Q".. r'- 1-1t-rC-,i .

':'l:

Y. Problem
.uirna-
of q^tOoise
uy'
CoupL*g {ntnduclrorr h
, \,u-l..,a-l-/ .u\^
Differen*ral- pr'r.
w U 1 #

o Prtbtem of coupU*r + Dayr'ouJ ipoue in man/ ehch,on,L svstems

Noise
6i6,nats j How{1re7 aifu $r*.r tb*l" we .hav" ilsd io {he_pasb.
.

'
. :,iflftentlc,l,
Differenrral_ glr .

Ans,n ar to qe1eskbo :

-_L
h llris as ref cu.r.renr
ae+
, ?-+7pe eur'ienf soute

.- VouF
J-.
M;.
aa. eopl (=,,rD
{ory (cts crefr.ente {* *,
,Ol
lL au,'enr,","JJ
rvrismalches bA Mr 6
;J:',;if o"TT,,'f"*,
Ma Keep iif,'"u,,tt *u
;n: we rnrsrnqfches add on,
;,[ iTf
'd
do not'?eF
,r.,nu,* oy

0- tdod e(lrrY?Dl Sotttte 4s Yfsp ^"

.f ,ruu. r,Ie4"h ConSrdet iru rnoye a-dvahced Crurses.
ar,'re0+.
arr"ee0+.
rqr'.Ffor . .. 1{r
LM I{t 0edmre.
0gdmrg.
-h
ctrnat
carfferr "rnqT
-h
*ry^193d_!h*P-?
",ygfcd .b* {,-
v. biPolartronSis{brs.
4t' q,
Qrk

rNvf(1h,q
INPU T R5
3qk Ll ._

(1
<b

'UTPUT
, R.ro

Iro
Qr
,Q, Q,o .Q,, (r, {"0
OFF$T
NULI

' FP^**' $ 9** 3$.H up. lot of vottoqes {h^r'b ?"t

€lectr cardrb?raw- gsr& Cr"q)
,4 *ftr is itc.k*5
1+ *i,^sr.res Hea^r [- a.eAvit! .]l
.) l*r*
a"'\ nW*_ *
"'-;;1t*;;- i]f:::::.
,1"1 tfuY""'i5, 6"rfu ata';{re '
g*pl'p'.,. (*r rot )

nerreralG run etect'uf{-el

<i.--^t
Sf,?Yld on
^h ouy eUn-+. hre.vttg
^nv al(,L We nttd a*tacl'r-*ty '.

S *.asun. thaf e(ectt'ca.l ff--dp].r[td.e-iw'

stsna{ o\ ,, -n ordw ,t
ont<te-
$jh _*"1q.*'Tr\.
A& +ese si -.* ^V j+ha '

tnle ho,rre ci_ prdbleu" .

N€ ore .r.rn a. r'ooh{-, *here o,re- eable rcires+ earryirrn &ne wttnfle tt0vr60fi'a{rsA, 9tr6*{r5'0(?
here.At\ of *fiese- ftnes carfle 4wb ro/eotrZ nor.se in+o -thls ftne.
Nh6f CorneS o6 of {ris cmPrr$tr is a/uif€ dir! '* .r{ few -, -}rear+ s,qnof * {arXe so r
60 Hz mdse-
.+ *,rrrY b*l siq**J: *f +

-Tl .
$''sI
+-",{5fn#."i*t$;ilff''h aH#"?,ltr&g
"''+\ - €6vircnmetL
Y^ pmctrce, Ne attach, no6e-
anode" &c+tod€, in {ie o{het' atrn 6t +he F^ti*t
t1tso_-- q;f-"
'r(e fwo Ones ore
f*'u Z\{--*ft_5 \ t, - r"
gaeXoqed +"Xe1f'ey,to
sy p,oii' ,r lr," 'sorJ"a1r"t"f 4 ooise-
-$resofoHz. \! -=
AftE Picltvr6 uY noue v1+-vn' -)+
v'-t{"' 8'ou") - (u'tvd = vr - v2. ClF;fnt
v1- va- isrlt *em, becorue an&o\1t
4hq1 ore otto"tea +o truo dfferent- aTms noiseJ '
,/ mool' rtr +fia} $"*, the bo'sls
{re.,oe- *u{o (nes }ogetfier codes -tte desirecr sqnal

