious diseases along with cardiovascular, gastrointestinal,

haematological and hepatorenal disorders.

Moringa leaves are therefore a potential source of natural antioxidants which were

related to anti-inflammatory activity.

ANTI-OXIDANT ACTIVITY

Ashok Kumar investigated antioxidant potential of moringa on hepatic marker

enzymes, lipid peroxidation and antioxidants. The result of this study revealed that

moringa extract and silymarin significantly decreased hepatic marker enzymes and

lipid peroxidation with a simultaneous increase in the level of antioxidants. Bajpai

11
et al. [59] tested the antioxidant activity of moringa leaves and inferred that

kaempferol content is mainly responsible for this antioxidant property.

Siddhuraju and Becker [60] reported the antioxidant and free radical scavenging

property of water, aqueous methanol and ethanol extract of freeze-dried moringa

leaves. The major bioactive compounds of phenolics were flavonoid groups such

as quercetin and kaempferol.

Various types of antioxidant compounds present in leaves and roots of moringa

make this plant as a valuable source of natural antioxidants and a good source of

nutraceuticals and functional components as well.

ANTI-CANCER ACTIVITY

Moringa has long been recognised by folk medicine practitioners as it has anti-

tumour properties and cancer prevention potential. Murakami et al. [69]

investigated the antitumor activity of moringa leaves and inferred that

thiocarbamate (TC) and isothiocyanate (ITC) related compounds present in leaves

are responsible for the anti-tumour activity. Similarly, Aruna and

Sivaramakrishnan Parvathy and also reported the anticancer activity of ethanol

extract of moringa seeds and leaves.

HEPATO-PROTECTIVE ACTIVITY

12
Aqueous and alcohol extract of moringa flowers and roots possess

hepatoprotective activity [76] which may be due to the presence of quercetin, a

well-known flavonoid with hepatoprotective activity. Mazumder et al. [77]

investigated haematological along with hepato-renal functions of methanol extract

of moringa root in mice and concluded that high dose at daily treatment and

moderate and high dose at weekly treatment with crude extract (CE) of moringa

root increased WBC count and decreased clotting time significantly. Pari and

Kumar [78] evaluated the hepatoprotective effect of ethanol extract of moringa

leaves on liver damage induced by antitubercular drugs such as isoniazid (INH),

rifampicin (RMP), and pyrazinamide (PZA) in rats and observed oral

administration of the extract showed a significant protective action against hepatic

disorders.

The hepatoprotective action of moringa seeds against Diclofenac (DIC) induced

hepatic toxicity in male albino rats was investigated and the results of this study

revealed that treatment with herbal extracts for 30 days before DIC treatment

significantly reduces the indices of hepatotoxicity induced by DIC [79].

CARDIOVASCULAR ACTIVITY

The widespread combination of diuretic along with lipid and blood pressure

lowering constituents makes this plant highly useful against cardiovascular

13
disorders. According to Dahot [32], moringa leaf juice is known to have a

stabilizing effect on blood pressure. Faizi et al. isolated thiocarbamate and

isothiocyanate glycosides from ethanol extracts of moringa leaves and inferred that

these compounds are responsible for promising hypotensive activity. Gilani et al.

[85] isolated four pure compounds viz., niazinin A, niazinin B, niazimicin and

niazinin which showed a blood pressure lowering effect. Ghasi et al. [86]

investigated the hypocholesterolemic effect of crude leaf extract of moringa and

observed significantly reduced serum cholesterol level but serum albumin level

was increased by 15.22%. Ara et al. [87] investigated the comparative effects of

ethanol extracts of moringa leaves on serum cholesterol level, serum triglyceride

level, blood glucose level, heart weight and body weight of adrenaline induced

rats. The results of this study revealed that moringa leaves extract made significant

changes in each cardiovascular parameter. Limaye et al. [88]; also reported the

cardioprotective and hypotensive activity of ethanol extract of moringa leaves.

ANTI-ULCER ACTIVITY

Pal et al. [80] reported that the moringa seed powder and leaves extracts have anti-

ulcer and anti-gastritis activity. Moringa also has antibiotic activities against

Helicobacter pylori which cause gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers.

Debnath and Guha [94] also reported the antiulcer effect of aqueous extract of

14
moringa leaves on adult Holtzman albino rats of either sex using ondansetron as

standard drug.

ANALGESIC, ANTIPYRETIC AND WOUND HEALING ACTIVITY

Medhi et al. [51] investigated the methanol extract of moringa root bark in mice

using acetic acid induced writhing method for analgesic activity. Rathi et al. [96]

evaluated the wound healing property of aqueous extract of moringa leaves in male

Swiss albino mice.

Significant increase in wound closure rate, skin breaking strength, granuloma

breaking strength, hydroxyproline content, granuloma dry weight and decrease in

scar area was observed.

