Professional Documents
Culture Documents
7.2
Electromagnetic Spectrum for
Transmission Media
Guided Transmission Media
Transmission capacity depends on the
distance and on whether the medium is
point-to-point or multipoint
Examples
twisted pair wires
coaxial cables
optical fiber
Twisted Pair Wires
Consists of two insulated copper wires
arranged in a regular spiral pattern to
minimize the electromagnetic interference
between adjacent pairs
Often used at customer facilities and also
over distances to carry voice as well as
data communications
Low frequency transmission medium
Types of Twisted Pair
STP (shielded twisted pair)
the pair is wrapped with metallic foil or braid
to insulate the pair from electromagnetic
interference
UTP (unshielded twisted pair)
each wire is insulated with plastic wrap, but
the pair is encased in an outer covering
Ratings of Twisted Pair
Category 3 UTP
data rates of up to 16mbps are achievable
Category 5 UTP
data rates of up to 100mbps are achievable
more tightly twisted than Category 3 cables
more expensive, but better performance
STP
More expensive, harder to work with
Twisted Pair Advantages
Inexpensive and readily available
Flexible and light weight
Easy to work with and install
Twisted Pair Disadvantages
Susceptibility to interference and noise
Attenuation problem
For analog, repeaters needed every 5-6km
For digital, repeaters needed every 2-3km
Relatively low bandwidth (3000Hz)
Coaxial Cable (or Coax)
Used for cable television, LANs, telephony
Has an inner conductor surrounded by a
braided mesh
Both conductors share a common center
axial, hence the term “co-axial”
Coax Layers
outer jacket
(polyethylene)
shield
(braided wire)
insulating material
copper or aluminum
conductor
Coax Advantages
Higher bandwidth
400 to 600Mhz
up to 10,800 voice conversations
Can be tapped easily
Much less susceptible to interference than
twisted pair
Coax Disadvantages
High attenuation rate makes it expensive
over long distance
Bulky
Fiber Optic Cable
Relatively good transmission medium
used by telephone companies in place of
long-distance trunk lines
Also used by private companies in
implementing local data communications
networks
Require a light source with injection laser
diode (ILD) or light-emitting diodes (LED)
Fiber Optic Layers
consists of three concentric sections
Television distribution
Long-distance telephone transmission
Private business networks
Microwave Transmission
Disadvantages
line of sight requirement
expensive towers and repeaters
subject to interference such as passing
airplanes and rain
Satellite
Microwave Transmission
a microwave relay station in space
can relay signals over long distances
geostationary satellites
remain above the equator at a height of
22,300 miles (geosynchronous orbit)
travel around the earth in exactly the time
the earth takes to rotate
Satellite Transmission Links
earth stations communicate by sending
signals to the satellite on an uplink
the satellite then repeats those signals on
a downlink
the broadcast nature of the downlink
makes it attractive for services such as
the distribution of television programming
Satellite Transmission Process
satellite
transponder
dish dish
22,300 miles