.sffle!'4.jnx5 ; and
^Tg-"s-.flr,Tr,ffi9'^*, l' / ][ r\* /-
:-
_V.n,
:-rre com,no-

oyposrtE amounts
Cal rtrq, varu b1 eoVual-
rty
'
#b
%\6level
tta no*" {h"u nor* ar(ero-?e- (dc) vatre
[u*l
Yf o' 3 Yo do nol- "hq,ve {he sqry)e de va.he ot com{rvrl-- mde- LweL}.everr +houfltr +h*I
i*- tqof dr'ffefflhal:
Sot"fy u
condr'tron La).
isri
A
/ W L
A a",
' t,mi.*jhfJ.,i"if'u*
, i it are sqille i* cattd the
vr(t-) = yo sin *t + vc/,
dc level
ile vcM
'
o ,

!ia::,
't. .,' .. t \ .a' comrmn-mode {et€L ' Vr[t) - - VoSfntllL -t V6a.
T
com@'
@PB of u, [l) , v1[t) atd. vt- vr.
Def€"ri"e +h" paK ard W,* t PTL 1mgfitu{e
--?urne ti,
lmp{:tude - ;' b
Peorc
?.on l-u gtoc am9J.i'{u.de
I 1
.u"
I !;; v1 _y1
= rvo sin r.ob_

l*r,
ri ] i aU, Tuncof {ime
ttow do we
nentrale diffeventiaL si6oals Z' _ fu
ti- T,fiiT'ffi.foT{'i
^fr-',m'"
aigtm+''at siAnat- f"" ?
*.X. i trerar < I t,iil,t#t-t, illfi " "7
';";iii* sg'"t
ltru 1Diff+rentral signal+ t*d* *wo s*n€l"erdedsQnats'
n ruJ
7-16i {T- i r^le d.o not- use. -s^ns{o"*ers all *$a drne, lNe u8e o*her
7 E 'r" n ' cirtuits and dariceb '
-l-; I- 1-rlyf gnr-+ti, one e,xnrni(e how-, Ne can no fiorn drle
Si6nal ]t *hnse- lu'ro '
l!nn,:-*dd
tF sfqnal-
0neasulel *^rt- nrcund) .
il reacll +he nnictoPhoDe"
anlhs Cfie
Qtrlz &ttie nemtafa SiXM tr^-tt* mice*gbotet"oo'^ie'l
-=7r
U Y{ ' t rnise cotlTtb *o lttre {- ?
'^ tkre r -,. F.^^rc^o ?
6ffx;'';;'C**A't**''i"1{3',r"rtuthapTensZ
 oase!- j 'd€ SiXnaJ is eoyrupted be&"e it ia eonrerM +. drfferetr+,.o1.
'the drffe'mre b/w -hnro sinnals (Affrrent,^! sliil h4s -thai
rose tn tb:.
CGse 1: if il- cougtes *rW, d;fl blw theh^ s &"" fr"* norse
*
"ttr.
{one g laes a{e Sensifive +6 nohe, soMe places are not- sensihVe *o noise-. l
D ,l
.)
Iwo 1/p >.1 TwoedlgUFs. ,fo*f , 4*a if*.. ona oufu.F

RD
. Vin, $ Vino .

inputs'^iti'b. dti#ryerrhaL
Vir,,-.
o
T,X,fwo
Dr?rws
vinl l Vin& '
=r U,it , V,ine floin? dorvn. saryre-
-'? *i\ cur.enl Sowre.
dc-loO!r-f
twet
&s \ tv.r]
Here- also r,ve need o-o sourte
",laEnt
Review of ce S*oqe.'