Hukkeri et al. [97] investigated the antipyretic and wound healing activity of

ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of moringa seed,4vbs. The ethanol and ethyl

acetate extracts of seeds showed significant antipyretic activity in rats; whereas

ethyl acetate extract of dried leaves showed significant wound healing activity

(10% extracts in the form of ointment) on excision, incision and dead space

(granuloma) wound models in rats.

ANTI-DIABETIC ACTIVITY

15
Suzuki et al. [98] studied the anti-diabetic effect of moringa leaves on glucose

tolerance in GotoKakizaki and Wistar rats. Moringa leaf extract significantly

decreased the blood glucose in Wistar rats. Jaiswal et al. [99] reported antidiabetic

activity of aqueous extract of moringa leaves on glycemic control, haemoglobin,

total protein, urine sugar, urine protein and body weight. Ezeamuzie et al. [100]

and indicated the anti-diabetic property of moringa. Hypo-cholesterolemic and

hypoglycemic properties of moringa leaves were also reported by Siddiqui and

Khan [101];

DIURETIC AND ANTIUROLITHIATIC ACTIVITY

Morton [103] and Caceres et al. reported diuretic activity of hot water infusions of

flowers, leaves, roots, seeds and stalks or bark of moringa. The diuretic

components present in these plant parts play a complementary role in lowering

blood pressure. Karadi et al. reported antiurolithiatic property of aqueous and

alcohol extract of moringa root bark and inferred that both the extracts

significantly lowered the urinary excretion and kidney retention levels of oxalate,

calcium and phosphate. Moreover, elevated serum levels of urea nitrogen,

creatinine and uric acid were significantly reduced by these extracts.

16
OTHER DIVERSE PHARMACEUTICAL ACTIVITIES

Moringa has been reported to exhibit other diverse beneficial activities. The plant

has also been used for the treatment of ascites, rheumatism, venomous bites and

CNS depressant. The seed extract has been reported to be administered nasally to

control the diseases like rhinitis and the dried seeds used successfully as an ‘anti-

allergic’ agent by the Ayurvedic practitioners.

Additionally, the leaves and seed have been reported for its radio-protective and

anthelmintic activity. Moringa roots have been reported to possess anti-spasmodic

activities which helps for the management of gastrointestinal motility disorders.

Aqueous leaf extract of moringa regulate “thyroid hormone” and can be used to

treat hyperthyroidism.

CONCLUSION

The research on M. oleifera is yet to gain importance in India. It is essential that

the nutrients of this wonder tree are exploited for a variety of purposes. M. oleifera

has great anti-diabetic and anti-cancer properties. However, double blind

researches are less prevalent to further substantiate these properties of moringa.

More studies are needed to corroborate the primary mechanisms of moringa as

antidiabetic and anticancer agents. Several puzzling questions are unanswered.

Research on the antioxidant nature of aqueous extracts on cancer cells needs

17
further inquiry. Studies have proven that moringa causes ROS in cancer cells that

leads to apoptosis or necrosis. However, the aqueous extracts also have

antioxidants present in them. The exact mechanism of this irony is yet to be

explored. The effect of environmental factors affecting the nutrient levels of leaves

and other parts of M. oleifera grown across the globe require further analysis.

Further research to isolate endophytic fungi and identify the enzymes or proteins

from M. oleifera that are accountable for the anticancer and antidiabetic activity

may lead to development of novel therapeutic compounds. Yet another focal area

is to evaluate the commercial use of M. oleifera as a bio-coagulant. It might be a

viable alternative for water purification. The demand for snacks in the market is

huge. Hence Moringa fortification in snacks to eradicate malnutrition has a twin

advantage. The tree as a native to India can become a great source of income for

the nation if this potential for highly nutritional food is exploited by the industries

and researchers by undertaking further research to corroborate earlier studies.

18
 REFERENCES
Agrawal, B. and Mehta, A. (2008). Antiasthmatic activity of Moringa oleifera
Lam: A clinical study. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 40:28-31.

Al-Awwadi, N., Azay, J., Poucheret, P., Cassanas, G., Krosniak, M., Auger, G.,
Gasc, F., Ali, G.H., El-Taweel, G.E, and Ali, M.A. (2004). The cytotoxicity
and antimicrobial efficiency of Moringa oleifera seeds extracts.
International Journal of Environmental Study. 61:699-708.

Anjorin, T.B., Ikokoh, P., and Okolo, S. (2010). Mineral composition of Moringa
oleifera leaves, pods and seeds from two regions in Abuja, Nigeria.
International Journal Agricultural Biology. 12:431-434.

Anwar, F., Ashraf, M. and Bhanger, M.I. (2005). Interprovenance variation in the
composition of Moringa oleifera oil seeds from Pakistan Journal America of
Oil Chemical Society. 82:45-51.