Vec

Vouts
l= Ts exp
Y,, ,{va+on. Aop actoss
Q, --f frrward lclive (
recion- =-qRo].
vaE Vcc= Ic Rc t Yout-
= V6 Vour = [c - IgRc

I kkt*iB? * Lhb'*E1eLd-Eg',st1 iH gf, characlrn'S"lr'cs .

" Jmlrul'iva Sltr4r.t $f Bipolar DiflerenHal pait.

' Lonnrrnr-uode- ahd
- Diff€rcylh,li eharaofens+,'cs .

t- *-+
tt vt and VL piclt up *lrt nama arnsunl- o{- no(se- z V,- Yl, ,s
i-t *he ooise couplt{ -lo v1 and v, Jr.e. }oonr rroire
teh eli*nitrale4
$teat .,\rnpuf'e.
u.rt eordtuoL 4," *pof - ouhul cha'notefsh'c of "ttl,'s cr'ncujL
vw
--{t}--
vp,
Ei-y-l
d'nqr a{u.rr'l- ? fi A o/+ retalEd by a- &.rrer
$rnohbn .

Tfo;br" # -tfle infl*/o'ri?trl eharaolcnslics r+

a ci*L't' ,oilt 6(ve- us the. E{ur/! o$-1ffa} Ct'rcur'|.
{i-
, -i)j_
'fru"-*
uou*

lof.= jY-*
tf {fr. f ctrarys ly lo*v+ the- outptrt- clan6es uy *o (rmvJ .
 kk' eY€nh Al
f{I-
rncuinl'qirrd by o uatttry
ease I :
Ycc
Ctv)
rlre *rnro ;/e are ol'ovl& il '

Rc Sotir i/r ae eaiuai ct*hr.q, *f ru de letet'

r
Y
rnk Cell rt (trnrrrzr-tnode ,("evel 9 eFptted *t ahe ?nPttb
+
u,r#u firdnT .Lr, a.e, !* s vt ?

{, .a Q, ,, (.', are ldenhcal-'

f .--l
KcL: 3<s t acj = TEE I-uu- xeqir'?eo6le bqoe cutrcnt
I
a{. node P .
&,ue- ghx lad
€mitter rohnRd
Yas' ilq= rwlt A* 5 1;qmmetrV)' .ro.l*aqe d"ro* ,-.*.o[f,t = te b . Rr.
\.1 () ' " 'a--
r/,
,x = vcc _ lrg_ Ro Yyr V..-fEE
Re
L
*a

cavrc-lrrgian '. Il =6 / +h€n ofe \ *-U y = U

V,o,- rfi,
X
,

It- +lv d,fig*ntrd ?optxt voftoTu ou}Fuf tt

(.1 Virr - Vir"=0, -then drf{erenliai
va,\}crXc
'c*o=a- ' iJ
\_--v---: I1]i
-irrruL- volf,Ye- '-.-" *}. ver*
,&rrnnav.r,{,- fres.lr+ +o a.tv kmDif{<rendat-
\/
ay. r r r r,
aI
u
fla^/e
u.s
,*$H*"?f,*. Ye
^rrtiM06 r*r u*iur'
[*; siiti l',ords ' {ltlt tq,= r.o. TEi = *GiL
-
sy*oet"q, ctrtrerrJ.
itpu.t cornnm- naode (eveL,
L
t {+ {'[.er,e- is oy ts"+ut.bafian io the
tha cr"rcruf does rct faL.rt, ^nattring {vr- "tte o'ttcru} chanQ(s ' (wel
-t6era- rryltoo-,*,r- roO" p*+r frotn -'oise couTJrHT tY the- ccvrnrrar-r'acrle no
t!/o\owr d.rie *o rnr'sr, +l^en"Uf"L
acr, Ic1z Vr au,* do nol- CJranqe
(evet?i-llo
{g.-*ffig!'al par'r oi.lii prturbalions in tre ,0nput- crrrlro^u-moda .- oif*'.",,t, TIT5
, of .
. ..-.......,,..sF._urN(rtr)rlt^tr .
rqf

furyl'' E Jm'" '-:"tr#{ff,y1-T!%*Lffi&hLbeh^ieeL

-ihenn- '

Rnd v*,vX, T., sl Icr_.

t/ tv ut-se urne-
rrFul-
cormrrrr -nnode
4r -d Qz- ara in f*^*"d ac-kva r5ion.
[e{el-. y.=r.€rp
Q, .A Qz have bV1 [r?.d'{ €ar\ effu.b] .

Scrn€. Bo.oe-emitter
ual,Eqges.
0ollec-tor cuwto{- .r's o. {unc*ta., Bo-oe t-mlttear votl-uXl- . of
Becoue, rCelr brues a're shcrt€d, so d.s *heir emitter. {c1= Iqa Tee Lr.a a}-noda) .'. : }
€verrtiorrnh {fie}+-i+ -ffrere is aseymel'r6' in +he Rc ptrrt/ if- doeool o.fft.ct-*he surrtflF
Sptutbivrg.

Vx. = Vec - T=E R" €ven -thouXt Vinr- Vfn"=o vn-ry *o, ,rffiij*
dJ

uy . vc. - Tf [u."rrl fue *o aooymeffi in +hF

resistorus. !
"Loa.d

Now we carr g0 tD eea" e.

-?#*t dr'srrenr vctlaXes at- 1t"re- i/r! ol*h<-- r*'ffre*fta{
 ; 1 ,', .1r-I1 I;-1*rir
') *sstlnrc 4r
Vin'
Qr opeva,i?- ;r1 F'Aqf irt Yt'*',
t' V,ha, Sotve.
.
; viot vral= lv
I
,l ]'t"' We dotrol hare drrfmore .
j CU:rrrent
-rnan 'Qy ' i'e rruyercqlgrnnore
- emithr votlary Jnmelty
.
has Ba
r'rdr€-

d q, o
€q Ju"ss: has soryE- cr{fren+.
Is q{"*oN?
.

'I . 41--
^ernitter
voltqe.
-= 1.1v.
':.t'. rt alprxUafeL6 &oomv(assurnphbg; ^
fdase vo liqa t.sv.
t'olnl is v9 ? ', Kv-L? -a.f .{-0.8v -tvp=o v6E= b-o.av.
' ' Vf = Q's-o.sv - t.?v -'. Qg is oer
.

= {n,- VgEl
Carrmt- ltrrarXlu gr
T = fee
il
ffi a1= rg6
Iatr= o vr = J';:13*
uU
w
= 3v.= V6g
ffi
-lhe- ilrr$b
ffi u*'P,t ivr lv.d is a f.n.rin
,(^tin,- Vtn1-f o) , we cvrnlEl on imhrlance at
ffi
H
&l
"( v",- vr"a
l
thse 3: NQ^ . 1.5v * Vfn n
V;n,
Vlr,, ( Vrrc
(= Q.sY.

Q, s?, -Qa oN, VZ -- 3V, V4g

=
- \t =oz' Icf = Te e a- TeeRc.
Baae of
er ia lour. 'X= = Vcc_ T66,(6

Lnat* v* -Vil ir a.
{<rnahan
"$ vinr _ vinl
$puts - ouleuL Clmraelex'sh'cs.
Vr-- Vec

t\
t g1?..jvr=yoc-rerr. @ : u "-
Vinr- viu1, lv. vr= Vee- Je e RoE-
, Vy -_e.
;***-*: Vln,- YrL q4selrl. vlnr - yiral:
-rv-
vy=Ye-resft. Vt=Vcc, Vy"Vcc*f6gRe.

q' Bs.-itr} **y*-*f yug, gffJll}

I15
' Delar'lsd of- ttipolat DifJren+rhl parrrr {ar6a sir6nar resyrnse(r.np*r-ou.tpuf chr
-$6rlysis
of d') ffwenrral pair* {r^.Ft* of drffcr*rria
'r^ts?nf
^ioput-of
fesTonpq-, &ifference. bet-wesr- tie 'f**., p4r^r. =} +,-, ;;^I9 i-,t"
itpttts'
ta flo -c{ +o .

fi tlo ,&tni{a.fi,1,t ar, how anoirl/ {ar,1e , +he Sinnal ohodd ir + t*ence c7}td
(or6e-siSrnl resFmoe. .