Anwar, F., and Bhanger, M.I. (2003). Analytical characterization of Moringa

oleifera seed oil grown in temperate regions of Pakistan. J. Agric. Food
Chem. 51:6558-6563.

Bharali, R., Tabassum, J. and Azad, M. (2003). Chemomodulatory Effect of

Moringa oleifera, Lam, on hepatic carcinogen metabolising enzymes,
antioxidant parameters and skin papillomagenesis in mice. Asia Pec Journal
of Cancer Prevention., 4: 131-139.

Bhattacharya, S.B, Das, A.K., and Banerji, N. (1982). Chemical investigations on

the gum exudate from sajna (Moringa oleifera). Carbohydras Research.
102:253-262.

19
Chuang, P.H., Lee, C.W., Chou, C.Y., Murugan, M., Shieh, B.J., and Chen, H.M.
(2007). Anti-fungal activity of crude extracts and essential oil of Moringa
oleifera Lam. Bioresource Technology. 98:232-236.

Costa-Lotufo, L.V., Khan, M.T, Ather, A., Wilke. D.V., Jimenez, P.C., Pessoa, C.,
and de-Moraes, M.E. (2005). Studies of the anticancer potential of plants
used in Bangladeshi folk medicine. Journal of Ethno pharmacology. 99:21-
30.

Debnath, S., and Guha, D. (2007). Role of Moringa oleifera on enterochromaffin

cell count and serotonin content of experimental ulcer model. Indian
Journal of Expository Biology. 45:726-731.

Eilert, U., Wolters, B., and Nahrstedt, A. (1981). The antibiotic principle of seeds
of Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala. Plant Medicine. 42:55-61.

Gilani, A.H., Aftab, K., Suria, A., Siddiqui, A., Salem, R., Siddiqui, B.S., and
Faizi, S. (1994). Pharmacological studies on hypotensive and spasmolytic
activities of pure compounds from Moringa oleifera. Phytochemical
Research. 8:87-91.

Guevaraa, A.P., Vargasa, C., Sakuraib, H., Fujiwarab, Y., Hashimotob. K.,
Maokab, T., Kozukac, M., Itoc, Y., Tokudad, H., and Nishinod, H. (1999).
An antitumor promoter from Moringa oleifera Lam. Mutate Research.
440:181-188.

Hamza, A.A. (2010). Ameliorative effects of Moringa oleifera Lam seed extract
on liver fibrosis in rats. Food Chemical Toxicology. 48:345-355.

20
Hukkeri, V.I., Nagathan, C.V., Karadi, R.V., and Patil, B.S. (2006). Antipyretic
and wound healing activities of Moringa oleifera Lam. in rats. Indian
Journal of Pharmaceutical Science 68:124-126.

Jabeen, R., Shahid, M., Jamil, A., and Ashraf, M. (2008). Microscopic evaluation
of the antimicrobial activity of seed extracts of Moringa oleifera. Pakistan
Journal Botany 40:1349.

Kamal, M. (2008). Moringa oleifera Lam - The miracle tree.

http://www.pharmainfo.net/reviews/moringa-oleifera-lam-miracle-seed

Lalas, S. and Tsaknis, J. (2002). Extraction and identification of natural antioxidant

from the seeds of the Moringa oleifera tree variety of Malawi. JAOSC
79:677-683.

Mittal, M., Mittal, P., and Agarwal, A.C. (2007). Pharmacognostical and
phytochemical investigation of antidiabetic activity of Moringa oleifera lam
leaf. Indian Pharmacy. 6:70-72.

Mughal, M.H.S, Ali, G., Srivastava, P.S., and Iqbal, M. (2009). Improvement of
drumstick (Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn.) A unique source of food and
medicine through tissue culture. Hamdard Medical. 42:37-42.
Nambiar, V.S., Bhadalkar, K. and Daxini, M. (2013). Drumstick leaves as source
of vitamin A in ICDS-SFP. Indian Journal of Pediatric. 70:383-387.

Nandave, M., Ojha, S.K., Joshi, S., Kumari, S., and Arya, D.S. (2019). Moringa
oleifera leaf extract prevents isoproterenol-induced myocardial damage in
rats: evidence for an antioxidant, antiperoxidative, and cardioprotective
intervention. Journal of Medicinal Food. 12:47-55.

21
Ndong, M., Uehara, M., Katsumata, S., and Suzuki, K. (2017). Effects of oral
administration of Moringa oleifera Lam on glucose tolerance in
gotokakizaki and wistar rats. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry Nutrition.
40:229-233.

Nepolean, P., Anitha, J., and Emilin, R.R. (2009). Isolation, analysis and
identification of phytochemicals of antimicrobial activity of Moringa
oleifera Lam. Current Bioticativity 3:33-39.

22