Aaoed an- *he *h*. d^*-a- pom+r- we ca*.- pJ.or .if *

r "yp crtsr^otey.ohts *.rd!rk .
a Jnnlu'+rve tmdy . .-1 DiffenntiaL inputs vo$xtXe
vo$xrXe
ilrt Vr-' vIt 6- J+nc*ron of ,in,- vina, t'.- ry f.|31:.f$3'
v ^s
RcrT€E I u
.hqrTac+eTbhcs

bifJerentraL ouhtrt
'\\F -Et I Z
I"{t"{" , {

.)r.t* vinr- Vinl=o iV1-vy=o b .

t) =' -*----*
-..,._, ", S)09e.
Vinr- Vinz= *tv i vrq* vi,rr,
. -IrsRc €,^ {
qdl [
3) Vrnr
- Yin (I ;-lV ii + reeRe
-^vru- ' I
I
t(arfle-EiAnal
^, -ftaTee
-no Jes?anoe oh Vfnr- Vint.
flre reS p,ae reVeal non-{ro* frs thare is dtni+a+ron
Chanrdenshcs of +f,e- ururit
Do we O(e vrr,-/rhea, nalure 2 Some{rne)eS. , d;pend.ine ?n aPP},,yui,.
''&re non-'&nearn"I!
t:-.
Tlris non-{.,1eqv cfyq.u't- Ih furldrn6 "qr"flti' we( do noL
+ &l.oge .ts mol Conslo.nt'
.'. tn;e Oeer*he cr'6tlJ.it- hos sofie ?q.rir- Lo"f close lo orrqii, r'lovttnt {u'n,
*he t.f d*F ro tsert .v

Lrr f.* Vinr- Vinz =0 , T<r = t.r/, T1r.441,

&l&, Vr'h
i Virr; +tv lfct'-- Tee Icz = o

V*r Y;qr= lv acl 0 f(r.

- - = A€E

tgtgt Derve uquo1;o* l* JErr &r,, V., b anA vr-v1 as a- fwu.'on rf vi.,,-vr'nl

A= as""plg 0 €otrr6
x
v T1
S [tnoo,"U "fftc+;
=€xP Y6E*
v'i.,rt Qr Is
=* - vin&
Ar)
Vrbl VBE1
Vr - VBE,,
Vgrr G{ur,' Yles= v1 ln
VBs
= V1 lvr'
i-k/X) /
\ [-q, n Q,
. tg I are t4enttcalr
Vt,- uuta=
vBE
v- r,. r,-y^
1 = V1lr,r-Tcr
L- s6 +lt;'
vrr, Vinl VBEa,
u.t--.-i
VP L.--"-.1r--*J f..S
hcr.vc Sa,me
:rr f
Vint
vr
rr etr
vr'nr
- = Vr .t,r' r!r *?,
Lg Ttr-t act= f ee
l''
.

vfn,r
- Yin{
= Vr {^ It,_
l['c
- .'We 3ol oneeq/ua.har,r,
nhere " 1., b "f +"tra,milo, 'n
/t.f, relcfeS fulrtle a'ou6iu /t
n
)
Vinr- vin'. :foxre
fwo ear,unhons ,o".h *ruo ttrKnot,on 1I

\_*;r ----/ -'l

r,cfl,
t Icr .fEE,
lrr * {11-exp U'\}, - J6
,, ollff oenhal m;ul- vo{lant
trr = If E * Au o* n- $ncirar '$
<^rflp,\
^i!

r-r- f,y,ht- vln r) ,

a;'
I
0 V,r,r _ vrnX

J.l = tcE lee L

4
r+l 3e-
l-r expCrf_yft r41hen" +he- two rtrpuls are eqval
VaJ -ft'€- enry€nt spt.i-s <q LMILX
Jtr = re€
J€€
{t exP fvtnr- vt,, r\ 3
L_|
YI r' I L
6l vin, * vins -+ Po&.f,re +tao uXL
A^a = tFC
\; +hnr +h('s cxpanent-(^l rs larXe A d***ol-*t t
t+ expfin,* Virrzf €nmlts. (arXe .

vr -/ t<L is ver'tr Jtss

iF Y;nl' VivrZ -- i00mv, T(r very smatt.
'in I- Vir,, -) potitive e,rrou6!r-.
at1 -: nEr,riearle . j Jclr Teg
Vr= Vct-Ir, Rc. vct- Rc rbe
=
vy vcc * Rc rct
= Ite4 tu,b":l&,1
vT -,/

= Vrc _ Rc.ase (r
vr-Vy= Rcrsef I

r+ expr,1r:*{ t+ex71vi*r-vi,re-) I t+e<1[vr;"-Vi.)

t

lAIe arr
ll-,
vv1 J Y ";Z
interested in &-
-t(is is
5= - Rc fee {an lL ( Vtn,- t/,"nrl
(crne srnnal choracJensHcs
of -t6e t
l_t
+}re
{V, l Bipolotr aL'ffe,'rer+tal Pryt'
*an h,r f(e leE
vx-!y
+( Vjn':. YiqY verl
. ?oi!ive-,
v,i,
- !i- _+a^h[ ) = L .

ft";cd - Rc TeE
Nar- CInea" chqractenshes .

&emplc- .

lad .{.tr" o* ++u +hwrac*lcisfi'e. . avond V{n I oco Vfn

^by
d{e waI rs rre ear.taKe dezrvalrle bt 1+f- hTpenbalr'c -tennenL-
{{rvr
Vyrt - V,r,,a is vtX -)nrnafl, the. atX"urnelllf 8naIJ' .

' inn hJ
+qrtJ,tr x r ip r- << r

,,i
,- r*, p f to 6 rnv
i{ Vnr- vina-- (( (
rPr o\r
I ,__ vto-\ 4
+n*i*'rr &,n,- N
+fren,
V1
1 G\S
"y_;
/ f<-o-oor*JvL*
a11ro<l\rnafian' '
Va- Vu= Qc ree I q.,- u,r--l

vx._y
(
L -Ttr- l
= - tlE- (v,n,- vina;
tvr \
3lo?e . - RcIe5ft!, ? .'. r'lr *{re nu*, o{ 16e ci..ujl "i +nur Vr'c^h,k
 4rarnples: NhaF haPPats h tfie characte'ns+r'c if {ee is da^tted ?

fAtIse u.-vt.
dJope = - Re Trs
Rcle
-
V*,-
*q. -

-Rc Itr
)"* &s ,. dous€dz so sJope tk atgo doutdtC

-RsL1sg Ne ua6"g1/assume *ons,s+6?s ate ?rt

/
*chve ,.4,*'
*n
exampl pl": nhat- happerrs ,J Rc is. Joqbledl ' fr*A
Sarrrs -{t"nd t^r,ryi*" . iloye meartt2 onli,t-+ o{otelotes'
'llre- 4*o (xanfes -7ins * the sa.me \esub/ in {he- i{e - o/e eharacten'strcs'
tie if" h;pe'boJre {tnnmF + v1.,11-r q2- -2 atoeanot- delend ff: *
arXurnanf-of
avT
^ t{. c.
examp{e :
t^f'f,}- hagpens Jf f6e ambr<n{-- Evnpeatctre--
'olrops co,oidevab$ 2
Room tm-g + SooK . 2\nc
-- - Sote
Nq^I tffip
SJope. - Re lee
{tl-s a.aoume Rc ,l TeE do lok charrSe --zE _ ,

Vr -- Rtfqr. fenrpeta.[tve d'rops a V1 dmps -: f]oFa ltnmeales -2 sJope trar fie-

orrXirrr-
?oes
xp.
t{hhun Otop buF r,,.rrth Sarne- RcIse Yal$es ,

lo ' Siqnal An'olssis oB Bipolar Oi{ftrentral

-.-^.n-{A-
.8malj-
.^A .r9z{,a
Pa'o'
!^^rq,
-^^/vt^
" Surnmtrr7 of Dif;orohal po-rr opfiahrn-
" grrroll--"SinnaL- f,oa{sis *+ tohen- dif{xare b[w t^ro i/e sinnats is retotrivetX snatl.
'-r,4
OI V'or* v,vre ({ Vx-v) * -ReIsE "{anh(vr,r,- v'rr.],
lVr,
(cIEe ve- vr \{vTJ
=* *
t,l:
lvT Cun,
,inr
{*,* vinrr- t---V-J
SJ-ufe = o-t-rr.
-.*cae E 7

Non-&near + (a5e- si?nal.

}ryg:-;[ Di$ereotral p1' froffrhes:
j ff {uin,* vrnal is Karnz, ilx o{ the- }oul euryeflF ,!',shenred,, lo czre_Side.
(eqd : 'c Lurrenl- steeyirro ' c_,-re_ur'k.
ftd
L' iI -,t +he_4! &,rlrl
vinrl u*^+
oto roF chanXt
, *u-* a ,.:1. Xr*@a do*" =1 -the cutrents an4 \/bilu{ts
e r= \-r=,Lee[t.
*tfre
Uvc.rl'F reSpavrc{s h ct{{evenl-ral inputs . If Vinr- yln! chan?es_ the
e-rreru.l- doea
3a^ne{trm6 ,, rts behavioul.,, Chon6es.
av*/ il does tol- resyard lo +6q] comma,-rncde oa?u|
,_.,

rfie ctrc.''l- r<1tc6 tarnnvrr-rnode

f&,,-c.Eahbns/ ehanflrs rt.-tfie input ,

3' r$ {r, Y,,,*, is muct itc'( tfr.^r lvr ., *hern wa cari- afpyrxirnart
- -- +fft
by a* tl-r*tnr ,('ne
Lharnale,n3k'c.
, ;fr
S_l,pe=
-f?cTg6
Qr"rr'x :

('on -flris ctrctdl amg.t'fy ?

a^* of +fte c-rzuu'L Vmr Vinl,

' = irry" .f +*
'rnet.^t
-o,^rr"F
charaettmsF cs .

it S.bpe ) t , 1o*rr, ortp,it- s,q;al-> 'hput- sr'Xna.l r n:hrc.h iql;es amp$cahbo'

{eF V;n, = yinL

Nbi^j., srrppore Yinr
{ors up by 4v. -$ Vina dowrr by dv.
\olot ?o
chamXe in Vvr
r_ Vtna = aAy. u

-lr,= -. Rc Tsg {on !'L i.-r,n,- v,, r,l ?' ]fris <4ru.ah'ovr )no14s
Dffllftnfi'^L,.
^,),' L-_"..,7=j a)L
'sr'JGohons.
otr+rL vottage
=- Rc e a v.l
Yes {q , tt l- '?.av <( Qvr
; avt
N _ Rc IsE _1

lol. ,r
Lvr
-_ Rcrgg I aav' _]
L--
- ir, _l

i{ } t, -then r.n e ha,ve

9rnol- - gl?ndt +ndlfis
rfu- drfftrene alpJt'rd {o -the rnput= rls
ld f srnall . Vi r- V,h ai v' small '

t'wo basfe conepts .

@) tr"
+ fT-K
t.1 Now Vu +Av .-2 tc * ATc . , bias
{ cIfreDF
I---J a\=ay = {'c^scadur-taote ( 7.; = Jo-
"
' ? m=o i tro *rarscorCueLao(e '

r!..\
(a) the tnrnsistor s dead.
6
deorndent- \Ltmaent- sourcL
*/(4/\-r \-/\./\/1./\^
^ra-

Chonoa in wll-asc c Av'

chc.n{e- irr c.u#enf " AIc= !m AV .
fernrrrc
Vr'n, and Vi6a c-horqe by eqlu-ol- and opposrtE arnounbs arrd the hange is
$smolt, a

{ten tlre *ar'l lodJ r,ro$age d-oes not Changt .

€xf'remdu Vahahle--
iw lnafursis o4
Vir, *'ff",r*di"t- " e rr.ruh .

169 n{av)
sAav is srnat\, -ttBn- Vp
&srcf chanXe '

4fr v;- vy = - Rc_E€-- ( a a,tS if vx

?r* uF bv +6v 5{ vY werrF down by ar '

tVr
Wa tGoru *he. channe. at x andY, Now we coitt analZe *he- ehanSe- ir.- P.
vr-Vy - R1r,r+@r)
V;6= -qL RcTcr
-tr - Vge_- r\c -Lr
"
Vx-vY
ztl.r
,y --- _Rc
-Rc (-Tg,- Ttt)
Vy.t.- RcT<a.
.

t"t;t*-- lee il-

vinr I \dris 4iffrvenee is crreqled dtrr-,
-lhe chnn6e irr. diffeertiat* voJtate- otr aav.
Vir.t Lrv
) tJtn-e-av"'
ll*o *r+ 4r= ter qrTfenF6he71 Vir,1. Vi61

E: lee [,* ey-\ at vrl{ 1

i
Ne .!mva a- 6cnsistr2 uJhose eollector clrrer* chonXes, ohaF ur-r'tl* ba--{he
on {he bose-emitter votfre . $.f
fr.
[p= ]I. + ?T. =frnlvoe
)Vse
AIcl = (:: Y're V6, must- ilcreose-7 lo e.nsure- lfre-
e- ry
vT increose iru Ic . brhs crtrrenl
Avart = At r't - / Q-=-?- -'7e{ore
f* t t\ )/t n,- vr \L

= E+ - Le[u
"*-
TEe/x vr ":f-"
;1tnot
frL" .
corYres

I-;=l:i splrre'o^r 1': ry-t,r ',,.'r.r r',.,r1,.,,ir^-1,,r-::

-,,
;,.-fi-,r".r, li .:-r....-riri:y.,.,i.1 .ll
-,rj I/Vua,=ou.l "li= l.j ,,
* t'll bi't'/
- i
'l{:,: I j r/,... t'13 -- -\'ir..
f' t-
'rr^''-I'Ir
'.-t." - 0 1. . Vp,ltrr.lin* rr,r:i*lnt'
i I'' "iryt ..,.??i.t.,l .,'J -i*,.rnf -r;.! *r,1Y j: 1llhfr ',Ce ,rr:,1 1'., rl, :rr'lllt ..!t,:r- -lhr-
'',itlia:- ' , ]| thc .i":r,iitCe
-j '^

riiv,..tr ,iPi -*e* r.:l Ch,rn.rpg

kc, t:,r,ljlr*.iCr,i i**:rtd' k: ujrJ-. 1,3;'::-li:. .aFr:-h13?1i .:ir'ra1L, :','L]n'r1,.'i.;1't:-v..t'.;',1t,7.7^.
*rs$-i3qrlL$*skg. ' L

Ne qllour
*natl* anrArnt.
Vfnr
,
and Vinp- {o chc,nXe *ff.'*k'"tk by

we dtseover€d z
u.ts" * ? does notr Change ,

ehange cof{tr- | 'krrre, ,cha} do we call-

|- -, nodr in the " swratt- shndl*
,r-
+hqt .
modet Z,
? ubul-d-be consldered --? We eqll- rt
, as d.c , ac- ground-.
v\unoL
does uL chanqe ""
;il\;*'[#. fff"*_ T*'[';T-":ti:X.
a&fJerentiql srhnot* and_ ig srnot!.
,riJ{';,;;;rTr'"h".fl. oith +rtre .